激光冲击TC17钛合金疲劳裂纹扩展试验

为研究激光冲击强化对钛合金试件疲劳性能的影响,在标准试件的裂纹扩展路径上设计了全强化和间隔强化两种不同的强化方案,研究激光冲击强化对试件疲劳寿命和裂纹稳定扩展时速率的影响规律,利用有限元数值模拟和X射线残余应力测试获得了试件的残余应力场分布状态,并对比分析了试件的断口形貌和微观组织特征。结果表明:相比于未强化试件,激光冲击强化后试件的平均疲劳寿命分别提高了2.14倍和1.90倍,两种不同的冲击强化方法分别降低钛合金试件的裂纹扩展速率24%和15%。间隔强化后试件表面产生-512 MPa的最大残余压应力,裂纹扩展的C′值为-7.3,m值为2.6,而强化间隔区引入最大值为82.4 MPa的残余拉应力,裂纹扩展速率急剧升高,C′值减小至-13.6,m值为8.0。当裂纹扩展到强化区时,扩展速率再次降低,激光冲击强化对TC17钛合金疲劳裂纹扩展有显著的抑制作用。     

TC4钛合金惯性摩擦焊接头塑性金属流动行为研究

分别对相同焊接面积和不同焊接面积的TC4钛合金棒材进行惯性摩擦焊试验,通过镶嵌标示材料的方法,探讨了其焊缝附近塑性金属的流动行为。研究表明,在焊接过程中,焊缝附近塑性金属呈两种运动方式:焊缝面的水平圆周运动和焊缝厚度方向的螺旋前进运动。当焊接面积相同时,塑性金属在摩擦扭矩、顶锻压力和"X"形焊缝的作用下,以螺旋的流动方式向焊缝流动。外缘塑性金属最先流出焊缝形成最初的飞边,随后内部金属流出形成接近焊缝的飞边。当焊接面积不同时,在摩擦扭矩、顶锻压力和"弧"形焊缝的作用下以螺旋的流动方式向焊缝流动,细端外缘塑性金属最先流出焊缝形成最初的飞边,随后细端内部金属流出形成接近细端焊缝的飞边,当细端飞边达到与粗端焊接面积相同时粗端才会出现飞边。     

五轴联动数控磨床直线进给机构静力学分析

针对普通工具磨床和传统生产工艺方法很难加工出特型刀具的品种和刃形的问题,研发了一种五轴联动数控工具磨床,其中五轴联动数控工具磨床直线进给机构的受力和位移情况将直接影响磨床的工作性能。利用Solid Works中的simulation模块对五轴联动数控磨床的直线进给机构进行静力学分析,研究直线进给机构各处的位移和应力情况。结果表明:X轴工作台的最大应力为2 MPa,出现在X轴工作台的滑块和立柱的下部,X轴工作台的最大位移为0.000 015 88 mm,出现在立柱的中部;Y轴工作台的最大应力为2 MPa,出现在Y轴工作台中部,Y轴工作台的最大位移为0.000 003 584mm,出现在Y轴工作台的中部;Z轴工作台应力的最大值为10.3 MPa,位于Z轴工作台右侧,Z轴工作台位移最大值为0.000 030 88 mm,出现在Z轴工作台中部。     

Comparing mechanical behaviour of aluminium welds produced by laser beam welding (LBW), friction stir welding (FSW), and riveting for aeronautical structures

Three welding processes for aluminium parts have been considered for aircraft fabrication: riveting, friction stir welding (FSW) and laser beam welding (LBW). These processes have advantages and threats, which were analysed in the present work focusing on T-pull and Hoop tensile properties. Concerning T-pull tests, LBW coupons presented higher ability to withstand the applied loads. This was due to the better distribution of loads when the strain is done in the stringer direction. In the case of the Hoop tests, which stress only the skin, the results obtained after FSW were notably higher in terms of ultimate tensile stress, yield stress and maximum strain. It was concluded that both LBW and FSW could replace riveting usually applied for commercial aircraft manufacturing.     

激光冲击TC17钛合金叶片的微观组织/应力演变及缺口振动疲劳性能

目的 提高航空发动机叶片的抗疲劳性能。方法 采用高功率密度短脉冲激光冲击某型发动机TC17钛合金整体叶盘叶片模拟件,并采用飞秒激光在进气边预制缺口。通过扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜表征激光冲击前后的表层微观组织。通过X射线衍射和三坐标测量仪分别测量激光冲击强化过程中的残余应力演变和宏观塑性变形,并由一阶弯曲振动疲劳对激光冲击强化效果进行评价。结果 激光冲击在TC17钛合金叶片表层诱导产生了高密度位错组织,但由于冲击次数的控制,未产生明显的晶粒细化效应。激光冲击叶盆面后,叶盆面呈现压应力状态,残余应力为330.5 MPa,叶背面呈现拉应力状态,其值为55.5 MPa。进一步激光冲击叶背面后,叶背面的拉应力转变为压应力,其值达到了267.0 MPa,叶盆面残余压应力减小,由330.5 MPa变为261.9 MPa。激光冲击叶盆面后,进气边与叶尖交点偏离初始位置0.119 1、0.129 1 mm;冲击叶背面后,位移偏离初始位置减小,分别为0.071 08、0.099 mm。激光冲击强化后,缺口振动疲劳寿命显著提升,平均循环次数由56 696周次增加到199 515周次,出现了明显的裂纹闭合效应。结论 激光冲击强化在TC17钛合金表层引入了高密度位错组织和双面贯穿式残余压应力,并将叶片宏观塑性变形控制在0.1 mm以内,在疲劳性能上获得了显著的提升。     

Notch effect of surface compression and the toughening of graded Al2O3/TiC/Ni materials

The fracture behavior of graded Al₂O₃/TiC/Ni materials with a symmetric structure was investigated using single-edge notch-bend (SENB) specimens with surface compression. The fracture toughness of the graded materials was determined according to ASTM Standard E399. The results show that the effective fracture toughness increases with an increase in notch depth in the compressive stress zone, and reaches the maximum of 39.2 MPa m^1/2 at the interface of compressive/tensile stress zones. Finite element analysis reveals that the surface compression will be intensified at the notch root once the specimen is edge-notched because of the stress concentration, and the degree of the compressive stress intensification increases with an increase in notch depth. The dependence of the effective fracture toughness of the graded materials on the notch depth shows a behavior similar to the R-curve that is usually associated with microstructural toughening mechanisms. This toughening behavior is caused by the intensification of the compressive stress concentration with the increase of the notch depth. A theoretical analysis based on fracture mechanics verifies that the mechanical reliability of brittle ceramics can be improved effectively by tailoring and controlling the internal stresses.     

Effect of friction stir and activated-GTA welding processes on the 9Cr–1Mo steel to 316LN stainless steel dissimilar weld joints

ABSTRACT

The consequence of friction stir welding (FSW) and activated-gas tungsten arc welding (A-GTAW) processes on the evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of 9Cr–1Mo (P9) steel to 316LN stainless steel dissimilar weld joint is investigated. The FSW specimen shows considerably higher tensile strength (～652?MPa) compared to A-GTAW specimen (～595?MPa) as well as its base metal of P9 (～642?MPa) and 316LN (～608?MPa) owing to the formation of tempered martensite and refined austenite in P9 and 316LN weld portion, respectively. The cross-weld tensile test revealed that the specimens failed in the base metal of 316LN SS for both FSW and A-GTAW process with ductile mode fracture. This study proves that FSW could be an alternate joining technique.     

Fatigue properties of friction stir welded butt joint and base metal of MB8 magnesium alloy

The fatigue properties of friction stir welded(FSW) butt joint and base metal of MB8 magnesium alloy were investigated.The comparative fatigue tests were carried out using EHF-EM200K2-070-1A fatigue testing machine for both FSW butt joint and base metal specimens.The fatigue fractures were observed and analyzed using a scanning electron microscope of JSM-6063 LA type.The experimental results show that the fatigue performance of the FSW butt joint of MB8 magnesium alloy is sharply decreased.The conditional fatigue limit(2 × 10~6) of base metal and welded butt joint is about77.44 MPa and 49.91 MPa,respectively.The conditional fatigue limit(2 × 10~6) of the welded butt joint is 64.45%of that of base metal.The main reasons are that the welding can lead to stress concentration in the flash area,tensile welding residual stress in the welded joint(The residual stress value was 30.5 MPa),as well as the grain size is not uniform in the heat-affected zone.The cleavage steps or quasi-cleavage patterns present on the fatigue fracture surface,the fracture type of the FSW butt joint belongs to a brittle fracture.     

制孔分层损伤对CF/PEEK复合材料拉伸性能和表面应变分布的影响

目的 研究钻削制孔表面分层损伤与拉伸载荷下开孔碳纤维增强聚醚醚酮（CF/PEEK）复合材料表面应变分布的相关性。方法 通过对CF/PEEK复合材料层合板进行钻削制孔实验,分析不同进给速度对钻削温度、钻削轴向力、制孔出口表面分层和孔壁表面损伤的影响。采用数字图像相关技术（DIC）和力学实验相结合的方法,研究分层损伤程度对开孔CF/PEEK复合材料层合板拉伸性能和表面应变分布的影响。使用扫描电镜观测开孔试件的断裂形貌,分析开孔试件受拉伸载荷时的破坏模式。结果 随着进给速度的增加,钻削温度降低,钻削轴向力提高,出口表面分层和孔壁损伤程度加剧。随着分层损伤程度的增加,层合板的拉伸强度呈现出降低的趋势,试件的拉伸强度从558.4 MPa降低到525.63 MPa,降低了5.87%。在中应力和高应力状态下,试件x方向的最大负应变随着分层损伤程度的增加而增加。在高应力状态下,试件y方向的最大正应变随着分层损伤程度的增加而增加。试件的断裂方式主要是基体开裂、分层和纤维撕裂,断口有纤维脱落和纤维拔出,垂直于载荷方向的纤维破坏模式为剥离破坏,与载荷方向一致的纤维破坏模式为拉伸破坏。结论 钻削制孔表面分层损...     

On the stress vs. Barkhausen noise relation in a duplex stainless steel

Various parameters of a Barkhausen noise burst were measured under applied stress in prestrained duplex stainless steel specimens. After quenching, the root mean square value of the Barkhausen noise amplitude was low because of the compressive macroscopic and interphase macrostresses in the ferrite phase. Prestraining increased the amplitude of the Barkhausen noise in all measuring directions due to reduction of macroscopic compressive residual stress and introduction of tensile interphase microstresses in the ferrite phase. Under applied stress, Barkhausen noise measured in the loading direction behaved similarly to ferritic steels: Barkhausen noise increased under tensile stress and decreased under compressive stress. In the direction transverse to the loading axis, the Barkhausen noise response was anomalous: Barkhausen noise increased or remained unchanged under macroscopic compressive strain in the transverse direction and decreased under tensile strain in the transverse direction. In unstrained specimens in the loading direction, applied stress vs. Barkhausen noise showed a linear relation under the applied stress range from −200 to 250 MPa. The stress sensitivity of the Barkhausen noise was, however, low. In the prestrained specimens, the stress sensitivity was higher than in the unstrained specimens, especially under applied compressive stress.     

喷丸结合振动光整加工工艺对钛合金疲劳性能的影响

目的提高钛合金的疲劳性能。方法采用喷丸结合振动光整加工工艺对TC4钛合金进行了表面加工处理。对未加工试样、经过喷丸处理后的试样和经过喷丸与振动光整加工工艺处理后的试样,分别进行了表面粗糙度、表面层残余应力测试,并对三种状态下的试样进行了旋转弯曲疲劳试验。对比了不同工艺处理后试样的表面粗糙度、表层残余应力及疲劳强度。结果与喷丸工艺相比,采用喷丸结合振动光整加工工艺对试样进行处理后,试样的表面残余压应力值提高了39 MPa,残余压应力峰值、残余压应力层的厚度略有降低。喷丸结合振动光整加工工艺在不明显改变试样残余压应力场的条件下,使试样的表面粗糙度得到大幅降低。疲劳试验结果表明,喷丸工艺使TC4钛合金的疲劳强度提高了16.3%,喷丸结合振动光整加工工艺使TC4的疲劳强度提高了23.8%,比喷丸后TC4钛合金的疲劳强度高出7.5%。结论在喷丸工艺的基础上,喷丸结合振动光整加工工艺通过改善TC4钛合金的表面完整性,使TC4钛合金的疲劳强度得到进一步提高。     

焊接应力场与应变场的计算与讨论

经典的观点认为焊缝存在残余压缩塑性应变,而目前有学者认为焊缝是在冷却的过程中形成的,与加热过程无关,认为焊缝只存在拉伸塑性应变,而不存在压缩塑性应变.针对这一对传统残余塑变理论的质疑,采用有限元方法对薄板熔焊对接接头纵向应力和应变的瞬态变化以及由焊缝中心到母材边缘的纵向应力和应变分布情况进行了计算.结果表明,焊缝及近缝区存在着残余压缩塑性应变,应力状态为拉应力,由焊缝中心到母材边缘其纵向应力由拉应力转变为压应力,纵向压缩塑性变形量逐渐下降,离焊缝较远受温度场影响较小的母材不产生塑性变形.     

线能量对TC4钛合金激光焊接残余应力和变形的影响

利用有限元分析和实验测试，研究了TC4钛合金平板激光焊接线能量对变形和残余应力的影响规律，并通过焊缝金相实验分析了线能量与焊接残余应力和变形的内在关系。结果表明：钛合金激光焊接产生的纵向残余拉伸应力约700MPa～850MPa，而横向残余拉伸应力只有50MPa～80MPa。激光焊接线能量增加时，纵向残余应力拉伸区域变宽，峰值应力降低，而横向残余应力随线能量的增加而升高。在临界焊透规范以上焊接时，角变形随线能量的增大而减小，但横向收缩变形增大。试件被完全穿透焊接时，线能量对角变形的影响作用降低。     

TC4钛合金水下湿法激光焊接焊缝组织与性能

使用光纤激光器对TC4钛合金进行了水下湿法激光焊接试验,通过在TC4表面预置焊接辅助剂实现了增加水下湿法焊接熔深的同时对焊缝进行保护的目的. 对焊缝的微观组织和力学性能进行了分析,结果表明,预置焊接辅助剂后,焊缝熔深增大,焊接阈值增加,焊缝中裂纹减少. 焊缝中心主要由初生α和马氏体组织α'相组成,在熔池底部还保留有粗大的β晶界,焊缝由于水的急冷作用出现了淬硬组织,显微硬度远高于TC4母材. 水下焊接拉伸试验试件均断裂在焊缝处,焊接接头平均抗拉强度值为439 MPa,呈现为脆性断裂.     

航空铝合金板材搅拌摩擦连接有限元分析

根据搅拌摩擦连接特点,充分考虑搅拌摩擦连接过程中搅拌针各部位与连接板材之间的摩擦生热及在连接过程中连接板材摩擦系数随温度变化规律,建立了适合搅拌摩擦连接自身特点的动态热元模型,并利用此模型进行了航空铝合金板材搅拌摩擦连接过程的有限元分析模拟.通过模拟结果和试验结果对比验证了所建立的动态热源模型和有限元分析过程是合理的.模拟结果显示搅拌摩擦连接残余拉应力主要集中在连接区,且在连接区中间位置出现最大残余拉应力区,连接区两端及其它部位出现残余压应力.     

表面曲率对激光冲击曲面材料表面残余应力场分布的影响

目的针对曲面材料在激光冲击作用下,表面曲率对激光冲击波传播存在影响,使其残余应力场分布情况不同于平面,分析其形成机理。方法将研究对象设置为凸模型,借助有限元软件ABAQUS,模拟了1500MPa冲击压力下,激光冲击波分别加载1/5、1/10、1/15曲率的7050铝合金试样。设置相应的平面试样作为对照组,并采用相同参数条件进行实验验证。结果当曲率为1/5时,冲击后的材料表面残余应力场分布不均匀,在母线方向的光斑边缘处,残余压应力仅为-237.0 MPa,塑性应变层深为0.5878μm;在圆周方向的光斑边缘处残余压应力为-258.5 MPa,较母线方向增加9.07%,塑性应变层深达到1.235μm,较母线方向增加110.11%。这一现象随着曲率的减小而逐渐消失,当曲率小于1/15时,表面残余应力场分布近似平面。结论激光冲击凸模型时,表面残余压应力场分布存在偏向现象,即试样沿母线方向的残余压应力值小于圆周方向,其对应的塑性应变深度也呈相同的规律。     

Application of a novel type Barkhausen noise sensor to continuous fatigue monitoring

A novel Barkhausen noise (BN) sensor with no need for external magnetization was tested and applied to continuous fatigue monitoring of mild steel and high strength steel specimens. This new type of sensor indicated an increase in the BN rms value under maximum tensile stress during one cycle in cyclic bending tests with increasing stress amplitude. The BN rms value under maximum compressive stress stayed, however, approximately constant. The reason for this behaviour was the stress-induced anisotropy of the BN. Bending fatigue experiments with constant stress amplitude and R=−1 were conducted at different stress levels. In addition to the BN also the acoustic emission of the specimen was measured. In the mild steel specimens the BN amplitude stayed constant after the initial saturation period, but just prior to the failure of the specimen the amplitude increased meaningfully. This increase occurred at the same time as the increase in the acoustic emission signal indicating the beginning of crack initiation and growth. In the high strength steel specimens the BN amplitude decreased after the initial saturation period. The increase of the BN signal started well before the failure of the specimen and even before the increase in the acoustic emission signal.     

The role of residual stress in neutral pH stress corrosion cracking of pipeline steels. Part I: Pitting and cracking occurrence

In this investigation, tensile test specimens were fabricated with increasing levels of compressive and tensile residual stress on the surface and through the thickness of the specimen. These residual stresses were then measured by neutron diffraction at multiple points along the length and through the depth of the specimens. The specimens were then exposed to a neutral pH aqueous soil environment in combination with an applied cyclic stress for various lengths of time in order to initiate and propagate stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The formation of micro-pitting was found to occur preferentially in areas where the tensile residual stresses were the highest (approximately 300 MPa), while SCC initiation occurred with a 71% normalized frequency in areas where the surface residual stress was in the range 150–200 MPa. The difference between residual stress levels occurring at SCC locations versus pitting locations resulted from both the change of residual stress during cyclic stress application during SCC testing and the residual stress gradient in the depth direction.     

Development of autocompleting friction welding method

Abstract

This paper describes an autocompleting friction welding method that was carried out to weld with an insert piece set between fixed base metals. The base metal was low carbon steel, and the faying surface of the fixed specimen had a 10 mm diameter. The effect of the thickness of the insert piece (insert thickness) on the joining phenomena was investigated. When the insert thickness was 3˙2 mm and the friction welding conditions were a friction speed of 27˙5 s^–1 and friction pressure of 36 MPa, the insert piece had a shear fracture toward the circumferential direction in the peripheral portion of the weld interfaces by the initial peak produced during the friction process. The joint also had cracks at the adjacent region of the weld interfaces, although it had the same tensile strength as the base metal. On the other hand, the joint made using the insert piece with a groove on its peripheral portion had the same tensile strength as the base metal, where it fractured. This joint also had 90° bend ductility without cracks. In this case, the optimum insert thickness was 4˙0 mm, and the thickness at the bottom of the grooves (groove bottom thickness) was 1˙2 mm with an 11 mm inner groove diameter, and the friction welding conditions were a friction speed of 27˙5 s^–1 and friction pressure of 36 MPa. In conclusion, a sound friction welded joint was made by an autocompleting friction welding method.     

激光冲击金属黏结层高温热循环应力演化规律的有限元模拟

目的 探索激光冲击(LSP)对高温热循环(反复升温、保温和降温)过程中热障涂层中的热生长氧化物(TGO)表面及TGO/黏结层(BC)界面应力分布的影响规律。方法 基于真实TGO形貌,建立有限元模型,从应力演化角度分析LSP改性(LSPed)与未改性(Non-LSPed)试样危险区域的失效形式;使用拉曼光谱法(RFS)对氧化后的金属黏结层进行残余应力测试。结果 TGO应力分布随着形貌的起伏呈现相应的起伏变化。TGO表面压应力最大值出现在波峰位置,经10次热循环后LSPed试样TGO表面S11(平行于涂层表面的正应力)压应力最大值大于Non-LSPed试样,经50次热循环后LSPed试样TGO表面压应力最大值远小于Non-LSPed试样;随着热循环次数的增加,2类试样TGO/BC界面S11应力的差别变小。LSPed试样TGO表面S22(垂直于涂层表面的应力)应力随着热循环次数的增加逐渐增大,但S22拉应力小于250 MPa,应力总体偏低。TGO/BC界面S22、S12(平行于涂层表面的剪切应力)应力随循环次数的变化规律基本一致,经10次热循环后,LSPed试样的S22、S12应力均大于Non-LSPed试样;经50次热循环后,2类试样界面的S22、S12应力相差不大。结论 文中构建的TGO应力有限元仿真模型,模拟结果与测试结果吻合。LSP通过调控TGO生长速度,可以有效缓解TGO生长过程中应力的剧烈变化,大幅降低TGO表面S11和S12应力最大值,进而降低TGO表面产生垂直于表面贯穿裂纹和剪切破坏的风险,LSP对TGO表面(TGO/BC界面)应力状态的影响较小。