Identification of Instantaneous Modal Parameter of Time‐Varying Systems via a Wavelet‐Based Approach and Its Application

This work presents an efficient approach using time‐varying autoregressive with exogenous input (TVARX) model and a substructure technique to identify the instantaneous modal parameters of a linear time‐varying structure and its substructures. The identified instantaneous natural frequencies can be used to identify earthquake damage to a building, including the specific floors that are damaged. An appropriate TVARX model of the dynamic responses of a structure or substructure is established using a basis function expansion and regression approach combined with continuous wavelet transform. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated using numerically simulated earthquake responses of a five‐storey shear building with time‐varying stiffness and damping coefficients. In terms of accuracy in determining the instantaneous modal parameters of a structure from noisy responses, the proposed approach is superior to typical basis function expansion and regression approach. The proposed method is further applied to process the dynamic responses of an eight‐storey steel frame in shaking table tests to identify its instantaneous modal parameters and to locate the storeys whose columns yielded under a strong base excitation.     

Estimation of Frequency-Dependent Strong Motion Duration Via Wavelets and Its Influence on Nonlinear Seismic Response

Abstract:   A procedure for estimation of frequency-dependent strong motion duration (FDSMD) is developed. The proposed procedure utilizes the continuous wavelet transform and is based on the decomposition of the earthquake record into a number of component time histories (named "pseudo-details") with frequency content in a selected range. The "significant" strong motion duration of each pseudo-detail is calculated based on the accumulation of the Arias intensity (AI). Finally, the FDSMD of the earthquake record in different frequency ranges is defined as the strong motion duration of the corresponding pseudo-detail scaled by a weight factor that depends on the AI of each pseudo-detail. The efficiency of this new strong motion definition as an intensity measure is evaluated using incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). The results obtained show that the proposed FDSMD influence the peak response of short-period structures with stiffness and strength degradation .     

Damage Detection in a Girder Bridge by Artificial Neural Network Technique

Abstract:   Vibration-based damage identification (VBDI) techniques rely on the fact that damage in a structure reduces its stiffness and alters its global vibration characteristics. Measurement of changes in the vibration characteristics can therefore be used to determine the damage in the structure. Although VBDI offers several advantages, most of the available damage identification algorithms fail when applied to practical structures due to the effect of measurement errors, need to use incomplete mode shapes, mode truncation, and the nonunique nature of the solutions. This article presents a new robust two-step algorithm that uses the modal energy-based damage index to locate the damage and an artificial neural network technique to determine the magnitude of damage. The proposed algorithm is applied to detect simulated damage in a finite element model of a girder and a similar model of a real bridge named Crowchild Bridge located in Alberta, Canada. The results show that the proposed algorithm is quite effective in identifying the location and magnitude of damage, even in the presence of measurement errors in the input data.     

震后火灾作用下大断面盾构隧道复合管片#br# 结构损伤及防水性能分析

为研究大断面盾构隧道复合管片在震后火灾作用下的结构损伤及防水性能损失,利用有限元计算软件abaqus建立复合管片与直螺栓接头的三维实体模型和密封垫压缩的二维数值模型,分析了地震及地震与火灾耦合作用下复合管片混凝土在螺栓孔处刚度损伤分布情况,研究了复合管片钢板在螺栓孔处的屈服分布情况,计算了地震及地震与火灾耦合作用下隧道密封垫防水性能的损失,结果表明：当采用RABT升温曲线模拟火灾时,大震导致的螺栓孔处混凝土刚度损伤在火灾作用后均超过90%,而中震工况在火灾作用后除螺栓孔顶部混凝土刚度损伤低于85%外,其余部分都超过90%;火灾作用导致螺栓孔处钢板屈服;防水密封垫在中震和火灾耦合作用后仍能保持较好的防水性能,但在大震和火灾耦合作用后,防水性能完全丧失。     

框架-核心筒结构整体抗震性能评价指标研究与应用

在已有的动力弹塑性时程分析和模型振动台试验中发现,受损伤程度和损伤部位的影响,结构各阶振型对应的周期变化(刚度退化)不同。为此,基于动力作用下结构刚度退化,提出了框架-核心筒结构整体抗震性能的评价指标——刚度退化系数及其计算方法,并通过已完成的两个实际工程缩尺模型振动台试验进行验证。试验和计算结果吻合较好,所得的刚度退化系数变化规律一致。利用刚度退化系数指标对5个框架-核心筒模型进行抗震性能评价和比较,结果表明：框架-核心筒结构模型的刚度退化系数随着峰值加速度的增加而增大;在设防烈度及超设防烈度的罕遇地震作用下,单重体系模型的刚度退化系数明显高于双重体系模型,且相同峰值加速度下框剪比越大的模型刚度退化系数越低;双重体系的抗震性能优于单重体系,且框剪比越大的模型,其整体延性和抗震韧性更好。刚度退化系数指标概念明确、计算简便,评价结论与倒塌概率、倒塌储备系数等指标一致,可作为框架-核心筒结构整体抗震性能的评价指标。     

Research and application on overall seismic performance evaluation index of frame-core tube structure

在已有的动力弹塑性时程分析和模型振动台试验中发现，受损伤程度和损伤部位的影响，结构各阶振型对应的周期变化(刚度退化)不同。为此，基于动力作用下结构刚度退化，提出了框架-核心筒结构整体抗震性能的评价指标——刚度退化系数及其计算方法，并通过已完成的两个实际工程缩尺模型振动台试验进行验证。试验和计算结果吻合较好，所得的刚度退化系数变化规律一致。利用刚度退化系数指标对5个框架-核心筒模型进行抗震性能评价和比较，结果表明：框架-核心筒结构模型的刚度退化系数随着峰值加速度的增加而增大；在设防烈度及超设防烈度的罕遇地震作用下，单重体系模型的刚度退化系数明显高于双重体系模型，且相同峰值加速度下框剪比越大的模型刚度退化系数越低；双重体系的抗震性能优于单重体系，且框剪比越大的模型，其整体延性和抗震韧性更好。刚度退化系数指标概念明确、计算简便，评价结论与倒塌概率、倒塌储备系数等指标一致，可作为框架-核心筒结构整体抗震性能的评价指标。     

基于HHT方法的场地液化的识别

利用HHT方法定义了一种地震加速度记录的瞬时频率时程,该瞬时频率时程能够在一定程度上将原始加速度记录的频率非平稳特性予以量化。以此为依据,提出了一种根据地震加速度记录对场地液化进行识别的方法。通过分析实测的地震动加速度记录,参照实际的震害调查资料,并与现有其他方法的识别结果进行比较,验证了该方法的识别效果。     

基于结构频响函数的再生混凝土框架地震作用损伤评估

结构遭受地震作用时,其内部损伤的累积会导致该结构频响函数曲线的变化,这可为评估结构损伤程度提供依据。利用ABAQUS有限元软件,对1榀2层单跨平面再生混凝土框架拟动力试验进行有限元分析,计算结果与试验值吻合良好。通过对再生混凝土框架频响函数曲线的分析可知,结构1阶和2阶自振频率分别在2.5Hz和6.0Hz附近变化,随着地震峰值加速度的不断增大,结构自振频率不断降低,反映损伤累积导致结构刚度的不断退化。基于结构的频响函数,提出可用于评判框架结构在地震作用下损伤程度的指标。分析结果表明：该损伤评估方法能有效评判再生混凝土框架在不同强度地震作用下的损伤程度。     

楼梯对框架结构刚度影响分析

汶川地震中许多框架结构楼梯遭到严重破坏,造成大量的人员伤亡。震害调查表明,楼梯作为斜撑构件对整体抗震影响显著。结合新修订的GB 50011—2010《建筑结构抗震设计规范》中关于计算中应考虑楼梯构件的影响等条文,采用D值法建立了考虑楼梯的简化计算模型,对框架刚度及楼梯受力进行修正。通过对比解析法与PKPM(08版)软件计算所得结果,发现地震作用下加入楼梯对整体结构的刚度影响不可忽略,楼梯各构件在地震作用下受力不同于仅仅按照重力荷载作用下分析结果。建议框架结构楼梯梯段、休息平台及梯柱设计时宜考虑地震作用,刚度计算时应考虑楼梯对整体刚度的影响。     

地震作用下结构振动瞬时最优控制的一种改进算法

模拟地震波输入结构的过程,在每一个时间步长建立控制目标函数,推导出了一种更为一般的瞬时最优控制算法,并用状态转移的数值方法加以实现.所获得的最优控制力表达式同时包含了当前时间步长初时刻结构响应和地震激励两部分的影响,从概念上改进了现有的瞬时最优控制算法;还导出了最优控制力系数表达式,用代数公式取代了传统的Riccati微分方程的求解,提高了计算效率.算例表明,该算法的控制效率优于现有的两种结构最优控制算法,具有更高的精度,且稳定性良好.     

Noncontact Operational Modal Analysis of Structural Members by Laser Doppler Vibrometer

Abstract:   A system that uses ambient vibration and two laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) is developed for noncontact operational modal analysis of structural members. The system employs natural excitation technique (NExT) to generate the cross-correlation functions from laser signals, and the eigensystem realization algorithm (ERA) to identify modal parameters of structural members. To facilitate simultaneous modal identification, time-synchronization technique and construction of cross-correlation functions from ambient response of laser signals are proposed. Performance of the proposed system is verified experimentally by evaluating the consistency and accuracy of identification results in different measurement conditions. The work presented here is an extension of the previous study, where a modal-based damage detection method using LDV was formulated. In the present study, application of LDV for structural parameters identification of a combined dynamical system is proposed. A model that represents the connection properties in terms of additional stiffness and damping is developed, and its importance for structural damage detection is discussed. The study shows that the presence of simulated damage in a steel connection can be detected by tracking the modal phase difference and by quantifying the additional stiffness and damping .     

墙体参与工作的木构架古建筑抗震分析方法

针对木构架古建筑抗震分析中常忽略维护墙体作用的问题,进行了墙体与木构架的构造特征、力学性能和布置方案对整体结构抗震性能的影响分析。基于地震灾害统计资料,归纳了墙体与木构架的损伤特征,及其对古建筑总体震害程度的表述方法。运用动力特性现场实测和有限元分析方法,研究了墙体对古建筑基本周期和地震作用的影响程度。研究结果表明,木构架古建筑中的墙体对结构的整体抗震刚度有较大的贡献;包括墙体模型的基本周期与实测基本周期较为接近;而忽略墙体模型的基本周期显著大于实测基本周期,且计算的地震作用值偏不安全。根据古建筑抗震鉴定要求,并考虑砖砌墙体的脆性,提出了基于位移控制的、包括墙体微裂和开裂工作状态的木构架古建筑三阶段抗震分析方法。     

Model‐Reference Health Monitoring of Hysteretic Building Structure Using Acceleration Measurement with Test Validation

A model‐reference health monitoring algorithm with two damage sensitive features is presented in this study, utilizing structural acceleration measurements from earthquake‐damaged building structure. A virtual linear healthy model, representing linear behavior of the instrumented structure, is used to generate real‐time reference response signals for health monitoring during a disastrous earthquake. The tracking error of acceleration and a relevant statistical factor are first proposed for identifying damage occurrence and location at story level. The severity of the hysteretic damage is estimated numerically using a model‐based prediction curve in an equivalent stiffness reduction manner with the implementation of robust Kalman filtering. The performance of damage detection and evaluation in the presented algorithm are illustrated by numerical simulation of structural models with different hysteretic characteristics, and further validated by experimental investigation employing a base‐isolated three‐story structure and real‐world case study of a seven‐story frame structure. The influence of measurement noise and uncertain stiffness in linear healthy model is also discussed through a parametric study.     

可恢复功能预制装配式损伤可控钢质节点抗震性能试验研究

提出一种震损后可恢复功能预制装配式损伤可控钢质节点,该节点由带削弱型约束钢板阻尼器的损伤可控钢质铰、钢套筒约束节点核心区、预制混凝土梁柱等构成.进行预制装配式损伤可控钢质节点的低周往复荷载试验,然后在该试验的基础上仅更换钢质铰中破坏的削弱型约束钢板阻尼器,进行第2次试验,最后进行现浇钢筋混凝土节点在低周往复荷载下的对比...     

基于时-频域信息的结构系统识别方法研究

结构响应的时域、频域信息均可用来对结构模型进行修正。该文提出频域信息与时域信息相结合的方法,对结构参数以及荷载进行评估。首先,从结构测量加速度信息中提取结构的频域特性,对结构模型进行较为粗略的修正,优化结构模型的振型、频率,使其与测量信息一致。其次,利用时域信息,在状态空间对结构运动微分方程进行零阶离散化,采用正则化方法对模型进行荷载识别,同时基于约束优化方法对结构模型参数进行进一步修正。应用模型缩聚方法,保证计算精度的情况下减少结构模型参数修正和荷载识别的计算量。在数值仿真计算中,基于框架结构的不完备地震时程响应记录,对结构损伤状况进行评估。结果证明,即使在有噪声的情况下,该文提出的结构状态方法依然能够很好地识别结构损伤程度、位置。最后,通过14层加层隔震剪力墙结构的振动台试验进一步验证该文提出的结构参数与荷载识别方法。     

等效线性化方法在RC框架结构设计中的应用

为研究罕遇地震作用下等效线性化方法在RC框架结构设计中的应用,基于现有的结构非线性响应的等效线性化方法,通过与RC框架结构非线性时程分析结果对比,分析不同的等效线性化方法计算罕遇地震作用下结构地震响应的有效性,并确定等效线性化参数的取值;按基于等效线性化的设计方法及现行规范方法分别设计了分析算例,通过非线性动力时程分析,对比了框架结构实现预期强震破坏模式的效果。结果表明：同时考虑刚度折减和附加阻尼的割线刚度等效线性法可更好模拟结构强震非线性反应;基于等效线性化的设计方法可更好地实现结构在罕遇地震作用下的预期破坏模式。     

考虑损伤累积效应的拱形立体桁架结构倒塌分析

以实际工程为背景,通过ABAQUS损伤材料子程序对拱形立体桁架结构进行连续倒塌分析,考虑了杆件失稳的影响,研究了该类结构在强震作用下的倒塌破坏机理和破坏模式。结果表明,强震作用下,拱形立体桁架结构杆件损伤不断累积,刚度逐渐退化,最终失效退出工作。损伤累积效应使杆件应力减小,应变增大,同时节点位移幅值增大。在地震波作用下,中间主桁架柱腹杆最先失效退出工作,随后失效区域沿主桁架平面外方向扩展并由柱脚发展至结构顶部。地震作用结束后,主桁架1/4跨度处腹杆以及部分长细比较大的柱腹杆发生失稳破坏。考虑杆件失稳的影响,将导致部分杆件提前失效,但对整个结构的破坏模式影响不大。     

高层钢框架考虑损伤累积效应的地震倒塌分析方法

针对结构倒塌破坏的不确定性,提出一种用于高层钢框架结构在强震作用下结构倒塌全过程模拟的数值方法,该方法采用基于中心差分法的显式积分格式,通过定义结构的层损伤,将修正的K&K模型应用到结构中,以考虑结构在地震作用下强度和刚度的退化规律。通过编制有限元程序将该方法用于分析20层benchmark模型结构倒塌全过程和倒塌机理。分析表明,该考虑材料损伤累积效应的方法能更精确地确定高层钢框架结构的失效极限荷载,且在未知结构的失效破坏模式前提下,可较好地模拟在地震作用下结构的失效路径以及倒塌全过程和揭示结构的倒塌机理。     

Experimental study on the seismic behavior of a shear wall with concrete‐filled steel tubular frames and a corrugated steel plate

Shear walls and core tubes in shear walls constitute the core anti‐earthquake vertical systems of high‐rise buildings. This paper proposes a new type of composite shear wall with concrete‐filled steel tubular frames and corrugated steel plates. The seismic behavior of the new shear wall is studied using a cyclic loading test and damage analysis. The failure mode, load‐carrying capacity, ductility, stiffness degradation, hysteresis behavior, and energy dissipating capacity exhibited in the test are studied. The test results show that when the proposed wall is broken, the tension side of concrete‐filled steel tubes is torn. The concrete at the bottom of the wall is detached and peels off along the through cracks. The energy dissipation capacity of concrete walls is more fully utilized. The proposed wall exhibits excellent deformability, energy dissipation capacity, and the stiffness degradation was slower than that of other walls. The use of corrugated steel plate significantly improved the seismic performance while simultaneously increasing the ductility and reducing the damage. In addition, this paper modified the energy dissipation factor in the Park & Ang model based on the situation of the specimen and experiment. It can be used to evaluate the damage degree of this new type of shear wall.     

Numerical Treatment of Seismic Accelerograms and of Inelastic Seismic Structural Responses Using Harmonic Wavelets

Abstract:   The harmonic wavelet transform is employed to analyze various kinds of nonstationary signals common in aseismic design. The effectiveness of the harmonic wavelets for capturing the temporal evolution of the frequency content of strong ground motions is demonstrated. In this regard, a detailed study of important earthquake accelerograms is undertaken and smooth joint time-frequency spectra are provided for two near-field and two far-field records; inherent in this analysis is the concept of the mean instantaneous frequency. Furthermore, as a paradigm of usefulness for aseismic structural purposes, a similar analysis is conducted for the response of a 20-story steel frame benchmark building considering one of the four accelerograms scaled by appropriate factors as the excitation to simulate undamaged and severely damaged conditions for the structure. The resulting joint time-frequency representation of the response time histories captures the influence of nonlinearity on the variation of the effective natural frequencies of a structural system during the evolution of a seismic event. In this context, the potential of the harmonic wavelet transform as a detection tool for global structural damage is explored in conjunction with the concept of monitoring the mean instantaneous frequency of records of critical structural responses.