Analysis of keyhole geometry in plasma arc welding

The key problem for numerical simulation of plasma arc welding （PAW） process is to develop a suitable and adaptive volumetric heat source mode which reflects the physical characteristics of keyhole PAW. To this end, the keyhole geometry under different PAW process conditions must be predicted. In this paper, a mathematical model for determining the keyhole shape is developed with considering the mass and momentum conservation of the in-keyhole plasma jet as well as the pressure equilibrium at the plasma jet/liquid metal boundary. A suitable heat source model related to the keyhole shape is applied to the calculation of PAW weld dimensions. The predicted results are in good agreement with the experimental ones.     

Numerical analysis of transient keyhole shape in pulsed current plasma arc welding

Based on the characteristics of ＂one keyhole in a pulse＂ in pulsed current plasma arc welding （PAW） , the transient variation process of weld pool in a pulse cycle is simulated through the establishment of corresponding heat source model. And considering the effects of gravitational force, plasma arc pressure and surface tension on the weld pool surface, the dynamic change features of the keyhole shape in a pulse cycle are calculated by using surface deformation equation. Experiments are conducted and validate that the calctdated weld fusion line is in good agreement with the experimental results.     

等离子弧焊小孔行为的反翘电压检测

在穿孔等离子弧焊接过程中,小孔稳定性对焊接过程的稳定和优质的焊缝成形是非常关键的。文中采用无源探针对由等离子弧梯度电压和等离子鞘层电压构成的等离子反翘(等离子云)电压进行检测。根据等离子鞘层理论,随等离子反翘长度和角度变化的反翘电压可以反映小孔的状态信息及其形成、坍塌过程。文中讨论了检测信号的特征,以及材料、探针位置、焊接电流,等离子气流等因素对检测信号的影响。试验证明,该方法可以有效的预测小孔信息和焊缝熔透情况。     

等离子弧焊中小孔检测的研究

在小孔等离子弧熔透焊接中，利用等离子云电压能够检测小孔的成形。本文首次应用等离子鞘层理论，指出尾焰电压和等离子云电压的本质特点，提出计算尾焰电压和等离子云电压公式。为用简单方法检测小孔成形奠定了基础。     

小孔等离子弧焊接中小孔状态的传感技术研究

小孔等离子弧焊接是一种高能量密度的高效焊接方法。小孔的稳定性是影响小孔型等离子弧焊接过程稳定性和接头质量的重要因素。在焊接过程中及时获取表征熔池小孔特征行为的信息．就成为等离子弧焊接研究的前沿课题。介绍了小孔等离子弧焊接中小孔状态的传感检测原理，指出利用声音信号、电弧孤光强度、尾焰电压、熔池图像信号、多传感信息融合和等离子云导电性都能在一定条件下实现小孔状态的检测．并分析了这些传感方法的特点。     

NTWV-based sensing keyhole dimension in plasma arc welding

During stable keyhole plasma arc welding, the pilot arc and the transferred arc exist at the meantime, and the arcs can be considered as a composition of two parts inside and outside the nozzle, respectively. Under the mechanical constriction and thermal contraction effects, the inside arc has certain arc length, electron density and arc profile etc. inducing constant tungsten-to-nozzle voltage. However, the arc outside the nozzle diverges at about 5 degrees and has certain characteristics similar to the free arcs. The nozzle-to-workpiece voltage （NTWV） depends mainly on the length of the arc, which gets bigger as increasing of the weld penetration and keyhole size. The NTWV sensor is developed for monitoring NTWV in real time. The welding experiments are designed to get different penetrations and keyhole sizes. It is found that as the weld penetration and the keyhole size increase, NTWV also increases linearly. The NTWV signals can be used as the feedback variable in automatic control of keyhole plasma arc welding.     

A computer-based control system for keyhole plasma arc welding

A new kind of control system for keyhole plasma arc welding （K-PAW） was developed based on the computer and the Graphics Language--LabVIEW. It can set and output the required current waveforms with desired decreasing slopes so that the corresponding ＂opening and closing＂ of keyhole can occur periodically. With this control strategy of welding current waveforms, the workpiece is fully penetrated while no burn-through Occurs. Keyhole plasma arc welding experiments were conducted to verify the stability and reliability of the developed system.     

Modeling the keyhole shape and dimension in plasma arc welding

It is of great significance to model the keyhole shape and dimensions to optimize the plasma arc welding process parameters. In this study, through employing a combined volumetric heat source mode, the weld pool in keyhole plasma arc welding is determined firstly, and then the dynamic force-balance condition on the interface between the plasma jet and the molten metal is dealt with in describing the keyhole formation inside the weld pool. The effects of welding current on the shape and size of keyhole are numerically analyzed. The sharp transformation from a partial keyhole to a full-penetration keyhole is quantitatively demonstrated.     

Experimental determination of the weld penetration evolution in keyhole plasma arc welding

Keyhole plasma arc welding experiments are conducted to measure the weld geometry and penetration at different moments during the initial phase from igniting arc to quasi-steady state. Indirect information on keyhole formation and evolution in plasma arc welding can be extracted based on the weld macrophotograph at cross section. It has laid foundation to verify the mathematical models of keyhole plasma arc welding.     

等离子弧焊中电弧反翘现象的数值模拟

根据流体的质量、动量、能量守恒方程,建立了穿孔等离子弧焊接过程中的等离子电弧三维数学模型,用磁矢量法求解磁场问题.模型包括了一部分喷嘴和钨阴极,小孔也被包含进模型中.利用ANSYS有限元分析软件求解模型,得到等离子电弧的温度分布,以研究等离子弧焊中电弧反翘现象.结果表明,等离子电弧反翘随小孔尺寸的增大而减弱,电弧尾焰随小孔尺寸的增大而增强;而适当的增加焊接速度以使小孔轴线与电弧轴线之间形成一定的偏差是形成等离子电弧反翘现象的必要条件;焊接电流主要是通过改变小孔尺寸而对电弧反翘产生影响.     

小孔等离子弧焊接热场的有限元分析

根据小孔等离子弧焊接的工艺特点，建立了相应的热源模型和焊接热场的分析模型。数值模拟结果表明，一般的双椭球体热源和三维锥体热源不能准确描述小孔等离子弧焊接热过程。提出了改进型的三维锥体热源模型，可以较准确地计算焊缝的正面和背面熔宽，但熔合线走向的计算精度仍较低。在此基础上，考虑等离子弧对熔池的热-力作用，建立了符合小孔形态的热源模型，对小孔等离子弧焊接热场进行了有限元分析，计算出的小孔等离子弧焊缝形状与试验结果吻合良好。     

Finite element analysis of keyhole plasma arc welding based on an adaptive heat source mode

An adaptive heat source mode is proposed to account for the keyhole effect and the characteristics of volumetric distribution along the direction of the workpiece thickness. Finite element analysis of the temperature field in keyhole plasma arc welding is conducted and the weld geometry is obtained. The predicted results are in agreement with the measured ones.     

等离子弧焊接小孔行为检测方法概述

阐述了小孔型等离子弧焊接的工艺特点,解释了检测小孔行为的原因;详细介绍了目前小孔型等离子弧焊接过程中检测小孔行为的主要方法,并分析了各种方法的利弊;最后对这种先进的材料加工技术作出了展望。     

小孔等离子弧焊接能量分配及损失分析

通过公式计算对小孔等离子弧焊的等离子孤功率损失进行分析.等离子弧在焊接过程中的功率损失包括等离子弧通过喷嘴的功率损失、喷嘴出口到小孔的等离子弧功率损失、等离子弧穿过小孔的功率损失等.通过定量计算,研究了等离子弧在焊接过程中的功率损失以及在穿孔焊接过程中形成小孔所需要的等离子孤功率大小等问题.     

脉冲等离子弧焊穿孔熔池的等离子云传感

在探针法检测等离子云理论基础上,研制了实用化的多探针等离子云传感器,并利用尾焰传感器对比检验了所设计传感器的可靠性和检测精度.将等离子云传感器应用于脉冲等离子弧焊穿孔熔池小孔状态检测,并对检测信号的波形特征做了深入研究.分析表明,等离子云检测信号中负脉冲信号可以作为脉冲等离子弧焊穿孔熔池的状态变化的特征判据,负脉冲信号的频率则可以作为脉冲焊接是否保持"一脉一孔"焊接的特征判据.等离子云电压信号可以很好的反映穿孔熔池的状态.     

一种新型等离子小孔焊接熔透闭环控制系统

建立了以电流和等离子体气流为控制变量的等子体小孔焊接熔透闭环控制系统，采用小波方法从焊接电弧电压信号中实时、准确地提取熔池穿孔信息，通过对2个参量的协调控制，成功地实现了“一脉一孔”的焊接工艺。实验表明，该系统不仅显著地提高了电弧穿透力，．能够有效地对10mm厚不锈钢进行小孔型焊接，而且具有良好的快速响应性能，成功克服了3－6mm厚度渐变及附跃变化带来的扰动，实现连续、稳定、可靠的较厚板穿孔焊接。     

利用等离子体反翘控制穿孔等离子弧焊中小孔的稳定性

利用高速摄影照片试验研究了等离子弧焊接时小孔形成过程中等离子体反翘的变化情况,以及小孔尺寸与等离子体反翘之间的关系.结果表明,等离子体反翘随着小孔的形成而不断变强,喷射角不断变大;随小孔尺寸的增大,等离子体反翘逐渐变弱,喷射角逐渐减小.通过分析等离子体反翘与小孔尺寸的关系,根据等离子体反翘导电特性设计了一种简单适用的探针法检测小孔状态的电路,可以检测出小孔的不同状态.提出了一种新的穿孔等离子弧焊中小孔稳定性的控制思想.     

不锈钢PA-GTA双面弧焊工艺特点分析

详细分析了不锈钢等离子弧(PA)-钨极氩弧(GTA)双面弧焊(DSAW)的工艺特点,该工艺可以增加熔深,减小焊后热变形,尤其适用于中厚板的焊接.当小孔效应建立后,PA-GTA双面弧焊过程中的电弧均得到了不同程度的压缩,两焊枪之间的电弧电压出现下降趋势,节省了能源.形成小孔后,电弧穿过工件从工件内部进行加热,提高了热效率.表面张力、电弧吹力和电磁搅拌力均有利于获得较大的熔深,浮力有利于增加焊缝中间部位的宽度.     

穿孔等离子弧焊接中等离子云的检测

应用天体物理等离子鞘层理论的知识，分析金属板测量尾馅时产生电压和探针测量等离子云时产生电压的原因。当把探针放置在等离子云中，由于等离子体的特殊性，将在探针上产生了负电位，与工件电位差就是鞘层电压，并给出鞘层电压的计算公式，通过分析发现，鞘层电压大小仅仅与检测处等离子体温度和成分有关。提出了一种用无电源探针检测等离子云的新方法，通过检测等离子云中探针上产生的鞘层电压是否为零来判断小孔是否形成。试验验证了鞘层理论在等离子弧焊接中应用的正确性，同时给出了探针放置的最佳位置。