复配表面活性剂对浸渍银浆分散性能的影响

为了改善银粒子在浆料中的分散稳定性,选用阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDS)与非离子表面活性剂聚乙烯醇(PVA)、甲基纤维素、明胶、油酸复配体系,考察表面活性剂种类及配比对浸渍银浆分散性能的影响,并探究其分散机理。运用分光光度计和SEM,分析了银粉在浆料中的分散稳定性和微观组织形貌。结果表明:阴-非离子复配体系能增强浸渍银浆分散稳定性。其中,SDS-PVA复配体系m(SDS)∶m(PVA)=4∶1的分散稳定性最佳,15 h内的沉降率RSH提升19%。     

纳米SiO2分散稳定性能影响因素及作用机理研究

通过测定纳米SiO2水悬浮液的Zeta电位和吸光度,探讨了不同pH值、不同表面活性剂种类及浓度对纳米SiO2水相体系分散稳定性的影响,并分析其作用机理.结果表明:Zeta电位与吸光度有良好的对应关系,Zeta电位绝对值越高,吸光度越大,则体系分散稳定越好;pH值、表面活性剂种类及加入量是影响纳米SiO2水相体系分散稳定性的主要因素.pH为9～11之间时,体系Zeta电位绝对值较高,相应分散稳定性较好;非离子、阳离子和阴离子型表面活性剂随浓度变化均可改变体系Zeta电位,从而影响其分散稳定;加入适宜用量3种类型表面活性剂能得到分散稳定的悬浮液体系;若加入阴/非离子表面活性剂复配物,则能进一步提高和改善体系的分散稳定性能.     

10%丁草胺水乳剂的研究

对10％丁草胺水乳剂,采用span 20和Tween 20复配系列不同HLB乳化剂的方法,发现水乳剂体系的最佳HLB值为11．76。再根据此HLB值选择出由阴离子表面活性剂和非离子表面活性剂组成的3#乳化剂对为最佳乳化剂。利用乳液离心分离和丁草胺一水界面张力的测定表明,加入3％的乳化剂就可获得稳定的水乳液。所配制的10％丁草胺水乳剂具有良好的冷、热和稀释稳定性。     

双子型表面活性剂涂易乐(ToynolTM)研磨分散剂在颜料研磨中的应用

本文介绍了双子基表面活性剂涂易乐(ToynolTM)DS-136在分散酞菁蓝、耐晒红、美国卡博特炭黑中的应用,并与国外同类产品进行性能比较。试验证明,涂易乐分散剂可以取得更好的研磨分散效果,具有更高的研磨分散效率;用量较少,色浆稳定性好;在研磨过程中可以获得更低的体系粘度;属于低泡分散剂;具有很好的颜料润湿性能等。     

超支化分散剂与表面活性剂复配对颜料分散体系的影响

超支化聚合物的合成与应用是目前研究的热点.应用自制的超支化分散剂(Hyperb舢ched dispersant,HPD)与不同的表面活性剂复配,制备水性颜料分散体系,研究其他表面活性剂种类、超支化分散剂与表面活性剂比例等条件对颜料分散体系的粒径及其分布、离心、稳定性等性能的影响.实验结果表明:超支化分散剂与非离子表面活性剂复配比为7:3、与阴离子表面活性剂复配比为6:4时,体系的分散性和稳定性较好.超支化分散剂与阴离子分散剂复配效果较好.     

10％辛硫磷水乳剂的研究

用Span20和Tween20以不同比例复配对10%辛硫磷进行乳化,发现复配乳化剂的最佳HLB值为11.5。再根据此HLB值选择出由阴离子表面活性剂和非离子表面活性剂组成的乳化剂对,确定了最佳乳化剂对。乳化剂的用量为2%,加入0.5%的助乳化剂十六醇和0.1%的增稠剂可明显提高水乳剂的稳定性。     

柴油微乳化技术中乳化剂的选择及配方的研究

讨论了柴油微乳化研究中的应用理论,应用相似相溶原理和HLB值初选柴油乳化剂并对乳化剂进一步筛选和复配,同时确定助表面活性剂为正戊醇.利用HLB值的计算对复配得到的微乳化剂进行验证,表明:非离子表面活性剂Span80、AEO-3、TX-4与阳离子表面活性剂DO8/1021或D12/1421复配作乳化剂时HLB值在6-1 5.9范围内均可制得柴油微乳液;对不同复配乳化剂制得微乳化柴油稳定性验证表明:微乳化剂的组成以AEO-3、TX-4与DO8/1021三种乳化剂复配,复配比为0.6:1.4:8时掺水量达14%,且稳定性高.     

水性体系pH值对炭黑分散的影响

本文在测定了三种不同炭黑的表面酸碱性的基础上,分别考察了分散剂结构、炭黑的表面性质对炭黑粒子与分散剂之间锚接强度的影响以及pH值对炭黑粒子间电斥力的影响。研究发现以离子型聚合物分散剂分散炭黑时,粒子间主要靠分散剂吸附层产生的位阻斥力达到分散稳定;而以非离子表面活性剂为分散剂时,由炭黑粒子表面酸性官能团解离所产生的电斥力对分散体系中粒子的分散稳定起着重要的作用。水性分散体系中,体系pH值的增加有利于炭黑表面酸性官能团和分散剂盐基亲水端的解离,从而增加粒子间的电斥力,提高炭黑的研磨效率和分散稳定性。     

有机颜料润湿、分散及分散稳定性

本文对有机颜料应用过程中具有重要意义的分散工艺及直接影响分散、分散体系稳定性的颜料粒子润湿作用进行了分析;讨论了表面活性剂的添加对颜料粒子润湿、表面张力等特性的影响;论述了颜料分散体系稳定性基本原理、提高分散稳定性的途径,表面活性剂对亲水、亲油性颜料在不同分散介质中的实际应用。     

N,N-二甲基甲酰胺/液体石蜡非水乳液体系的稳定性研究

将Tween 80,PluronicL64和聚醚胺JEFFAMINE M-2070(M-2070)分别与Span 85复配制得了N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)/液体石蜡非水乳液体系,从亲水亲油平衡值(HLB)、液滴粒径和稳定时间等方面研究了二元表面活性剂复配对非水乳液稳定性的影响;在Tween 80和Span 85复配基础上,将十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)分别添加到非水乳液体系中,从粒径和乳液稳定时间2个方面考察了三元表面活性剂复配对乳液稳定性的影响。结果表明,Tween 80和Span 85复配可得到较稳定的非水乳液;添加CTAB后,非水乳液的稳定性反而降低;添加PVP后,非水乳液的稳定性有一定程度地加强;而添加SDBS后,乳液的稳定性大大增强。     

水溶性醇对中性墨水性能的影响

分别考察了与分散树脂SMA(苯乙烯-马来酸酐树脂)相容的6种水溶性醇对炭黑颜料色浆的分散稳定性,中性墨水的触变性、保湿性与书写性能的影响。结果表明,聚乙二醇200、聚乙二醇400和甘油均与SMA具有较好的相容性;以聚乙二醇400制得的炭黑色浆分散稳定性最佳;与SMA相容性好的水溶性醇随其添加量的变化会对中性墨水触变值产生较大的影响;甘油、乙二醇与聚乙二醇400都可使中性墨水具有良好的保湿性;甘油、聚乙二醇200与聚乙二醇400所制备的中性墨水出墨量稳定、线条均匀,书写性能良好。     

The effect of glycols on the hydrophile-lipophile balance and the micelle formation of nonionic surfactants

The empirical hydrophile-liophile balance (HLB) value of nonionic surfactants is an important parameter used to predict performance as, e.g., emulsifiers, solubilizers and wetting agents. However, the HLB value is based on an original molecular structure and does not take into account all the factors affecting the performance of nonionics, such as presence of additives, type of solvent, temperature, degree of hydration, structural modifications of the surfactant molecule and decomposition of surfactants. On a performance basis, where these factors come into play, a given nonionic surfactant may exhibit a multiplicity of apparent HLB values. Accordingly, we recently introduced the term “effective HLB value” which is a performance value which incorporates into the HLB the parameters listed above. The HLB value thus becomes a variable depending on the physical and chemical conditions at the time of the measurement. In this work, we investigated the effect of adding glycols and diglycols on the HLB using 3 different methods: cloud point, phenol index and critical micelle concentration (cmc). We found that this type of additive increases the cloud point, phenol index, cmc and the “effective HLB” of a polyoxyethylated nonionic surfactant. The effectiveness of the glycols in causing these increases was in the following order; dipropylene glycol > 1,4-butanediol > 1,2-propanediol > diethylene glycol > ethylene glycol. The solvent effect of glycols and diglycols on the hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions of the surfactant molecule are discussed. On the hydrocarbon part of the surfactant molecule, the solvents cause a weakening of the hydrophobic bond and an increase in the cmc. On the polyoxyethylene part of the molecule, the solvent may cause either an increase or a decrease in the cmc. The effect on the hydro-philic portion is related to hydrogen bonding exhibited by the additives. The results obtained again suggest that the effective HLB value, which is a measure of the HLB under operative conditions, may be of greater practical significance than calculated HLB.     

颜料酞菁绿表面处理与易分散性

以酞菁绿膏状物为原料,用不同类型的表面活性剂对其实施表面处理,研究了表面活性剂种类及添加量对酞菁绿分散性的影响。结果表明,添加某些非离子表面活性剂及两种不同类型物质组成的复配添加剂,可明显提高酞菁绿的分散性和分散稳定性。添加量为颜料量的５％～７％（质量分数）。     

Synergistic effect of polymer-surfactant mixtures on the stability of aqueous silica suspensions

The aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of cationic/nonionic surfactant mixtures on the dispersion and flocculation behavior of aqueous silica suspensions. In the study dodecylamine (DDA) was used as the cationic surfactant and polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide-polyethylene oxide (PEO–PPO–PEO) triblock copolymers were employed as the nonionic surfactant. The dispersion and flocculation behavior of aqueous silica suspensions were studied mainly by turbidity measurements at low solids loading (0.05 vol.%) to observe the stability of the system for a given time period. Rheological measurements were performed at higher solids loadings to determine the viscosity as a function of shear rate. Adsorption behavior of single and mixed surfactants onto silica surface was studied using a total organic carbon analyzer.Results of the study showed that dispersion and flocculation behavior of aqueous silica suspensions depends on the type and concentration of surfactant, cationic/nonionic surfactant ratio and surfactant addition sequence to the system.     

Solubilization Behavior of Phorbol Esters from Jatropha Oil in Surfactant Micellar Solutions

Phorbol esters (PEs) are important toxic compounds found in Jatropha curcas oil and pressed seeds. These compounds are tumor promoters; thus, their removal prior to further utilization of the pressed seed is important. This work aimed to investigate the solubilization behavior of PEs and Jatropha oil in nonionic [effect of the ethylene oxide number (EON), carbon‐chain length and temperature] and anionic (NaCl addition) surfactant systems. The results reveal that an increase in the EON of the nonionic surfactant molecules, rather than an increase in the carbon‐chain length, enhances PE solubilization. The hydrophile‐lipophile balance (HLB) value was correlated with PE solubilization for nonionic surfactant solutions. The solubilization of PEs decreased slightly with increasing temperature, in contrast to solubilization of the oil. Moreover, the mole fraction of PE solubilized in the micelle decreased with increasing electrolyte concentration in anionic surfactant solutions. The solubilization behavior of PEs in both nonionic and anionic solutions indicates that PE acts more like a polar compound than a nonpolar compound. In addition, the PEs in nonionic micelles are likely located in the palisade region (i.e., between the head group and the first few carbon atoms of the tail), whereas those in anionic micelles are likely near the outer core of the head group. This finding suggests that a nonionic surfactant with a higher EON has a greater potential to extract PE from Jatropha seeds. If an anionic surfactant is combined as co‐surfactant, a small amount of electrolyte should be added to increase PE solubilization.     

Studies in detergency correlation

In alkaline cleaning solutions of ca. pH 12 containing either a primary alcohol sulphate, a straight chain alkyl aryl sulphonate, or a fatty acid soap, detergent efficiency is increased synergistically by the addition of nonionic agents the HLB values of which lie within certain ranges. Those cleaners containing the anionic surfactant with the highest HLB exhibit the most synergism. In such cleaners, increasing detergency is directly related to increasing surface tension and critical micelle concentration of the unbuilt anionic surfactant, and to increasing surface tension of the nonionic surfactant. Asphalt soil removal, judged the resultant of the combined properties of penetrability, peptization, and wetting, was used to indicate detergent synergism in the aqueous alkaline cleaners studied.     

丙烯酰胺反相悬浮聚合分散剂的研究

研究了非离子型表面活性剂(Span系列和Tween系列)种类和用量对丙烯酰胺(AM)反相悬浮聚合体系的稳定性及平均粒径的影响,发现由S—65和S—40构成的复合分散剂,且当HLB值为4.5时,分散体系的稳定性最好,产率出现最大值,分散液滴的直径出现最小值。     

中性墨水用碳黑色浆的分散稳定性

通过分散剂的筛选,研制了配置中性笔墨水的水性碳黑色浆. 提出了用于表征碳黑色浆分散稳定性的离心分离-吸光光度方法,并初步实验验证了其可行性. 优化了分散剂的用量,并研究了砂磨时间对色浆存储稳定性的影响. 结果表明,具有芳环结构的高分子嵌段共聚物是制备碳黑水性色浆的优良分散剂. 以碳黑颜料为基准,当苯乙烯-马来酸酐树脂铵盐溶液分散剂用量为20%、砂磨2 h时,得到平均粒径为117.1 nm的碳黑色浆,放置15 d后平均粒径为160.0 nm,具有较优的存储稳定性,以此色浆制备的中性墨水具有良好的存储稳定性和书写性能.     

Performance and properties of nonionic surfactants from linear secondary alcohols

Surfactants based on the linear secondary alcohols provide a new source of biodegradable detergents. The nonionic surfactants of these alcohols are discussed in relationship to their surfactant properties and performance in detergent formulations. The performance properties in detergent formulations are defined by the results of detergency and foam stability tests. The surfactant properties presented are viscosity, surface tension, wetting and alkaline color stability. The above properties of the nonionic surfactants from the linear secondary alcohols have been compared to the properties of the less degradable nonylphenol nonionics and to the nonionic surfactants from the linear alkylphenol, oxo alcohol and Ziegler alcohol hydrophobes.     

含水乙醇汽油体系相稳定剂的研究

通过向乙醇汽油中加入相稳定剂的方法,获得稳定的含水乙醇汽油体系,从而降低其成本,促进乙醇汽油在我国的推广应用。对4种非离子表面活性剂:月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO-3)、壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NP-4)、辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚(OP-4,OP-6)的相稳定效果进行研究。结果表明:对E15,E20和E25乙醇汽油,相稳定剂用量(体积分数)大于3%时,AEO-3的相稳定效果最优;对E5,E10乙醇汽油,随各表面活性剂的HLB值逐渐增大,相稳定效果依次增强。温度一定,体系的最大增溶水量与表面活性剂用量、乙醇配比均成正比。