Postbuckling of functionally graded cylindrical shells with tangential edge restraints and temperature-dependent properties

This paper presents an analytical approach to investigate the buckling and postbuckling behavior of functionally graded cylindrical shells subjected to thermal and axial compressive loads. Material properties are assumed to be temperature dependent and graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of constituents. The governing equations are established within the framework of classical thin shallow shell theory taking both geometrical nonlinearity in von Kármán–Donnell sense and initial imperfection into consideration. Thermal stability analysis also incorporates the effects of tangential edge constraints. A Galerkin procedure is applied to derive expressions of load-deflection relations from which the thermal buckling loads and postbuckling curves of the shells are obtained by an iteration. Effects played by material and geometrical properties, tangential stiffness, imperfection and buckling modes are discussed.     

前屈曲耦合变形对FGM圆板稳定性的影响

功能梯度材料结构沿厚度方向具有非均匀性,在其本构关系中会存在拉伸-弯曲耦合效应。在某些条件下,由于这个耦合效应的存在会引起前屈曲耦合变形,因此只要施加面内外载荷,就会伴随该载荷而产生耦合挠度。该文基于经典非线性板理论,导出了计及前屈曲耦合变形时功能梯度圆板稳定性问题的基本方程,并给出了判断功能梯度圆板是否发生屈曲现象的方法。用打靶方法对所得方程进行了数值求解,并利用数值结果研究了在不同边界条件和不同外因素下前屈曲耦合变形对功能梯度圆板稳定性的影响。     

Thermo-Electro-Mechanical Buckling of Shear Deformable Hybrid Circular Functionally Graded Material Plates

Buckling analysis of perfect circular functionally graded plates with surface-bounded piezoelectric layers based on the first-order shear deformation theory is presented in this article. The material properties of the functionally graded (FG) layer are assumed to vary continuously through the plate thickness by distribution of power law of the volume fraction of the constituents. The plate is assumed to be under constant electrical field and two types of thermal loadings, namely, the uniform temperature rise and nonlinear temperature gradient through the thickness. Also, the stability of a plate under radial mechanical compressive force is examined. The equilibrium and stability equations are derived based on the first-order shear deformation plate theory using a variational approach. The boundary condition of the plate as an immovable type of the clamped edge is considered. Resulting equations are employed to obtain the closed-form solution for the critical buckling temperature for each loading case. The effects of electric field, piezo-to-host thickness ratio, and power law index of functionally graded plates subjected to thermo-mechanical-electrical loads are investigated. The results are compared with the classical plate theory and verified with the available data in the open literature.     

Mechanical and thermal postbuckling of higher order shear deformable functionally graded plates on elastic foundations

This paper presents an analytical investigation on the buckling and postbuckling behaviors of thick functionally graded plates resting on elastic foundations and subjected to in-plane compressive, thermal and thermomechanical loads. Material properties are assumed to be temperature independent, and graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of constituents. The formulations are based on higher order shear deformation plate theory taking into account Von Karman nonlinearity, initial geometrical imperfection and Pasternak type elastic foundation. By applying Galerkin method, closed-form relations of buckling loads and postbuckling equilibrium paths for simply supported plates are determined. Analysis is carried out to show the effects of material and geometrical properties, in-plane boundary restraint, foundation stiffness and imperfection on the buckling and postbuckling loading capacity of the plates.     

Static behavior of functionally graded magneto-electro-elastic shells under electric displacement and magnetic flux

Three-dimensional (3D) static behavior of doubly curved functionally graded (FG) magneto-electro-elastic shells under the mechanical load, electric displacement and magnetic flux is studied by an asymptotic approach. Without loss of generality, the material properties of the shells are regarded as heterogeneous through the thickness coordinate. The edge boundary conditions are considered as the full simple supports. The basic equations of 3D magneto-electro-elasticity are firstly reduced to the state-space vector equations by means of direct elimination. By introducing a geometric perturbation parameter and following the regular asymptotic expansion, we finally decompose the 3D problem as recursive sets of two-dimensional (2D) problems with governing equations of the coupled classical shell theory (CCST). It is shown that the 3D solutions can be obtained by repeatedly solving the CCST-type equations order-by-order in view of the recursive property among various order problems. Parametric studies for both the coupling magneto-electro-elastic effect and the influence of the gradient index of material properties on the structural behavior of various FG shells under magneto-electro-mechanical loads are presented.     

Nonlinear analysis of stability for functionally graded plates under mechanical and thermal loads

This paper presents a simple analytical approach to investigate the stability of functionally graded plates under in-plane compressive, thermal and combined loads. Material properties are assumed to be temperature-independent, and graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of constituents. Equilibrium and compatibility equations for functionally graded plates are derived by using the classical plate theory taking into account both geometrical nonlinearity in von Karman sense and initial geometrical imperfection. The resulting equations are solved by Galerkin procedure to obtain explicit expressions of postbuckling load–deflection curves. Stability analysis of a simply supported rectangular functionally graded plate shows the effects of the volume fraction index, plate geometry, in-plane boundary conditions, and imperfection on postbuckling behavior of the plate.     

热环境中的功能梯度扁球壳非线性稳定性分析

基于经典壳理论和von Karman几何非线性理论,导出了功能梯度圆底扁球壳的位移型几何非线性控制方程及简支边界条件,推导过程考虑了均匀变温场及均布外侧压力。用打靶法计算了由控制方程和边界条件提出的两点边值问题,得到了壳体轴对称变形的数值结果。考察了壳体几何参数、材料横向梯度特性、组份材料体积分数指数和弹性模量以及均匀变温场对壳体屈曲平衡路径、上/下临界荷载和平衡构形的影响。数值结果表明:随组分材料体积分数指数的增加和弹性模量的减小,壳体上临界荷载均会显著减小;体积分数指数对壳体下临界荷载影响规律较复杂;均匀升温使壳体上/下临界荷载显著增加/减小。材料横向梯度特性对简支边功能梯度圆底扁球壳屈曲平衡路径和后屈曲稳态构形有显著影响。该文末给出了便于工程设计的两个数表和一些数值曲线。     

Thermo elasticity solution of functionally graded,solid, circular,and annular plates integrated with piezoelectric layers using the differential quadrature method

Static analysis of functionally graded (FG) solid circular/annular plates imbedded in piezoelectric layers under thermo-electro mechanical load is investigated using the differential quadrature method. The plate has various edge boundary conditions and its material properties are assumed to vary in an exponential law with the Poisson ratio to be constant. The method is validated by comparing numerical results with the results obtained in the literature. The effects of the gradient index, thickness to radius ratio, and edges boundary conditions on the thermoelastic behavior of FG solid circular and annular plates are investigated.     

An elasticity solution for transversely isotropic,functionally graded circular plates

This article presents a new elasticity solution for transversely isotropic, functionally graded circular plates subject to axisymmetric loads. It is assumed that the material properties vary along the thickness of a circular plate according to an exponential form. By extending the displacement function presented by Plevako to the case of transversely isotropic material, we derived the governing equation of the problem studied. The displacement function was assumed as the sum of the Bessel function and polynomial function to obtain the analytical solution of a transversely isotropic, functionally graded circular plate under different boundary conditions. As a numerical example, the influence of the graded variations of the material properties on the displacements and stresses was studied. The results demonstrate that the graded variations have a significant effect on the mechanical behavior of a circular plate.     

On the stability of FGM shells subjected to combined loads with different edge conditions and resting on elastic foundations

In this study, the stability analysis of functionally graded material (FGM) cylindrical, truncated and complete conical shells subjected to combined loads and resting on elastic foundations for two boundary conditions is investigated. The functionally graded material properties are assumed to vary continuously through the thickness of the conical shell. At first, the basic relations, the stability and compatibility equations of the FGM truncated conical shell on the Pasternak-type elastic foundation are obtained. By applying the Galerkin method to the foregoing equations, the critical combined loads of clamped–clamped and sliding–sliding FGM shells on the Pasternak-type elastic foundation are obtained. Finally, carrying out some computations, effects of the elastic foundation, boundary conditions, the variation of shell characteristics and material composition profiles on the values of critical combined loads have been studied.     

Analysis of functionally graded plates by meshless method: A purely analytical formulation

Functionally graded plates under static and dynamic loads are investigated by the local integral equation method (LIEM) in this paper. Plate bending problem is described by the Reissner moderate thick plate theory. The governing equations for the functionally graded material with respect to the neutral plane are presented in the Laplace transform domain and therefore the in-plane and bending problems are uncoupled. Both isotropic and orthotropic material properties are considered. The local integral equation method is developed with the locally supported radial basis function (RBF) interpolation. As the closed forms of the local boundary integrals are obtained, there are no domain or boundary integrals to be calculated numerically in this approach. The solutions of the nodal values for the entire plate are obtained by solving a set of linear algebraic equation system with certain boundary conditions. Details of numerical procedures are presented and the accuracy and convergence characteristics of the method are examined. Several examples are presented for the functionally graded plates under static and dynamic loads and the accuracy for proposed method has been observed compared with 3D analytical solutions.     

Analytical solution of a cantilever functionally graded beam

The problem of a cantilever functionally graded beam subjected to different loads is studied. In terms of Airy stress function a general two-dimensional solution is presented for a cantilever functionally graded beam, assuming that all the elastic moduli of the material have the same variations along the beam-thickness direction. Explicit expressions of analytical solutions to some specific examples under different boundary conditions are obtained to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed general solution technique. This solution will be useful in analyzing functionally graded beam with arbitrary variations of material properties and it can serve as a basis for establishing simplified functionally graded beam theories.     

Semi-analytical solution of time-dependent thermomechanical creep behavior of FGM hollow spheres

By using a method of successive elastic solution, the time-dependent creep behavior of a functionally graded hollow sphere under thermomechanical loads has been investigated. Based on volume percentage, the mechanical and thermal properties of material, except for the Poisson’s ratio, are assumed to be radially dependent. Total strains are assumed to be the sum of elastic, thermal and creep strains. Creep strains are temperature-, stress- and time-dependent. Using the Prandtl–Reuss relations and Sherby’s law, histories of stresses and strains are presented from their initial elastic values at zero time up to 30 years after loading. The results show that the creep stresses and strains change with time and material inhomogeneity has influence on thermomechanical creep behavior. The aim of this work was to understand the effect of creep behavior on a functionally graded hollow sphere subjected to thermomechanical load.     

Thermoelastic analysis of rotating laminated functionally graded cylindrical shells using layerwise differential quadrature method

An accurate and efficient solution procedure based on the elasticity theory is employed to investigate the thermoelastic behavior of rotating laminated functionally graded (FG) cylindrical shells in thermal environment. The material properties are assumed to be temperature dependent and graded in the thickness direction. In order to accurately model the variation of the field variables across the thickness, the shell is divided into a set of mathematical layers. The differential quadrature method (DQM) is adopted to discretize the governing differential equations of each layer together with the related boundary and compatibility conditions at the interface of two adjacent layers. Using the DQM enables one to accurately and efficiently discretize the partial differential equations, especially along the graded direction, and also implement the boundary and compatibility conditions in their strong forms. After demonstrating the convergence and accuracy of the presented approach, the effects of material and geometrical parameters and also temperature dependence of material properties on the stresses and displacement components of rotating laminated FG cylindrical shells are studied.     

Differential quadrature analysis of functionally graded circular and annular sector plates on elastic foundation

The main purpose of this study is to investigate buckling and free vibration behaviors of radially functionally graded circular and annular sector thin plates subjected to uniform in-plane compressive loads and resting on the Pasternak elastic foundation. In-plane compressive loads may be applied to either radial, circumferential, or all edges of circular/annular sector plates. Based on the classical plate theory (CPT), critical buckling loads and fundamental frequencies of the circular/annular sector plates under simply-supported and clamped boundary conditions are obtained by using differential quadrature method (DQM). The inhomogeneity of the plate is characterized by taking exponential variation of Young’s modulus and mass density of the material along the radial direction whereas Poisson’s ratio is considered to be constant. Convergence study is carried out to demonstrate the stability of the present method. To confirm the excellent accuracy of the present approach, a few comparisons are made for limited cases between the present results and those available in literature. Critical buckling load and fundamental frequency parameters of the circular/annular sector thin plates are computed for different boundary conditions, various values of the material inhomogeneity constants, sector angles, and inner to outer radius ratios.     

Postbuckling of pressure-loaded FGM hybrid cylindrical shells in thermal environments

A postbuckling analysis is presented for a functionally graded cylindrical shell with piezoelectric actuators subjected to lateral or hydrostatic pressure combined with electric loads in thermal environments. Heat conduction and temperature-dependent material properties are both taken into account. The temperature field considered is assumed to be a uniform distribution over the shell surface and varied in the thickness direction and the electric field considered only has non-zero-valued component E_Z. The material properties of functionally graded materials (FGMs) are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents, and the material properties of both FGM and piezoelectric layers are assumed to be temperature-dependent. The governing equations are based on a higher order shear deformation theory with a von Kármán–Donnell-type of kinematic nonlinearity. A boundary layer theory of shell buckling is extended to the case of FGM hybrid laminated cylindrical shells of finite length. A singular perturbation technique is employed to determine the buckling pressure and postbuckling equilibrium paths. The numerical illustrations concern the postbuckling behavior of pressure-loaded, perfect and imperfect, FGM cylindrical shells with fully covered piezoelectric actuators under different sets of thermal and electric loading conditions. The results reveal that temperature dependency, temperature change and volume fraction distribution have a significant effect on the buckling pressure and postbuckling behavior of FGM hybrid cylindrical shells. In contrast, the control voltage only has a very small effect on the buckling pressure and postbuckling behavior of FGM hybrid cylindrical shells.     

Nonlinear static and dynamic buckling analysis of functionally graded shallow spherical shells including temperature effects

This paper presents an analytical approach to investigate the nonlinear static and dynamic unsymmetrical responses of functionally graded shallow spherical shells under external pressure incorporating the effects of temperature. Governing equations for thin FGM spherical shells are derived by using the classical shell theory taking into account von Karman–Donnell geometrical nonlinearity. Approximate solutions are assumed and Galerkin procedure is applied to determine explicit expressions of static critical buckling loads of the shells. For the dynamical response, motion equations are numerically solved by using Runge–Kutta method and the criterion suggested by Budiansky–Roth. A detailed analysis is carried out to show the effects of material and geometrical parameters, boundary conditions and temperature on the stability and dynamical characteristics of FGM shallow spherical shells.     

Levy Solution for Buckling Analysis of Functionally Graded Rectangular Plates

In this article, an analytical method for buckling analysis of thin functionally graded (FG) rectangular plates is presented. It is assumed that the material properties of the plate vary through the thickness of the plate as a power function. Based on the classical plate theory (Kirchhoff theory), the governing equations are obtained for functionally graded rectangular plates using the principle of minimum total potential energy. The resulting equations are decoupled and solved for rectangular plate with different loading conditions. It is assumed that the plate is simply supported along two opposite edges and has arbitrary boundary conditions along the other edges. The critical buckling loads are presented for a rectangular plate with different boundary conditions, various powers of FGM and some aspect ratios.     

Nonlinear dynamic response and vibration of imperfect shear deformable functionally graded plates subjected to blast and thermal loads

Based on Reddy's higher-order shear deformation plate theory, this article presents an analysis of the nonlinear dynamic response and vibration of imperfect functionally graded material (FGM) thick plates subjected to blast and thermal loads resting on elastic foundations. The material properties are assumed to be temperature-dependent and graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power-law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. Numerical results for the dynamic response and vibration of the FGM plates with two cases of boundary conditions are obtained by the Galerkin method and fourth-order Runge–Kutta method. The results show the effects of geometrical parameters, material properties, imperfections, temperature increment, elastic foundations, and boundary conditions on the nonlinear dynamic response and vibration of FGM plates.     

Buckling and Postbuckling Behavior of Functionally Graded Nanotube-Reinforced Composite Plates in Thermal Environments

This paper investigates the buckling and postbuckling of simply supported, nanocomposite plates with functionally graded nanotube reinforcements subjected to uniaxial compression in thermal environments. The nanocomposite plates are assumed to be functionally graded in the thickness direction using single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) serving as reinforcements and the plates' effective material properties are estimated through a micromechanical model. The higher order shear deformation plate theory with a von Kármán-type of kinematic nonlinearity is used to model the composite plates and a two-step perturbation technique is performed to determine the buckling loads and postbuckling equilibrium paths. Numerical results for perfect and imperfect, geometrically mid-plane symmetric functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) plates are obtained under different sets of thermal environmental conditions. The results for uniformly distributed CNTRC plate, which is a special case in the present study, are compared with those of the FG-CNTRC plate. The results show that the buckling loads as well as postbuckling strength of the plate can be significantly increased as a result of a functionally graded nanotube reinforcement. The results reveal that the carbon nanotube volume fraction has a significant effect on the buckling load and postbuckling behavior of CNTRC plates.