油气输送管线水合物沉积研究进展

水合物在油气输送管线内的沉积是导致管线堵塞的重要原因。本文调研了国内外水合物沉积研究常用的实验装置,主要包括微机械力测量装置、摇晃式反应釜和不同规模的实验环路。利用上述装置的实验研究及相关计算流体力学模拟研究共同表明,水合物颗粒的管线着床、水合物的管壁膜生长和水合物颗粒的管壁黏附是油气输送管线内水合物沉积的3种主要机理。水合物浓度过高、水合物颗粒粒径过大及管内流速过低是水合物颗粒着床沉积的主要原因。管壁和流体间存在温度梯度且管壁处过冷度较大时,水分子或气体分子由流体内部向管壁处的扩散是引发水合物膜生长沉积的根本原因。水合物颗粒与管壁间的毛细液桥力和范德华力是粘附沉积产生的主要原因。针对3类沉积机理,分别介绍了其沉积特性及相关沉积模型。过冷度与水合物的沉积机理密切相关,因此可根据流体过冷度的大小对管线不同位置处的水合物沉积机理进行区分。沉积模型的完善及水合物沉积特性与流体流动特性间的耦合对油气流动安全保障具有非常重大的意义,是未来研究的重点。     

随机响应面下边坡抗剪强度参数相关性对稳定可靠度的影响

为研究抗剪强度参数对边坡稳定可靠度的影响,建立了基于Hermite多项式展开的边坡可靠度随机响应面法分析模型,研究了边坡不同岩土层抗剪强度参数相关性对边坡安全系数均值和标准差以及稳定失效概率的影响程度。结果表明:随机响应面法相比于MCS能够显著提高计算效率并保证计算精度;不同岩土层的抗剪强度参数相关性对边坡安全系数均值的影响程度较小,对边坡安全系数标准差以及失效概率的影响程度存在较大差异,且随相关性的增强,总体呈下降趋势。     

含水合物沉积物屈服强度变化规律

天然气水合物在开采过程中,由于面临着水合物由固相向气相和液相的转化和产出过程,可能导致储层失稳等工程地质问题。研究含水合物沉积物的屈服强度对于解决上述问题至关重要。因此,本文基于室内合成的砂质含水合物沉积物样品,进行三轴剪切实验,获取了不同应力条件下含水合物沉积物的应力-应变规律及屈服强度参数的变化规律。结果表明,水合物沉积物的有效围压和饱和度对屈服强度有显著的影响,在有效围压一定时,含水合物沉积物的抗剪强度随水合物饱和度的升高而增大;当样品处于应变硬化的前提下,水合物饱和度一定时,含水合物沉积物的抗剪强度随有效围压的增大而增大。     

高炉镍铁渣和钢纤维改性混凝土的耐热性和热损伤规律

利用高炉镍铁渣和钢纤维对混凝土进行了改性,并通过强度试验及波速测试对改性混凝土在热循环后的力学特性和热损伤规律进行了研究。强度试验表明:热循环对改性混凝土的强度退化具有积累效果;适量的高炉镍铁渣和钢纤维可以提高混凝土的耐热性,但过多的钢纤维会降低混凝土的耐热性;其中钢纤维的最佳掺量为0.5%~1.0％(体积分数)。波速测试表明,随着热循环次数的增加混凝土中的超声波速不断降低,类似于强度变化规律。根据波速测试和强度试验结果建立了波速与强度之间的关系,并建立了一般化的损伤因子表达式。对比不同参数的损伤因子表明各个参数对热循环的敏感性为:波速>抗拉强度>抗压强度;对热循环损伤的改善效果为:钢纤维>高炉镍铁渣;低水灰比>高水灰比。     

天然气水合物的生成对浆液流动稳定性影响综述

目前在海底混输管道的水合物风险控制策略中,允许水合物在管道内的生成,以液固浆液流动的形式对海底油气产物进行输送。其中主要通过控制浆液中水合物的生成量和聚集程度,来实现对海底集输管线的流动安全保障。液固浆液流动具有相当复杂的流动特性,固相颗粒的引入对于流体的流动特性影响很大。本文分别综述了拟单相流动体系和气液多相流动体系中水合物颗粒对于管输体系流动稳定性的影响以及水合物对混输管道堵管特性的影响。着重讨论了水合物在管道壁面的生长和沉积特性、水合物与气液流型的耦合关系以及不同体系中水合物的堵管机理。此外,对软件模拟在水合物生成及浆液流动特性研究中的应用做了简单介绍。最后,根据对相关研究结果的总结,指出水合物在壁面生长沉积的微观特性和定量表述、颗粒不同分散形式的临界流速、不同气液流型条件下的水合物生成特性和颗粒行为等是今后水合物相关研究中需要进一步深入探究和明确的问题。     

三层式沥青混凝土结构弯拉强度及超声波检测试验与分析

通过对三层式沥青混凝土结构进行弯拉强度试验,研究下面层在AC-13细型、AC-13粗型、AC-16型、AC-20型等四种不同的级配,在三种不同油石比条件下的弯拉强度变化规律。研究表明,随着级配的增大,弯拉强度减小。随着油石比的增加,弯拉强度先增加后减小。通过超声波检测沥青混凝土结构的波速,发现随着集料级配的增大,波速减小。随着油石比的增加,波速先增大后减小。通过试验分析得到弯拉强度与试件波速之间具有较好的相关性。     

石灰改良软土填料路用性能试件研究

为探讨季节性冻土地区石灰改良土填料填筑路基的性能,研究了石灰改良软土力学特性和冻融条件下含水率、颗粒粒径和养护方式对石灰改良软土抗剪强度的影响规律。研究结果表明:石灰改良土CBR、抗压强度随石灰掺量增加逐渐增大,石灰掺量7%～10%下改良土抗压强度增长较慢,建议改良土最佳石灰掺量为7%;冻融条件下改良土抗剪强度随冻融次数增加呈减小趋势,达到5次后,改良土抗剪强度逐渐减小至稳定值,当含水率由15.7%增加到19.7%,改良土冻融5次、10次后抗剪强度分别降低了24.5%、28.0%;粒径2mm改良土抗冻性好于粒径5mm改良土,粒径2mm、5mm改良土冻融10次后抗剪强度分别平均减小了10.4%、23.4%;标准养护改良土抗冻性好于现场养护改良土,标准养护和现场养护改良土冻融10次后抗剪强度分别平均减小了10.2%、14.5%。     

非饱和粉质黏土饱和度对土体力学的影响

文章旨在通过不同饱和度的非饱和粉质黏土的基质吸力测试、抗剪强度试验,来揭示不同饱和度的非饱和粉质黏土的强度特性,探讨非饱和粉质黏土中不同的饱和度对土体力学的影响,从而指导工程实践。     

二氧化硅与SDS复配对甲烷水合物生成过程的影响

天然气水合物大多赋存于海底沉积层或永久冻土带的沉积层孔隙中。用0.5～1 mm和2～4 mm 2种粒径的二氧化硅(SiO2)颗粒模拟真实环境,并量取不同体积SiO2分别与300 mg/L的十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)进行复配,考察了不同体积的二氧化硅颗粒与SDS的复配体系对水合物生成过程的影响;探究不同初始压力对该体系的影响。结果表明,加入二氧化硅颗粒后能够缩短水合物的诱导时间;同体积2～4 mm二氧化硅颗粒生成水合物的剩余压力均要低于0.5～1 mm粒径; 2种粒径中都是50 m L的颗粒中剩余压力最低、储气效果更好;此外,水合物在较高的初始压力下生成效果最好。     

多相流管输体系中水合物沉积机理研究进展

国内外对多相流管输体系中水合物沉积的研究虽然很多，但水合物沉积机理仍有待进一步研究。本文根据水合物沉积实验开展条件的不同，将多相流管输体系分为气体主导体系、油基体系、部分分散体系、水主导体系，总结了各体系的水合物沉积的主要机理，并提出了未来的发展方向。管输体系中水合物沉积机理包括水润湿沉积表面、水合物颗粒聚并、水合物的管壁膜生长、水合物颗粒的管壁粘附和水合物的颗粒着床沉积等。大多数学者认为：水合物的管壁膜生长是气体主导体系水合物沉积的主要机理；油基体系水合物沉积的主要机理是水合物颗粒的着床沉积；而部分分散体系和水主导体系的水合物沉积机理尚无统一定论，需进一步研究。多相流管输体系中水合物沉积研究未来的发展方向如下。①搭建全透明的流动环路，观测水合物在管路内实际的形成过程及沉积过程，对水合物沉积机理进行深入研究。②量化研究油水分层、油包水(或水包油)乳状液、自由水层对水合物沉积、堵塞的影响。③对于气体主导体系，除环状流和分层流外，有必要对段塞流、气泡流等其他常见的流型下沉积机理进行研究，重点在于开发一个综合模型来描述水合物沉积过程。④对于水主导体系，水合物形成过程出现的油水破乳的具体机理应是未来水合物沉积过程进行定量研究的方向。⑤国内外对垂直管、弯管及管阀件处水合物沉积堵塞理论研究较少，未来应着重这方面。     

Super polyolefin blends achieved via dynamic packing injection molding: the morphology and mechanical properties of HDPE/EVA blends

As a part of long-term project aimed at super polyolefin blends, in this work, we report the mechanical reinforcement and phase morphology of the blends of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) achieved by dynamic packing injection molding. The shear stress (achieved by dynamic packing injection molding) and interfacial interaction (obtained by using EVA with different VA content) have a great effect on phase morphology and thus mechanical properties. The super HDPE/EVA blends having high modulus (1.9–2.2 GPa), high tensile strength (100–120 MPa) and high impact strength (six times as that of pure HDPE) have been prepared by controlling the phase separation, molecular orientation and crystal morphology of the blends. The phase inversion was also found to shift towards lower EVA content under shear stress. The enhancement of tensile strength and modulus originates from the formation of oriented layer, while the high impact strength is related to shear induced phase morphology. DSC studies indicated that the shish kebab crystal structure that also contributes to the enhancement of tensile strength is formed in the oriented layer. The dramatic improvement of impact strength may result from the formation of microfibers and elongated EVA particles along the flow direction. Wu's toughening theory was found non-applicable for the elongated and oriented rubber particles, and a brittle–ductile–brittle transition was observed with increasing EVA content.     

Effect of different types of carbon black on the mechanical and acoustic properties of ethylene–propylene–diene rubber

The effects of the incorporation of different types of carbon black as fillers on some selected physical and mechanical properties of ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM) based compounds were studied with the results of density, ultrasonic wave velocity, and tensile measurements. Ultrasonic wave velocities (both longitudinal and shear) were measured at frequencies up to 4 MHz at room temperature. The density, ultrasonic attenuation coefficient, and tensile strength results showed that rubber mixes containing general‐purpose furnace (GPF) black at a concentration of 25 phr had the best physical and mechanical properties. These results were interpreted to be due to the better compatibility of GPF black, which, because of its particle size and structure, filled the interstitial spaces in EPDM and provided better reinforcement of the elastomer. The use of a nondestructive technique such as ultrasonic measurement presents a new possibility for testing rubber and plastic products more efficiently. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Effects of additives on gel-spinning of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene

Conclusions As judged from the fibre tensile strength-extrudate draw speed relationship for UHMWPE solutions in paraffin oil, carbon black particles diminish flow instabilities and extrudate irregularities as does EPDM rubber. Reductions in fibre tensile strength by both additives is caused by their weakening the fibre structure.Increasing the shear rate at the wall by using a more abrupt die geometry lowers drastically the mechanical properties of the fibres.     

Effect of annular expansion pipe extruder head on mechanical properties of pipes

With polymer pipes being used more commonly, performance requirements are increasing. Studies on the enhancement of mechanical properties of polymer pipes are particularly important. In this study, a self-designed annular expansion pipe extruder head was used to enhance the mechanical properties of HDPE pipes. Different morphologies of the HDPE pipes were produced under different processing conditions. When the extrusion angle was 30° (P30), the best mechanical properties were obtained. The hoop tensile strength and axial tensile strength were 14.5% and 41.0% higher, respectively, compared with the specimen without expansion (P0). This improvement of mechanical properties can be attributed to several reasons. First, the processing parameters of P30 reached the threshold shear rate and strain for shish-kebab formation, as shown by scanning electron microscopy. Second, P30 has the highest orientation parameter and crystallinity of 0.679 and 67.27%, respectively, from 2D wide-angle diffraction (WAXD). Polarized FTIR shows the same trend as 2D-WAXD. Third, the outer bamboo-like self-reinforced structure is formed inside the pipe at 30° expansion angle while the core layer has a well-formed crystal structure; the special structure improves the overall performance of HDPE pipe. This method can be utilized in large-scale industrial production.     

Study on wax precipitation characteristics of wax deposit in pipes

Wax deposit properties are a significant concern in pipeline pigging during waxy crude oil transportation. In the present work, the impacts of flow conditions and oil properties on the wax precipitation characteristics of wax deposits are investigated. A flow loop apparatus was developed to conduct wax deposition experiments using four crude oils collected from different field pipes. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique was employed to observe the wax precipitation characteristics of crude oil and wax deposit. The results show that the wax content and the wax appearance temperature (WAT) of the deposits increase with shear stress and radial temperature gradient, and decrease with radial wax molecule concentration gradient near the pipe wall. The DSC tests on the wax deposits revealed that the deposit wax content is strongly correlated to the oil wax content. Furthermore, an empirical correlation was developed to predict the wax content and the WAT of the wax deposit. Verification of the empirical correlation using the different oils indicated that the average relative error of the wax content prediction and average absolute error of WAT prediction were 13.2% and 3.6°C, respectively.     

湿度对水化硅酸钙力学性能影响的分子动力学模拟

水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)是水泥水化产物中最重要的组成成分,是水泥基材料的主要胶凝相。C-S-H层间水对其纳米结构和力学性能会产生显著影响。利用分子动力学研究了不同湿度C-S-H在结构和力学性能方面的差异。通过原子径向分布函数和浓度分布、弹性常数以及应力应变关系分析了湿度对C-S-H结构和弹性性质以及拉伸、压缩、剪切力学性能和变形性能的影响。结果表明:湿度增加会导致C-S-H中Si、Ca原子近程范围内的O原子集聚增多,还会导致C-S-H层间距离增大,分层更加明显,同时会降低C-S-H的弹性性质;湿度的增加会降低C-S-H拉伸、压缩、剪切力学性能和变形性能;湿度对抗拉与抗剪强度影响较大,对抗压强度影响较小,对拉伸时的变形性能影响最大,对压缩时的变形性能影响最小。     

The temperature-dependence of some mechanical properties of a cured epoxy resin system

The tensile mechanical properties and fracture toughness of a Bisphenol-A type difunctional epoxy resin, cured with different amounts of metaphenylene diamine, using two cure cycles, were determined over a range of temperature. The tensile modulus in the glassy state was seen to be predominantly related to intermolecular packing, while in the rubbery state crosslink density was the important factor. Yielding appeared to be due to an increase in free volume as a result of dilatation during the tensile test and was related to a critical shear stress. The large strain properties like tensile strength, elongation-to-break, and toughness showed a more complex dependence on chemical structure, molecular architecture, intermolecular packing, and crosslink density. The roles played by the relaxation processes in determining mechanical properties are highlighted.     

Study on mechanical properties and fire resistance of porous ceramic silicone rubber

Porous ceramic silicone rubber (PCSR) has an excellent ablative resistance because of its strong carbon layer structure after burning. However, as a marine sealant material, it also needs to have better mechanical properties for better application. In this study, PCSR composites were prepared by compounding with different additives and different viscosity base adhesives, and their fire resistance, tensile properties, and bond strength of multiple substrates at different temperatures were investigated and compared. When the ratio of 20,000 to 80,000 viscosity matrix adhesive is 3:7, the material prepared by adding deketoxime crosslinker and silane coupling agent containing amino and epoxy groups together can reach more than 1.4 MPa tensile shear strength at 150°C. Sintering experiments have shown that PCSR composites can still maintain the strength and integrity of the carbon layer structure, and the results of the A-60 standard fire resistance test for cable and pipe penetration devices have shown that marine PCSR sealants can effectively prevent flame propagation.     

模拟分析小颗粒对T型管的冲蚀

T型管道在天然气输送中较为常见的管件,气体在管道内流动时流向会发生改变导致气体直接冲击管壁,此时气体内夹带的微小颗粒也会冲击管壁,形成冲蚀降低管道输送的安全性。为了充分了解颗粒对管壁冲蚀影响,以两端为入口,一端为出口的T型管为研究对象,利用FLUENT模拟不同流速下产生的冲蚀情况。在T型管的一个入口端注入小颗粒并且保持入口条件不变,另外一个入口端不加颗粒而改变气体的速度来观察产生冲蚀的情况。结果显示改变无颗粒进气端的速度会对冲蚀的位置产生影响,同时冲蚀的程度也会产生一些变化。对比分析在不同气体流速下管道内压力云图、速度云图和流线图,来揭示颗粒的运动规律进而说明气体流速对于颗粒对于管壁冲蚀的影响。为实际生产中确定管道危险位置提供依据。     

Effect of grain size on the mechanical properties and crack formation of HPFRCC containing deformed steel fibers

This research investigated the influence of sand grain size on the behavior of high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (HPFRCC). Four types of sand with different grain sizes were investigated using the same matrix composition containing 2.0% hooked and twisted fibers by volume. The compressive strength was significantly greater for the finer sand grains, despite little difference in the packing density. The better compressive strength was mainly due to the denser calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) resulting from an intensive pozzolanic reaction with the finer silica sand, rather than to an improvement in packing density. The interfacial bond strength of those fibers was notably improved, having favorable effects on the mechanical properties and multiple crack formation of HPFRCCs. Although both fibers showed superior properties in mortars with a finer sand grain, twisted fiber produced more sensitive behavior according to the sand grain size.