复合垂直流渗滤系统对污染物的去除机制

本研究通过对复合垂直流渗滤系统的模拟揭示了该系统非生物机制与生物机制对有机污染物、营养元素的降解效果。研究表明，系统对污水中污染物的去除是在非生物机制与生物机制协同作用下完成的。对污水中的有机污染物和氮的降解是以生物作用为主，非生物机制为辅；对磷的降解则以非生物机制为主，生物机制为辅。生物作用对有机污染物、氮的去除占80％左右，非生物作用对磷的去除占58％左右。系统中氮转化以硝化效果为主，反硝化效果比较弱。     

电化学膜生物反应器应用于难生化降解有机废水深度处理的试验研究

文章考察电化学膜生物反应器(EMBR)对难生化降解废水的污染物去除效果和MBR的膜污染控制情况。在相同的微电场工作条件和MBR操作条件下,通过对照试验研究EMBR系统的对废水污染物去除情况和膜抗污染性能。实验结果表明,电化学膜生物反应器可提高难生化降解废水的可生化性,COD_(Cr)、氮元素的去除率分别达到92.7%、84.4%。外加微电场的作用下,MBR的膜污染情况得到有效减缓,使得EMBR具有更好的运行效能。     

单室型无质子膜微生物燃料电池协同去除COD和含氮污染物

分别驯化、培养厌氧消化菌和反硝化菌,以间距180μm(80目)的不锈钢网为电极,构建了单室型无质子交换膜微生物燃料电池(MFC)污水处理系统,厌氧消化菌在阳极附着成膜组成生物阳极氧化去除有机污染物,反硝化菌在阴极附着成膜组成生物阴极反硝化去除含氮污染物,实现污水深度处理。在电池系统稳定运行期间,最高开路电压为182.5 mV时,COD的去除率为96.5%;NH4+-N和NO3-N的去除率分别高于93.5%和96.7%,出水中NO2-N的含量低于0.072 mg L 1。当阳极室和阴极室分开时,COD、NH4+-N和NO3-N的最大去除率之和分别为67.0%、76.9%和84.0%,均明显低于阳极室和阴极室连通的MFC系统的去除率,这表明该MFC系统具有良好的有机污染物和含氮污染物协同去除能力。     

膜生物反应器去除原水中微量阿特拉津的研究

采用MBR系统和PAC-MBR系统去除水中的内分泌干扰物阿特拉津,结果表明,PAC-MBR系统对阿特拉津的去除率达到54.16%,明显高于MBR系统20.22%的去除率.同时,还研究了不同有机底物浓度和不同进水阿特拉津浓度对出水时阿特拉津去除率的影响.当进水的阿特拉津浓度为0.18、0.1 mg·L-1和0.05 mg·L-1,水力停留时间2 h,出水时MBR系统和PAC-MBR系统对阿特拉津的去除率分别为17.75%、27.32%、38.08%和36.68%、41.23%、42.78%.当进水的有机物浓度为6.6、2.3、0.1 mg·L-1时,在相同的水力停留时间下,MBR系统和PAC-MBR系统对阿特拉津的去除率分别为16.71%、20.62%、37.95%和38,76%、40%、40.02%.试验数据说明PAC-MBR系统的抗冲击负荷能力明显优于MBR系统,证实了生物作用在阿特拉津的去除中起主要作用.     

甲苯对厌氧反应过程的影响研究

研究了甲苯对厌氧反应过程的影响。结果发现,厌氧系统对有机负荷的冲击有一定的缓冲作用,产酸相内挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）浓度随有机负荷的提升而升高;当甲苯浓度≤20mg·L-1时,对产酸相CODc,的降解及VFA的产量具有明显抑制作用,驯化一段时间后可恢复正常;甲苯对产甲烷相和产酸相CODcr去除无明显抑制作用。甲苯浓度≤70mg·L^-1时,甲苯在厌氧系统内可得到良好的降解,出水甲苯浓度〈0．1mg·L^-1,达到国家一级排放标准。即使进水甲苯浓度达到200mg·L^-1,甲苯的去除率仍达99％以上。     

IC厌氧反应器处理含盐制药废水的研究

采用IC厌氧反应器处理实际制药废水,对IC厌氧反应器的启动过程、盐度对反应器处理效果的影响进行分析。结果表明,采用中温(35℃)发酵、连续进水方式,IC厌氧反应器启动历时68 d。启动完成后COD去除率稳定保持在65%左右,SO_4~(2-)去除率稳定在73%左右,进水NH_3-N较出水NH_3-N低,出水VFA在4 mmol/L以下,pH6.6,污染物去除效果稳定,反应器运行良好。随后进行盐度驯化,盐度使COD和SO_4~(2-)的去除率有所降低,但影响较小,系统的处理效果最终趋于平稳。IC厌氧反应器处理系统对一定浓度范围内的盐度有一定忍耐性。     

三维电解法处理垃圾渗滤液

采用三维电解系统对垃圾渗滤液进行降解处理,研究亚铁离子浓度、絮凝反应、进水pH值及H_2O_2加入量对渗滤液降解效率的影响.结果表明,铁促电解工艺具有电絮凝气浮和电化学氧化的双重作用,随着FeSO_4加入量的增加,电絮凝气浮作用增强,COD去除率提高;在此基础上调整进水pH值为4～6,可进一步增强电化学氧化作用,经絮凝处理后COD和浊度的去除率分别达到80%和90%以上.     

饮用水中双氯芬酸钠的电化学膜滤法去除工艺

采用电化学膜滤法(EMF)对饮用水中的有机微污染物——双氯芬酸钠(DCFNa)进行去除,考察了外加电压、初始浓度对EMF去除饮用水中DCFNa的影响。研究结果表明:EMF对DCFNa的去除以间接氧化作用为主,反应过程中生成了大量的活性氧化物质(ROS)物质;在批次试验条件下,其降解过程符合伪一级反应动力学模型,随着外加电压的增大,其降解速率增大,而在低初始浓度条件(0.1～2.0 mg/L)下,初始浓度对EMF去除DCFNa的影响较小,当初始浓度增加至10 mg/L时,降解效果出现下降趋势。研究进一步考察了不同运行方式及膜通量对EMF去除DCFNa效果的影响。结果表明,在不同的运行方式条件下,循环流优于批次试验优于连续流,且EMF对DCFNa的去除率随着膜通量的增加而降低。在初始电压为2.5 V、膜通量为30 L/(m~2·h)时,连续流试验4 h后,DCFNa的去除率达到89.2%。     

外加碳源对AOA-SBR工艺脱氮除磷效果的影响

采用厌氧/好氧/缺氧模式运行的SBR工艺处理模拟城市污水,考察外加碳源乙酸钠和污泥水解酸化上清液对其脱氮除磷效果的影响。模拟城市污水,进水水质COD为400 mg/L、氨氮为60 mg/L、磷酸盐为7 mg/L。结果表明:不投加碳源时,系统对COD、氨氮、磷酸盐的去除率分别为90%、91%、82%;乙酸钠投加量为60 mg/L的条件下,外加乙酸钠系统对COD、氨氮、磷酸盐的去除率分别为93%、100%、100%,磷的去除主要是通过好氧聚磷作用;上清液投加量折合进水COD为30 mg/L时,外加污泥水解酸化上清液系统对COD、氨氮、磷酸盐的去除率分别为97%、99%、95%,系统中出现明显的反硝化除磷现象,反硝化除磷占24%。     

生物电化学系统处理难降解有机污染物研究进展

难降解有机污染物广泛存在于水、土壤及大气等环境介质中,严重危害生态环境。生物电化学系统是一种高效处理难降解有机污染物的生物处理技术,通过电化学对微生物的刺激,增强微生物降解污染物的能力,提高污染物降解效率。介绍了生物电化学系统的工作原理,综述了生物电化学系统在处理多环芳烃类化合物、有机染料类化合物、卤代烃类化合物和其他难降解有机化合物的研究应用情况以及生物电化学系统耦合其他降解技术处理难降解有机化合物等方面的研究进展。生物电化学系统是目前去除难降解有机污染物较有前途的方法,分析了生物电化学系统处理难降解有机污染物存在的问题,提出未来可从能代谢难降解有机污染物的电极及电化学活性微生物的筛选、电子转移机制的理论分析2个方面进行深入的研究。     

两级UASB反应器处理制药废水的试验研究

在中温(37±2℃)条件下,采用有效容积为3 L的UASB厌氧反应器处理含高浓硫酸盐的制药废水,采用两级厌氧处理,一级主要脱除SO42-,二级主要去除COD,经过3个月的驯化,水力停留时间为24 h,一级厌氧在COD/SO42-=2.5～3条件下,COD容积负荷可达到9.5 kgCOD/(m3·d),SO42-容积负荷可达到3.6 kgCOD/(m3·d),COD去除率约20%,SO42-去除去除率能达到65%,出水COD/SO42-比值约为7～8;二级厌氧COD容积负荷可达到7.5 kgCOD/(m3·d),COD去除率能达到75%;系统COD总去除率可达到80%,SO42-总去除率可达到65%以上;本试验研究为利用UASB厌氧反应器处理制药废水提供参考依据。     

Treatment of the real boiler cleaning wastewater in an anaerobic fluidized bed microbial fuel cell: Organic matter degradation,bioelectrochemistry, and kinetics

A single chambered air cathode anaerobic fluidized bed microbial fuel cell (AFB‐MFC) was simultaneously used to dispose of the real boiler cleaning wastewater (BCW) containing a high concentration of citric acid and to generate renewable energy. At the temperature of 40 °C and flow rate of 5.22 mL/s, the removal efficiency and power density were improved in AFB‐MFC with the abiotic cathode of the Pt/C modified carbon cloth. With the real boiler cleaning wastewater fed as substrate, the maximal removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in AFB‐MFC was up to 90 %, which was higher than the corresponding value of 84 % obtained in the anaerobic biological fluidized bed reactor (ABFBR). The maximum voltage and the maximum power density were 424.6 mV and 18.68 mW/m², respectively, when the external resistance was 5000 Ω. Furthermore, the Haldane inhibition model was well fitted with experiment data (R² = 0.97–0.98) in AFB‐MFC/ABFBR. The inhibition of citric acid degradation in ABFBR was stronger than that of AFB‐MFC. The bioelectrochemical system of AFB‐MFC not only improved the charge transfer and but also accelerated the reaction rate of citric acid. The reduction of the ferric ion and oxidation of ferrous ion in AFB‐MFC played important roles in the degradation reaction of critic acid.     

改变缺氧池容积强化A^2/O工艺脱氮除磷效率

采用实验室规模连续流厌氧-缺氧-好氧(A/A/O)工艺处理人工模拟生活污水,考察了不同碳氮比(C/N)和溶解氧(DO)工况下改变缺氧池容积对A^2/O工艺脱氮除磷效果的影响。结果表明,在低C/N和好氧阶段DO含量较低时,增大缺氧池容积有利于提高TN的去除率和除磷效率,在COD/ρ(TN)(ρ(TN)≈40 mg/L)约为7,DO的质量浓度在0.9~1.2 mg/L的条件下,缺氧池容积增加1倍,TN去除率可达71.1%,PO4^3--P去除率可达94.0%;在高C/N和好氧阶段DO含量较高时,增大缺氧池容积在提高TN去除率和改善出水水质方面效果不显著。     

低温等离子体协同催化降解甲苯生成副产物臭氧的影响因素

低温等离子体协同催化降解甲苯过程中,在降解污染物的同时活性氧原子聚合生成臭氧。本文研究比较了不同催化剂、放电能量水平、催化段长度和气速条件下的臭氧浓度变化和甲苯降解情况,探究了低温等离子体协同催化降解甲苯过程中臭氧的生成情况。研究表明,将7.5% Mn/堇青石催化剂置于放电区时能有效抑制臭氧生成,促进甲苯降解,提高系统能效,臭氧最高浓度相比无催化剂时降低63.32mg/m³;而0.2%Pd-0.3%Ce/堇青石催化剂对甲苯降解和抑制臭氧的性能较差。随着系统能量水平的提高,甲苯降解率和臭氧生成浓度逐渐升高。臭氧生成浓度与催化段长度呈正相关关系,与气速的关系则相反。在不同的外加电压条件下,臭氧生成浓度呈先上升后下降的趋势,当外加电压为13kV条件时臭氧浓度最高,当电压升高至16kV时臭氧浓度降为零。     

A new electrode reactor with in-built recirculation mode for the enhancement of methylene blue dye removal from the aqueous solution: Comparison of adsorption,electrolysis and combined effect

The removal of basic dye such as methylene blue (MB) dye from the synthetic wastewater was experimentally investigated using an electrolytic cell (EC), adsorption and the combined effect of EC and adsorption technology called a three-phase three-dimensional electrode reactor (TPTDER). The performance of the each technology was checked on the basis of the efficiency of the systems. The experimental results are expressed in terms of the removal efficiency of the dye molecules. The results show that the TPTDER could efficiently remove the dye molecules from the aqueous solutions when compared with the EC and adsorption process. The removal efficiency reached as high as about 99% for an initial MB dye concentration in the range of 100–1,000 mg/L by TPTDER for 10 min at 12 V cell voltage and at specific airflow conditions. It was also observed that the removal of dye molecules depends upon the initial solution pH, applied cell voltage, contact time, and initial dye concentration. The recyclability of the particle electrodes in the TPTDER process was also checked. These findings suggest that TPTDER is a promising technology for the removal of dyes from the aqueous solution, and can be applied to the removal of dyes from the industrial effluents.     

Bioelectrochemical sulfate reduction enhanced nitrogen removal from industrial wastewater containing ammonia and sulfate

Low organic carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and existing sulfate (SO₄²⁻) in industrial wastewater limited nitrogen removal. Coupling SO₄²⁻ reduction with sulfide autotrophic denitrification provides a novel strategy. Herein, bioelectrochemical sulfate reduction was coupled with heterotrophic sulfate reduction to drive sulfide autotrophic denitrification. In this coupled system, total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was increased from ~25% to ~85% by inputting −45 mA electricity. With the help of supplying electrons to denitrification through SO₄²⁻ reduction, coulomb efficiency was improved to 61.5%. Also, bioelectrochemical sulfate reduction could improve sulfur recovery and thus increase TN removal efficiency. Furthermore, through tuning turnover numbers of SO₄²⁻, high TN removal efficiency can be obtained at various concentrations of SO₄²⁻. Moreover, main functional bacteria in this system were identified. Finally, ~75% TN removal efficiency was achieved with real wastewater in this system. Overall, this work offered a new approach for efficient nitrogen removal from industrial wastewater containing SO₄²⁻.     

Combined biological–chemical (Ozone) treatment of wastewaters containing chloroguaiacols

Biological degradation of chloroguaiacols contained in sulphite pulp chlorine bleaching wastewater was studied in four parallel biological fluidised bed reactor systems—one single aerobic, one single anaerobic and two combined anaerobic–aerobic reactors. At low loading rates, trichloroguaiacols were removed nearly quantitatively. 4,5-Dichloroguaiacol was only partly removed. At high loading rates the anaerobic–aerobic recycle reactor removed individual guaiacols more than the other reactors. Only 4,5,6-trichloroguaiacol was removed best by the anaerobic–aerobic reactors in series. Even mixed culture biofilms adapted during several years of continuous operation did not satisfactorily remove these compounds. Synthetic wastewater, containing chlorinated guaiacols, treated with ozone produced formate and oxalate and quantitatively inorganic chloride. Combined ozonation–biotreatment in two reactors in series as well as in a recycle system allowed complete removal of all individual chlorinated guaiacols (< 1 μmol m^?3 remained). The efficiency of non-purgable organic carbon removal could be increased from ≤0.55 to about 4 mol carbon mol^?1 ozone by combination of ozonation with biotreatment. Simultaneously, the efficiency of removal of chlorinated guaiacols was increased by a factor of 10, which is essential for industrial application.     

CANON工艺处理实际晚期垃圾渗滤液的启动实验

针对晚期垃圾渗滤液NH₄^--N浓度高、C/N低、深度脱氮困难的问题,采用CANON工艺在曝气/缺氧搅拌循环交替的运行方式下,处理晚期垃圾渗滤液实现了深度脱氮。系统经过130 d的驯化培养后成功启动,长期试验研究结果表明,在进水COD、NH₄^--N、TN浓度（mg·L^-1）分别为2050±250、1625±75和2005±352情况下,出水COD、NH₄^--N、TN浓度（mg·L^-1）能达到407±14、8±4和19±4,总氮去除率达到了98.76%。在未投加外碳源的情况下,CANON工艺在曝气/缺氧搅拌的运行方式下实现了对晚期垃圾渗滤液的深度脱氮。此外,经荧光原位杂交（FISH）检测表明,在该运行方式下能够成功富集氨氧化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌,各占总菌数的19.5%±1.3%和42.7%±5.02%,为CANON工艺用于处理晚期垃圾渗滤液的工程应用提供参考。     

Particulate Matter Removal from a Gas Stream using High‐Voltage Discharge Plasma

Abstract

This investigation examines the use of a high‐voltage discharge plasma technology to remove particulate matter from an air stream. Concentrations of the particulate matter were measured at the inlet and the outlet of the discharge plasma with the help of an optical particle counter to determine the particle removal efficiency. The experimental results indicate that the particle removal efficiency of the discharge plasma increased with the discharge voltage. The particle removal efficiency rose as high as 93.1% for 0.3 μm particles as the discharge voltage was increased to 20 kV at an operating frequency of 60 Hz. The influence of the operating frequency on the particle removal efficiency was neglected at discharge voltages of 8 kV and 10 kV when the operating frequencies ranged from 60 Hz to 180 Hz. Furthermore, the particle removal efficiency increased with the reflected power when the discharge voltage was varied. A non‐linear multivariable regression model was fitted to the experimental data. The good fit of the regression model makes it possible to estimate the particle removal efficiency of the high‐voltage discharge plasma.     

UV/Fenton试剂降解RDX废水的研究

研究了Fenton试剂的用量、pH值、光照时间对UV/Fenton试剂降解黑索今(RDX)废水效果的影响。结果表明,UV/Fenton试剂对RDX废水有较好的降解作用,在60 W紫外灯照射下,RDX废水初始质量浓度为180 mg/L、pH值为3、10%双氧水用量为1.20 mL、10%FeSO4溶液[(n(Fe-SO4)∶n(H2O2)=1∶10)]用量为0.12 mL、光照时间为60 m in时,RDX去除率达到95%,CODC r去除率为82%。