动力学型天然气水合物抑制剂研究进展

介绍了动力学型天然气水合物抑制剂研究进展、水合物生成动力学,分析了动力学抑制剂的抑制机理。动力学抑制剂的代表性产品有PVP、PVCap、P(VP/VC)、VC-713,抑制效果VC-713PVCapVP/VCPVP,与其他醇类、醚类等复配使用时抑制效果更好。     

动力学抑制剂与乙二醇协同作用下甲烷水合物再生成

在500mL的高压反应釜中,实验研究了乙二醇（MEG）与动力学抑制剂PEO-co-VCap-1在细砂存在下对甲烷水合物再生成过程的协同抑制作用。实验过程中,控制MEG的质量分数范围为0~5%,PEO-co-VCap-1的质量分数范围为0~0.5%,形成4种的抑制剂配伍组合,进行了12组实验。实验结果表明,PEO-co-VCap-1在单独作用时,可以延缓水合物的成核阶段,但可能导致水合物在生长阶段短时间内大量生成的灾难性生长现象。其与MEG复配可在延缓水合物成核的同时,有效减少灾难性增长现象的出现,降低油气管输的堵管风险。当MEG质量分数为5%、PEO-co-VCap-1质量分数为0.5%时,协同抑制效应极为明显,可将甲烷水合物诱导期延长至2800min以上。MEG同PEO-co-VCap-1的协同抑制效果与提高温度的抑制作用相似。这一发现表明,如果在使用PEO-co-VCap-1的同时使用MEG等良好的增效剂,有助于动力学抑制剂用于更高的过冷度环境,为高效解决高过冷条件下油气生产中的水合物防控问题提供新的可能。     

天然气水合物抑制剂研究进展

介绍了天然气水合物热力学抑制剂、动力学抑制剂、防聚剂的研究现状、作用基理、种类、应用范围以及存在的缺陷;针对现有的抑制剂的不足,提出了今后研究工作的发展方向。     

气体水合物形成的热力学与动力学研究进展

气体水合物形成过程中涉及复杂的热力学和动力学问题.本文对水合物热力学理论模型、水合物生成动力学机理等方面的研究成果和最新进展进行了综述.热力学方面重点介绍了基于等温吸附理论 (van der Waals-Platteeuw模型)和基于双过程水合物生成机理(Chen-Guo模型)的相平衡热力学模型,同时介绍水合物结构及其转变方面的最新研究成果.动力学方面介绍了成簇成核、界面成核等成核机理模型以及成核后的水合物生长机理.另外还述及了目前水合物热力学和动力学研究中所涉及的微观、亚微观和宏观测量方法.针对目前水合物热力学和动力学研究中存在的问题,对未来的发展方向和重点提出了建议.     

水合物生成和分解动力学研究现状

从微观动力学和宏观动力学的角度对水合物生成和分解动力学研究文献进行了分类、评述,着重点是水合物生成的微观机理和水合物晶体生长的宏观动力学.关于水合物生成的微观动力学,着重介绍3个比较完整的水合物生成机理以及相应的机理模型.关于水合物生成的宏观动力学,着重阐述加拿大Bishnoi实验室所取得的研究成果以及日本学者结合CO_2水合物处置法开展的CO_2水合物生成动力学研究工作.关于水合物分解,主要讨论水合物在受热、降压和抑制剂存在时的分解动力学.基于水合物生成和分解动力学的研究现状,指出了今后研究的8个重要方向.     

甲烷水合物在纯水和抑制剂体系中的生成动力学

Kinetic data of methane hydrate formation in the presence of pure water,brines with single salt and mixed salts,and aqueous solutions of ethylene glycol(EG) and salt EG were measured.A new kinetic model of hydrate formation for the methane water systems was developed based on a four-step formation mechanism and reaction kinetic approach.The proposed kinetic model predicts the kinetic behavior of methane hydrate formation in pure water with good accuracy.The feasibility of extending the kenetic model of salt(s) and EG containing systems was explored.     

离子液体与动力学抑制剂作用下混合气体水合物生成特性研究

利用等温恒容法实验考察了一种高性能离子液体N-丁基-N-甲基吡咯烷四氟硼酸盐([BMP][BF₄])、两种动力学抑制剂(KHIs)[聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP)和聚乙烯己内酰胺(PVCap)]及[BMP][BF₄]与KHI的二元混合物对甲烷/乙烷/丙烷三元混合气体水合物生成动力学过程的影响规律。通过分析压力和气相组分变化规律,发现混合气体水合物呈现两步骤生长模式。在高过冷度(>10℃)和高搅拌速率(1000 r/min)条件下,单一添加剂基本失效,而[BMP][BF₄]可较好协助增强PVCap的抑制性能。粉末X射线衍射和激光拉曼光谱测试结果均显示,所有体系中形成的水合物样品结构同时存在sⅠ型和sⅡ型,抑制剂的添加主要影响两种晶体结构的相对含量和各客体分子的笼子占有率。最后探讨了协同抑制机理。     

离子型天然气水合物动力学抑制剂的合成与评价

合成了一种离子型动力学天然气水合物抑制剂DVA,用四氢呋喃法评价了抑制效果。结果表明,最佳的合成条件:在氮气保护下,n(N-乙烯己内酰胺)∶n(丙烯醇)∶n(甲基丙烯酸二甲胺乙酯)=3∶1∶4,反应温度60℃,反应时间8 h,p H≈7,单体浓度50%,引发剂加量为0.6%(占单体总质量百分数)。抑制剂加量为0.2%~0.8%时,水合物的生成温度可以降至-7.0~-8.4℃,加量0.5%时抑制效果最好;0.5%的抑制剂和5%~9%的热力学抑制剂(无机盐或醇)经行复配时,水合物生成温度下降至-9.0~-13.1℃。     

水合物动力学抑制研究现状

着重评述了二类低用量水合物抑制剂,即动力学抑制剂和防聚剂的抑制机理方面的理论研究成果,以及抑制性能方面的实验研究成果。简要介绍了低用量水合物抑制剂的应用状况。根据水合物动力学抑制的研究现状,指出了可作为今后研究重点的5个方面。     

水合物动力学抑制剂室内实验及现场应用

在天然气开采及储运中、水合物导致阀门阻塞、气井停产、管道停输等严重事故。为了满足低耗、高效、环保等要求,本文对四种水合物动力学抑制剂进行了不同浓度下的抗冻性性能评价以及不同浓度、不同过冷度下抑制剂流动实验研究,结果表明在抗冻数据可知,随着抑制剂浓度的增加,抑制剂溶液的抗冻温度点逐渐降低;并且在相同浓度下的抗冻效果VC-713抑制剂最好,1^#抑制剂次之,PVP抑制剂溶液最差。不同浓度、不同过冷度下抑制剂流动实验中,在0℃上下的环境温度,浓度在1%～2%之间的这四种水合物抑制剂是可以起到抑制效果的;并且在此浓度范围内的这四种抑制剂,其浓度对水合物抑制效果影响不大。2.0%的四种抑制剂在过冷度均小于15℃,即环境温度在-5℃以上时,可以起到抑制水合物生成的作用,而环境温度在-5～-25℃时,这四种抑制剂都起不到抑制效果;VC-713抑制剂作用最好,1#抑制剂次之,PVP抑制剂溶液最差。不同浓度、不同过冷度下抑制剂流动实验中,在0℃上下的环境温度,浓度在1%～2%之间的这四种水合物抑制剂是可以起到抑制效果的;并且在此浓度范围内的这四种抑制剂,其浓度对水合物抑制效果影响不大。2.0%的四种抑制剂在过冷度均小于15℃,即环境温度在-5℃以上时,可以起到抑制水合物生成的作用,而环境温度在-5～-25℃时,这四种抑制剂都起不到抑制效果;VC-713抑制剂作用最好,1^#抑制剂作用次之,PVP抑制剂作用最差。并在苏里格井区中一口井进行了现场试验,效果明显。     

The gas-adsorption mechanism of kinetic hydrate inhibitors

Molecular dynamics was employed to study the inhibition mechanism of vinyl lactam-based kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs). By comparing the inhibition functions of the same KHIs at different initial locations, we found that the KHI molecules on the surface of hydrate nuclei could obviously prolong the hydrate induction time and exhibited the best inhibition effect. The impacts of KHIs on the methane migration and the arrangement of H₂O molecules were analyzed at the molecular level. A gas-adsorbing mechanism for KHIs (i.e., the KHIs with an excellent gas adsorption ability could reduce the supersaturation of methane in the aqueous solution, reinforce the migration resistance of methane to the nucleus, and further inhibit the hydrate growth) was proposed. In addition, the conformations of KHI polymer molecules in the aqueous solution are closely related to their inhibitory effect, that is, stretched skeletons and well-organized structures would maximize their inhibitory effect.     

Experimental influence of kinetic inhibitors on methane hydrate particle size distribution during batch crystallization in water

This paper reports an experimental study of methane hydrate crystallization, crystallization and dissociation cycles are performed in an isothermal and isobaric pressurised stirred reactor. Both methane gas consumption and methane hydrate particles population size distribution (PSD) (calculated from turbidimetric measurements) are recorded. The influence of pressure, stirring and two kinetic inhibitors (PVP and FXAP) is quantified. The crucial moment of the additive introduction (dissolved before or injected during crystallization) is particularly focused on. Finally, the bases of a kinetic inhibition model are raised, introducing a dead zone for crystal nucleation and growth.'     

Reviews of gas hydrate inhibitors in gas-dominant pipelines and application of kinetic hydrate inhibitors in China

During the development and application of natural gas, hydrate plugging the pipelines is a very important issue to solve. Currently, adding thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors (THIs) and kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) in gas-dominated pipelines is a main way to prevent hydrate plugging of flow lines. This paper mainly reviews the efforts to develop THIs and KHIs in the past 20 years, compare the role of various THIs, such as methanol, ethylene glycol and electrolyte, and give the tips in using. The direction of KHIs is toward high efficiency, low toxicity, low pollution and low cost. More than a hundred inhibitors, including polymers, natural products and ionic liquids, have been synthesized in the past decade. Some of them have better performance than the current commercial KHIs. However, there are still few problems, such as the complex synthesis process, high cost and low solubility, impeding the commercialization of these inhibitors. The review also summarized some application of KHIs in China. Research of KHIs in China began late. There are no KHIs used in gas pipelines. Only a few field tests have been carried out. In the end of this paper, the field test of self-developed KHIs by China is summarized, and the guidance is given according to the application results.     

An investigation into the laboratory method for the evaluation of the performance of kinetic hydrate inhibitors using superheated gas hydrates

Kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) are used to prevent gas hydrate formation in gas and oilfield operations. Recently, a new KHI test method was reported in which hydrates are formed and re-melted just above the equilibrium temperature, before the fluids are re-cooled and the performance of the chemical as a KHI is determined. The method, which we have called the superheated hydrate test method, is claimed to be more reliable for KHI ranking in small equipment, giving less scattering in the hold time data due to avoiding the stochastic nature of the first hydrate formation. We have independently investigated this superheated hydrate test method in steel and sapphire autoclave tests using a gas mixture forming Structure II hydrates and a liquid hydrocarbon phase, which was necessary for satisfactory results. Our results indicate that hold times are shorter than using non-superheated hydrate test methods, but they are more reproducible with less scattering. The reduced scattering occurs in isothermal or slow ramping experiments even when the hydrates are melted at more than 10 °C above the equilibrium temperature (T_eq). However, if a rapid cooling method is used, the improved reproducibility is retained when melting hydrate at 2.4 °C above T_eq but lost when warming to 8.4 °C above T_eq. Using the ramping test method, most, but not all the KHIs tested agreed with the same performance ranking obtained using traditional non-superheated hydrate test methods. This may be related to the variation in the dissociation temperature of gas hydrates with different KHIs and different KHI inhibition mechanisms. Results also varied between different size autoclave equipments.     

THF hydrate crystal growth inhibition with small anionic organic compounds and their synergistic properties with the kinetic hydrate inhibitor poly(N-vinylcaprolactam)

Small, cationic tetraalkylammonium ions (particularly for alkyl=butyl or pentyl) are known to inhibit tetrahydrofuran (THF) and natural gas hydrate crystal growth and have been used as synergists for commercial kinetic hydrate inhibitor polymers (KHIs), such as N-vinylcaprolactam polymers, for a number of years. The ability for small, organic anionic molecules to inhibit (THF) hydrate crystal growth and their potential as KHI synergists in blends with poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) have been investigated. Several series of sodium alkyl carboxylates, sulphates and sulphonates were synthesised. It was found that none of these molecules were capable of inhibiting THF hydrate crystal growth as well as the best tetraalkylammonium salts. Alkyl carboxylates appeared to be more effective as inhibitors than the sulphonates or sulphates. The most effective anionic THF hydrate crystal growth inhibitors had butyl or pentyl groups, with alkyl branching at the tail (i.e. iso- rather than n-isomers) being advantageous. Anionic carboxylate molecules, particularly with isopentyl or isobutyl groups, showed some kinetic inhibition synergy with poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) lowering the onset and catastrophic hydrate formation temperatures in high pressure (78 bar) constant cooling experiments with Structure II hydrates by 1–2 °C when dosed at 2500 ppm compared with using 2500 ppm polymer alone. This synergism was however less than the best tetraalkylammonium salts (alkyl=n-butyl or n-pentyl) at the same test conditions. Sodium butyl sulphonate and sodium 4-methylpentanoate did not prevent hydrate agglomeration with 3.6% brine and decane at 25% water cut in stirred sapphire cells when dosed at 20,000 ppm based on the aqueous phase, whereas 10,000–20,000 ppm active material of several commercially available anti-agglomerants gave fine transportable slurries and no hydrate deposits at the same conditions.     

二氧化碳水合物动力学促进剂研究进展

利用水合物法捕获二氧化碳是当今世界的研究热点,但其应用受到了水合物的生成条件苛刻、生成速率缓慢等问题的限制,故需要利用特定促进剂来改善水合物法分离气体的性能。本文从动力学促进剂对二氧化碳水合物生成的影响效果和促进机理两个方面的研究进展进行了分析和介绍：在影响效果方面,主要阐述了不同类型动力学促进剂对水合物生成产生不同的影响以及在高浓度时对水合物生成产生的抑制作用,并分别分析了其原因;在促进机理方面,总结了国内外各学者的研究成果,并指出现有各种关于动力学促进剂促进机理的理论存在的不足。此外,还提出了未来关于二氧化碳水合物动力学促进剂的发展方向：一是着重研究动力学促进剂对水合物生成促进效果与其含有基团的关系;二是目前关于动力学促进剂促进水合物生成机理还没有统一定论,这可能是由于目前的研究主要集中在促进剂对水合物外部形态的改变而未探讨促进剂对水合物内部结构的改变,因此促进剂对水合物内部结构的改变上需进一步研究。     

气体水合物生成微观机理及分析方法研究进展

水合物技术在能源和气候领域有着广阔的应用前景,有望成为应对能源挑战和气候变化的关键技术。但目前该技术存在着水合物生成速率慢、气体消耗量低的缺点,限制了水合物技术的工业化发展。从微观机理的角度,梳理和总结了关于气体水合物生成机制的理论观点,简述了驱动力和气体溶解度在水合物成核过程中的影响,介绍了表面活性剂和纳米粒子对水合物形成的影响机理以及常用的微观分析技术。分析发现,气体水合物的形成机制时至今日仍未有统一定论,对于促进剂作用机理的研究也不够充分,现有的微观分析手段难以捕捉水合物形成过程中的分子行为。这些问题限制了水合物技术向更快、更高效方面发展。探究水合物技术的相关机理,了解各类影响因素的作用原理,探索新的分析手段,将有助于突破水合物技术的瓶颈,为寻找更佳性能的促进剂、更高效地合成水合物探明道路。     

气体水合物生成微观机理及分析方法研究进展

水合物技术在能源和气候领域有着广阔的应用前景,有望成为应对能源挑战和气候变化的关键技术。但目前该技术存在着水合物生成速率慢、气体消耗量低的缺点,限制了水合物技术的工业化发展。从微观机理的角度,梳理和总结了关于气体水合物生成机制的理论观点,简述了驱动力和气体溶解度在水合物成核过程中的影响,介绍了表面活性剂和纳米粒子对水合物形成的影响机理以及常用的微观分析技术。分析发现,气体水合物的形成机制时至今日仍未有统一定论,对于促进剂作用机理的研究也不够充分,现有的微观分析手段难以捕捉水合物形成过程中的分子行为。这些问题限制了水合物技术向更快、更高效方面发展。探究水合物技术的相关机理,了解各类影响因素的作用原理,探索新的分析手段,将有助于突破水合物技术的瓶颈,为寻找更佳性能的促进剂、更高效地合成水合物探明道路。