炭基材料负载型低温NH3-SCR脱硝催化剂的研究进展

氮氧化物（NO _x ）是主要的大气污染物之一，对人体健康和生态环境造成了严重危害。低温选择性催化还原（SCR）技术是近年来烟气脱硝领域的主要研究方向。炭基材料具有较大的比表面积、发达的孔隙结构等特点，在SCR脱硝方面被广泛用作催化剂载体。本文综述了炭基材料包括活性炭（焦）、活性炭纤维、碳纳米管、石墨烯及碳包覆负载型催化剂在低温NH₃-SCR脱硝领域的研究成果与进展，阐述了表面官能团、反应条件及稀土元素等因素对炭基材料负载型催化剂脱硝性能的影响，并且讨论了炭基材料负载型催化剂的催化反应机理。指出采用多种手段改性催化剂，优化其中低温脱硝性能与稳定性，深入探究催化剂表面反应物种的吸附-活化行为和催化反应路径是炭基材料负载型低温NH₃-SCR催化剂研究的重点。     

锰系低温脱硝催化剂失活与再生研究进展

氨选择性催化还原(NH3-SCR)是有效的烟气脱硝技术之一,技术核心是脱硝催化剂.近年来,锰系脱硝催化剂在低温SCR反应中优良的催化活性得到国内外学者的关注.介绍锰系低温脱硝催化剂失活原因及再生方法.重点针对锰系低温脱硝催化剂的化学中毒详细介绍了失活原因及失活机理,包括SO2、H2 O、碱(土)金属、重金属As、Zn、...     

SCR脱硝催化剂抗砷中毒改性优化与再生研究进展

选择性催化还原（SCR）是目前应用最为广泛的烟气脱硝技术,催化剂是整个SCR脱硝系统的核心。在实际应用过程中,催化剂存在各种失活问题,其中砷中毒是催化剂失活的重要原因之一。本文详细阐述了SCR脱硝催化剂砷中毒的物理和化学失活机理,其中物理失活是由于As₂O₃在催化剂表面沉积、氧化造成催化剂孔道堵塞所致,而化学失活是由于砷氧化物破坏催化剂酸位点、改变活性基团形态、降低催化剂氨吸附及氧化还原能力所致。然后,系统介绍了抗砷中毒SCR脱硝催化剂的研发路线以及现有抗砷中毒催化剂优化改进的主要技术手段,主要包括调整催化剂孔隙结构、优化催化剂化学配方和烟气侧砷氧化物吸附固化等,其中MoO₃是优选的催化剂活性助剂,金属元素（如Bi、In、Sn、Mg）是主要的抗砷助剂,钙基物质是典型的烟气侧砷氧化物吸附添加剂。最后,对砷中毒废弃催化剂的再生技术进行了简要介绍,包括湿法清洗、热还原法、复合再生等,在实际工业应用中,主要以物理清扫、湿法清洗配合活性组分添加的复合再生方式实现中毒催化剂再生。本文可对未来抗砷中毒SCR脱硝催化剂的研发与优化提供重要支撑。     

硫酸氢铵在钒基选择性催化还原催化剂表面的生成、作用及防治

电厂燃煤锅炉低负荷运行导致脱硝装置烟气温度偏低,硫酸氢铵中毒影响低温脱硝催化剂的长期稳定运行。本文分析了硫酸氢铵的形成机理及其对选择性催化还原（selective catalytic reduction,SCR）催化剂的影响,提出控制烟气中SO₃浓度是减缓甚至避免SCR催化剂中毒的关键。文章从工艺和催化剂设计角度详细总结和分析了脱硝装置前端和脱硝装置中SO₃的控制方法,并总结了硫酸氢铵中毒催化剂的再生方法及其优缺点。分析表明,通过喷入碱性吸收剂降低脱硝装置前端SO₃浓度的工艺和对催化剂组分及结构进行合理设计以减少脱硝装置中SO₃生成的方法具有很强的实用性,是未来研究发展的重要方向。低温条件下长期运行难免导致催化剂失活,而在线升温是恢复中毒催化剂活性的良好方法,在工程设计中应考虑相应工艺。     

选择催化还原(SCR)反应机理研究进展

简述了NH₃和NO在催化剂表面吸附、转化活化和反应历程及H₂O和SO₂对以上反应行为的影响。分析表明,NH₃氧化脱氢进而与NO反应是决定NH₃反应性和最终产物的关键。NO以气态（Eley-Rideal机理）或硝基类物质等吸附态（Langmuir-Hinshelwood机理）形式参与选择催化还原（SCR）反应。提高催化剂酸性和氧化还原循环性能,利于NH₃和NO吸附和转化及相互间反应。高温时,H₂O影响轻微,而SO₂增强催化剂酸性,提高脱硝活性。低温时,H₂O和SO₂抑制NO吸附和转化活化,导致硫铵盐累积和活性位转变为硫酸盐使催化剂失活。因此,提高抗H₂O、抗SO₂性能是低温脱硝催化剂研发的重要方向。而发展在线升温等再生工艺以解决硝酸盐或含硫化合物导致的失活问题,对保障低温脱硝系统长期稳定运行具有重要意义。     

凹凸棒石低温SCR脱硝催化剂的研究进展

选择性催化还原（SCR）脱硝技术是目前主流的氮氧化物脱除技术,其核心是催化剂。凹凸棒石成本低廉,性能优越,适合用作SCR催化剂的载体,而且以凹凸棒石为载体的催化剂显示出良好的低温选择性和稳定性,具有很好的应用前景。本文总结了凹凸棒石低温SCR脱硝催化剂的研究进展,阐述了活性组分、制备方法、前体物种、活性组分负载量、煅烧温度、元素掺杂等因素对催化剂脱硝活性的影响,同时简要介绍了导致此类催化剂失活的原因以及失活催化剂的再生方法,并指出在凹凸棒石负载型低温脱硝催化剂上进行的SCR脱硝反应遵循E-R机理,最后指出此类催化剂的未来研究方向主要是进一步提高现有催化剂的低温催化活性和抗中毒能力,实现工业化应用。     

Research advance in mechanism of low-temperature SCR of NO on carbon materials

简述了不同反应物组合在碳材料表面的行为特征,单组分NO可以形成吸附态的NO₂、二聚体(NO)₂、—NO₂或吡啶类的化合物;O₂存在时NO被吸附态的氧氧化成NO₂;NO、O₂和NH₃同时存在时,反应发生在吸附态的NH₃和吸附态的NO₂之间。着重详述了活性碳纤维（activated carbon fibers,ACF）催化剂上的选择性催化还原（selective catalytic reduction,SCR）NO的机理为：低温时以NH₃为还原剂的SCR（NH₃-SCR）遵循Langmuir-Hinshelwood机理,较高温度时NH₃-SCR 遵循Eley-Rideal机理;分析指出了催化剂孔结构特征和表面化学官能团是ACF能低温选择性催化还原NO的主要影响因素。     

NH3-SCR工艺中硫酸铵盐的生成与分解机理研究进展

以氨为还原剂的选择性催化还原（NH₃-SCR）脱硝法具有脱硝效率高、选择性好和技术完善等优点,是目前应用最广泛的燃煤电厂等行业的烟气脱硝技术。然而,烟气中的SO₂流经SCR催化剂时,在V₂O₅的催化作用下部分氧化为SO₃,随后与NH₃和水蒸气反应生成硫酸氢铵和硫酸铵。当烟气温度低于硫酸铵盐的凝结温度时,会沉积在催化剂、空预器及其附属设备上,引发诸多严重的问题。本文首先介绍了硫酸铵盐的形成机理,随后从反应物浓度和反应温度等角度概括了影响硫酸铵盐生成的因素,分析了硫酸铵盐的沉积及其所带来的危害。然后介绍了硫酸铵盐的分解机理,重点分析了催化剂与硫酸氢铵之间的相互作用,指出了这种相互作用对硫酸氢铵分解的影响,由此提出了控制硫酸铵盐生成的措施。最后指出,系统研究NH₃-SCR工艺中硫酸铵盐的生成与分解机理将为催化剂的失活与再生、低温SCR催化剂的开发和燃煤机组等相关设备的设计和运行优化等提供理论依据。     

低温催化脱硝技术的研究进展

面对日益严重的环境问题,燃煤烟气催化脱硝技术得到了较快发展。针对目前应用较为广泛的选择性催化还原脱硝技术,本文从催化脱硝技术的机理出发综述了低温催化脱硝方面的研究进展,将低温催化脱硝技术分成两大类:低温氨法选择性催化还原脱硝技术和低温非氨法催化脱硝技术。在低温氨法选择性催化还原脱硝技中总结了金属氧化物催化剂、分子筛催化剂以及碳基催化剂等的反应机理和反应过程,揭示了影响脱硝效率的各种因素;低温非氨法催化脱硝技术中从反应方式出发,总结了NO_x催化裂解技术、HC-SCR技术、NO_x吸附-还原技术以及CO催化脱硝技术的研究进展,并对反应影响因素进行了综述。探索了各种催化剂的优势和不足之处:低温NH₃-SCR技术具有选择性高、效率高的特点但是其还原剂价格较贵且存储运输较为困难;低温非氨法催化脱硝技术选择性差、效率低,但是还原剂价格低廉、易于制备,且在工艺方面改进时可以达到要求的效率。在此基础上本文展望了未来低温催化脱硝的研究方向:在降低脱硝成本的情况下改善催化脱硝工艺,大力发展氮氧化物吸附还原等技术。     

锰钛系低温选择性催化还原催化剂的抗SO2和抗H2O性能研究进展

低温选择性催化还原（SCR）脱硝技术具有运行成本低、能耗低和布置方便的优点,催化剂的反应温度低,适合中小型工业锅炉的脱硝技术需求,因此受到越来越多的关注。锰钛系催化剂以其较高的低温脱硝效率成为当前低温SCR催化剂研究领域的热点,然而催化剂易受到SO₂和H₂O的影响,限制了它的工业应用。本文介绍了在含SO₂和H₂O的条件下锰钛系低温SCR催化剂的中毒症状,总结了催化剂的SO₂和H₂O中毒机制,重点阐述了在抗硫方面掺杂过渡金属元素以及载体改性的研究进展,详细介绍了掺杂Ce、Co、Fe和Ho等元素以及催化剂酸改性和复合载体对催化剂抗硫性的影响,同时简要总结了近年来其他方法提高锰钛系低温SCR催化剂抗硫抗水性能的状况,最后归纳了目前此类催化剂抗硫抗水措施的局限并指出今后的重点是进一步提高其抗中毒能力。     

Catalytic NO reduction with ammonia at low temperatures on V2O5/AC catalysts: effect of metal oxides addition and SO2

The catalytic behavior of the V-M/AC (M=W, Mo, Zr, and Sn) catalysts were studied for the NO reduction with ammonia at low temperatures, especially in the presence of SO₂. The presence of the metal oxides does not increase the V₂O₅/AC activity but decreases it. Except V-Mo/AC, the other catalysts are promoted by SO₂ at 250°C, especially for V-Sn/AC. However, the promoting effect of SO₂ is gradually depressed by catalyst deactivation. Changes in catalyst preparation method can improve the catalyst stability in short-term but cannot completely prevent the catalyst from a long-term deactivation. Mechanisms of the promoting effect and the deactivation of V-Sn/AC catalyst by SO₂ were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra and measurement of catalyst surface area and pore volume. The results showed that both the SO₂ promotion and deactivation are associated with the formation of sulfate species on the catalyst surface. In the initial period of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reaction in the presence of SO₂, the formed sulfate species provide new acid sites to enhance ammonia adsorption and thus the catalytic activity. However, as the SCR reaction proceeds, excess amount of sulfate species and then ammonium-sulfate salts are formed which is stabilized by the presence of tin oxide, resulting in gradual plugging of the pore structures and the catalyst deactivation.     

金属氧化物催化CO还原NO的研究进展

一氧化碳（CO）广泛存在于烧结/球团/焦化烟气或汽车尾气中,应用CO-选择性催化还原（SCR）技术同时脱除烟气中CO和NO是烟气治理的理想方案之一。目前,在NO-CO反应研究中较多的是贵金属催化剂,但由于其价格昂贵、高温失活、易中毒等问题难以在工业中实现应用。本文将近几年来金属氧化物催化CO还原NO的研究成果进行了系统的梳理与总结,重点介绍Fe基、Ce基、Co基、Cu基这4种金属氧化物催化剂的研究进展,分析催化剂的制备方法、掺杂助剂种类和比例、NO-CO反应条件等因素与催化活性之间的关系,总结催化剂抗水抗硫性能及可能的CO-SCR反应机理,并探讨O₂存在的条件下对催化剂活性的影响,为提高金属氧化物催化剂抗氧性研究提供理论参考。     

NO reduction by CH4 in the presence of excess O2 over Mn/sulfated zirconia catalysts

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with methane in the presence of excess oxygen has been investigated over a series of Mn-loaded sulfated zirconia (SZ) catalysts. It was found that the Mn/SZ with a metal loading of 2–3 wt.% exhibited high activity for the NO reduction, and the maximum NO conversion over the Mn/SZ catalyst was higher than that over Mn/HZSM-5. NH₃–TPD results of the catalysts showed that the sulfation process of the supports resulted in the generation of strong acid sites, which is essential for the SCR of NO with methane. On the other hand, the N₂ adsorption and the H₂–TPR of the catalysts demonstrated that the presence of the SO₄²⁻ species promoted the dispersion of the metal species and made the Mn species less reducible. Such an increased dispersion of metal species suppressed the combustion reaction of CH₄ by O₂ and increased the selectivity towards NO. The Mn/SZ catalysts prepared by different methods exhibited similar activities in the SCR of NO with methane, indicating the importance of SO₄²⁻. The most attractive feature of the Mn/SZ catalysts was that they were more tolerant to water and SO₂ poisoning than Mn/HZSM-5 catalysts and exhibited higher reversibility after removal of SO₂.     

炭基催化剂脱硝技术机理与影响因素的研究进展

炭基催化剂脱硝技术作为一种极具潜力的硫、硝、尘一体化干法脱除技术,具有低温脱硝、节水和消白烟等优点。综述了炭基催化剂脱硝机理的研究进展,将炭基催化剂脱硝机理分为炭基催化剂的吸附性与表面官能团的催化还原性和NH_3选择性催化还原性能两大类。对烟气温度、空速、氧气浓度、水蒸气浓度、氨氮比、SO_2浓度、炭基催化剂空隙结构和负载物等因素对炭基催化剂脱硝技术脱硝效率的影响进行综述,并展望了炭基催化剂脱硝技术的研究方向,指出炭基催化剂脱硝机理及影响因素仍有必要进行深入和针对性的研究,尤其是联合脱除时的脱硝机理及影响因素研究更应加强,并进一步在中试平台上进行较高温度、低空速等相关专题的实验。     

Chemical deactivation of V2O5/WO3–TiO2 SCR catalysts by additives and impurities from fuels, lubrication oils and urea solution: Part II. Characterization study of the effect of alkali and alkaline earth metals

A characterization study on a practice-oriented V₂O₅/WO₃–TiO₂ SCR catalyst deactivated by Ca and K, respectively, was carried out using NH₃-TPD, DRIFT spectroscopy, and XPS as well as theoretical DFT calculations. It was found from NH₃-TPD experiments that strongly basic elements like K or Ca drastically affect the acidity of the catalysts. Detailed DRIFT spectroscopy experiments revealed that these poisoning agents mostly interact with the Brønsted acid sites of the V₂O₅ active phase, thus affecting the NH₃ adsorption. Moreover, these experiments also indicated that the V⁵⁺ = O sites are much less reactive on the poisoned catalysts. XPS investigations of the O 1s binding energies showed that the oxygen atoms of the V⁵⁺ = O sites are affected by the presence of the poisoning agents. Based on these results and on DFT calculations with model clusters of the vanadia surface, the poisoning mechanism is explained by the stabilization of the non atomic holes of the (0 1 0) V₂O₅ phase as a result of the deactivation element. Consequently, V–OH Brønsted acid sites and V⁵⁺ = O sites are inhibited, which are both of crucial importance in the SCR process. The deactivation model also gives an explanation to the very low concentrations of potassium needed to deactivate the SCR catalyst, since one metal atom sitting on such a non-atomic hole site deactivates up to four active vanadium centers.     

SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NITRIC OXIDE BY AMMONIA ON PILLARED CLAY CATALYSTS: POSSIBLE MECHANISM AND PROMOTERS

The delaminated Fe₂0₃-pillared clay shows high activities for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by NH₂. Temperature program desorption (TPD) studies show that large amounts of NO., are adsorbed on the pillared clay catalyst at the SCR reaction temperatures (i.e. near 400°C). This result indicates that a Langmuir-Hinshelwood type mechanism (for reaction between chemisorbed NO, and NH, on the surface to form N₂) is operative for the pillared clay catalyst, which is in contrast to the SCR reaction on the commercial vanadia-based catalysts. The SCR activities for the delaminated Fe₂0₃-pillared clay catalyst are higher than that of a commercial-type V₂O₅ + WO₃/TiO₂ catalyst under SO₂ + H₂0 free conditions, but became lower in the presence of SO₂ +l H₂0. However, when promoted by doping 1-3% Cr₂0₃, the pillared clay catalyst exhibits higher SCR activities than the commercial-type catalyst in the presence of S0₂ + H₂O at all practical SCR reaction temperatures