聚二甲基硅氧烷-聚偏氟乙烯共混膜制备及其渗透蒸发性能研究

为增强聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜的疏水性能和膜选择性能,在PVDF基膜材料中添加了不同质量的聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS),制备了PVDF-PDMS共混复合膜。考察了PDMS、PVDF质量比对复合膜结构性能的影响,并用扫描电子显微镜、比表面积孔径分析仪、接触角测量仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、X射线光电子能谱仪等仪器对复合膜进行了表征;采用低含量苯酚水溶液研究了复合膜的渗透蒸发性能。结果表明,随着PDMS添加量的增加,复合膜的疏水性能、苯酚渗透通量以及分离因子都会逐渐增大,复合膜渗透蒸发性能明显优于未改性膜;在PDMS、PVDF质量比为1:10时,复合膜具有最好的形态结构,表面接触角达到82.92°,苯酚渗透通量为39.31 g/(m~2·h),分离因子增加到4.68。     

膜蒸馏用PVDF抗复合污染膜的制备与测试

为提高膜的抗污染能力,对聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）平板膜进行表面涂覆改性,得到超疏水PVDF平板膜,再将超疏水PVDF平板膜进行表面亲水化改性,制备出超疏水/亲水复合PVDF膜。当PVDF的质量浓度为2%、聚乙二醇（PG）的质量浓度为39%、涂敷液温度为50℃、蒸发时间为10 s、凝固浴温度为60℃时,超疏水PVDF平板膜接触角达到154.8°。表面亲水改性制得的PVDF超疏水/亲水复合膜的接触角为41°。然后研究了超疏水PVDF平板膜和PVDF超疏水/亲水复合膜的抗膜污染性能。结果显示,超疏水PVDF平板膜具有优良的抗无机污染性能和一定的抗有机污染性能;PVDF超疏水/亲水复合膜不仅具有优良的抗无机污染性能,而且其抗复合污染性能尤其是抗有机污染性能得到明显提升,为进一步构建高性能膜蒸馏抗污染膜提出了一个可行的技术方向。     

PDMS接枝共聚物改性PVDF膜的制备及其膜蒸馏性能研究

采用自由基聚合法制备了PDMS接枝共聚物（PMMA-g-PDMS）,并用PDMS接枝共聚物对聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）膜进行疏水改性,使用傅立叶红外光谱仪、毛细管流动孔径分析仪、接触角测定仪和场发射电子显微镜对不同浓度改性的PVDF膜进行表征,并测试了其在直接接触式膜蒸馏（DCMD）中的分离性能。结果表明,经过PMMAg-PDMS改性后,膜的通量、疏水性和截留性有所提高,稳定性大幅提升。当PMMA-g-PDMS浓度为8%时,膜的静态接触角由118.68°增加至157.47°,在以温度为70℃,质量分数3.5%的NaCl溶液为进料液的DCMD实验中,改性膜的通量由基膜的11.28 kg/（m²·h）提高至15.44 kg/（m²·h）,通量衰减降低了35%.     

强疏水性PDMS/PVDF微孔膜的制备及其性能研究

利用非溶剂相转化法（NIPS）,通过在聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)铸膜液中加入聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS),制备了PDMS/PVDF共混疏水微孔膜,并研究了凝胶浴组成（水/乙醇）对铸膜液凝胶动力学、膜形貌、疏水性及力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着凝胶浴中乙醇百分含量由零增加至100 %时,PDMS/PVDF共混膜的断面上指状孔基本消失,海绵状孔结构贯穿断面;当凝胶浴中乙醇含量为100 %时,PDMS与PVDF发生分相;膜表面疏水性能增加,水接触角达到139.68 °;弹性模量、拉伸强度、断裂伸长率分别由（48.06±4.20）、（2.82±0.15） MPa、（92.90±2.53） %下降至（15.70±2.83）、（0.72±0.13） MPa、（15.47±1.63） %。     

表面沉积化镁合金基底上超疏水聚偏氟乙烯微孔膜的制备与性能

用一步浸泡法制得表面沉积化镁合金板,再以此镁合金板为制膜基底,以聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）/N,N-二甲基乙酰胺（DMAc）/辛醇/水为制膜体系,采用干-湿相转化法制备了超疏水PVDF膜,该膜的水接触角可达160°。用粗糙度仪、扫描电镜、能谱仪、红外光谱仪等对镁合金表面和PVDF膜底面的微观结构、化学组成进行表征和分析。研究表明,一步浸泡处理过的镁合金表面生成了均匀的十四酸铁沉积物,该沉积物可在膜制备中部分嵌入膜底面,增加了膜底面的粗糙度,从而使PVDF膜的疏水性大幅提高。对PVDF膜的磨损试验表明,所制备的超疏水膜表面具备良好的机械稳定性。真空膜蒸馏实验表明,所制备的PVDF膜具有较高的通量和截留率,在运行中保持了更好的操作稳定性。     

PVDF-PFTS/SiO2膜制备及抗混合污染性能

采用表面接枝技术制备了PVDF-PFTS/SiO₂超疏水复合膜,通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和红外光谱（FTIR）分析了膜污染前后的表面结构和组成,考察了直接接触式膜蒸馏（DCMD）装置出水电导率和膜通量的变化,利用XDLVO理论分析了PVDF-PFTS/SiO₂超疏水复合膜的抗混合污染性能和机理。结果表明：在1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-全氟辛基三氯硅烷（PFTS）和SiO₂共同作用下,PVDF-PFTS/SiO₂超疏水复合膜表面形成微纳米复合乳突结构,水接触角（WCA）由99°增至155°。与PVDF基膜相比,PVDF-PFTS/SiO₂超疏水复合膜对混合污染物具有较好的抗污染性能;连续运行10h,膜通量和截留率分别保持在10.06kg/(m²·h)和99.80%。XDLVO理论分析表明,PVDF-PFTS/SiO₂超疏水复合膜表面与污染物之间的作用力由引力转变为斥力是其抗混合污染性能增强的主要原因之一。     

界面聚合法制备MABR中空纤维膜

利用界面聚合法制备了用于无泡曝气膜生物反应器(MABR)废水处理的聚苯胺 聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维复合膜,考察了普通聚合、掺杂和脱掺杂3种制备条件下得到的中空纤维膜的表面性能。测定了中空纤维膜的气体通量、膜丝表面亲水性,并观察了膜丝表面粗糙度的变化。结果表明,与初始聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜相比,复合中空纤维膜的表面亲水性得到显著改善,特别是掺杂后膜的接触角由原先的89°下降到73°;脱掺杂后复合中空纤维膜的气体通量大于掺杂改性膜,但是小于原膜丝;脱掺杂后复合中空纤维膜的表面粗糙度较初始膜有较大提高。挂膜试验中,脱掺杂后的复合中空纤维膜表现出了优异的生物挂膜性能,是一种具有潜在应用价值的MABR中空纤维膜。     

PVDF/PEI-EDA亲疏水复合膜的制备及其抗污染性能

为解决疏水性污染物对膜的污染问题,利用静电纺丝的方法制备了具有抗污染性能的聚偏氟乙烯/聚醚酰亚胺-乙二胺(PVDF/PEI-EDA)亲疏水复合膜,对其进行了表征;以含疏水性污染物(油污)的Na Cl水溶液作为进料溶液进行了直接接触式膜蒸馏脱盐和抗污染实验,并与商业的PVDF疏水膜进行了对比。结果表明,复合膜厚度为340μm,平均孔径0.677μm,孔隙率72.4%;膜表面呈纳米纤维状,具有明显的酰胺基团,膜表面在空气中水接触角为5.6°,在水相中的油接触角为143°。复合膜蒸馏运行稳定,脱盐、抗污染膜蒸馏平均通量分别为5.5、4 kg/(m~2·h),可以有效的防止疏水性污染物(油污)的污染。而商业的PVDF疏水膜膜蒸馏过程不能维持稳定运行。     

PVDF中空纤维换热管超疏水表面强化蒸气滴状冷凝传热

为了提高塑料换热管的传热性能，通过两步涂覆法制备了具有超疏水表面的复合塑料换热管。首先采用多孔PVDF中空纤维膜为支撑层，以导热材料纳米ZnO填充聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）为皮层，制备了具有致密外表皮层的复合塑料换热管。其次为了强化蒸气的滴状冷凝传热，通过考察正硅酸乙酯含量，氨水含量等条件的影响，制备出了具有超疏水表面的PVDF复合塑料换热管。结果表明，所制备的换热管表面接触角可达154°，与熔融法及NIPS法制备的换热管相比，总传热系数可提高85.3%～147.3%。     

SiO_2/PDMS/PVDF复合膜渗透蒸发回收煤化工废水中酚

采用PVDF中空纤维为基膜,以Si O_2填充PDMS溶液为涂覆液,进行动态负压涂覆,制备Si O_2/PDMS/PVDF复合膜材料,回收处理煤化工废水中的酚。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、能量弥散X射线能谱仪(EDS)及接触角测试仪对Si O_2/PDMS/PVDF复合膜材料进行了表征,并研究了Si O_2质量浓度、涂覆时间对Si O_2/PDMS/PVDF复合膜材料渗透蒸发性能的影响。当Si O_2填充质量浓度占PDMS质量浓度的12%,涂覆时间60 min条件下,制得的Si O_2/PDMS/PVDF复合膜具有最佳的渗透蒸发性能。保持进水温度50℃,膜后压力50 k Pa,进水流速10 L/h,酚通量达到7.16 g/(m~2·h),分离因子为4.26。     

硅橡胶膜用于植物油/己烷胶团中溶剂回收的研究

Traditional solvent recovery in the extraction step of edible oil processing is distillation, which consumes large amounts of energy. If the distillation is replaced by membrane process, the energy consumption can be reduced greatly. In this work, two kinds of membrane, PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) composite membrane and Zeolite filled PDMS membrane were prepared, in which asymmetric microporous PVDF (polyvinylidenefluoride) membrane prepared with phase inversion method was functioned as the microporous supporting layer in the flat-plate composite membrane. The different function compositions of the PDMS/PVDF com-posite membranes were characterized by reflection Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The surface and section of PDMS/PVDF composite membranes were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The PDMS NF (nanofiltration) membranes were then applied in the recovery of hexane from soybean oil/hexane miscellas (1︰3, mass ratio). The effects of pres-sure (0.5-1.5 MPa), cross-linking temperature and PDMS layer thickness on membrane performances were investigated. The results indicated that both two kinds of NF membranes were promising for solvent recovery, and zeolite filled in PDMS NF membrane could enhance the separation performance.     

Dye removal using hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride hollow fibre composite membrane by vacuum membrane distillation

Hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fibre composite membranes were prepared by the dilute solution coating process to build a special surface structure that was similar to the dual micro‐nano structure on the lotus leaf. Poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropene) was chosen as the hydrophobic polymer candidate in dilute solution. Membrane morphology and surface hydrophobicity were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and dynamic water contact angle measurement. The prepared PVDF hollow fibre membranes were employed to separate dyes (Congo Red and Methylene Blue) from water by vacuum membrane distillation. The effects of operational conditions (feed temperature, vacuum pressure and feed flow rate) on the vacuum membrane distillation performance of different PVDF membranes were investigated. The results indicated that the water contact angle values of PVDF composite membrane surfaces improved from 93.6° to 130.8°, which was mainly attributed to the formation of micro‐nano rods. This structure was similar to the dual micro‐nano structure on the lotus leaf. Under test feed temperature, vacuum pressure and feed flow rate conditions, the dye rejection rate of Congo Red and Methylene Blue by the hydrophobic PVDF hollow fibre membrane remained above 99.5% and 99%, which was higher than that of the pristine PVDF membrane (99% and 98%, respectively). In addition, the hydrophobic PVDF hollow fibre composite membrane showed higher permeation flux under different conditions compared with the pristine PVDF membrane, which was attributed to membrane surface hydrophobicity and the electrostatic interactions between dyes and the PVDF membrane surface.     

凝固浴组成和温度对PVDF疏水微孔膜结构与性能的影响

利用非溶剂相转化法(NIPS),以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)/磷酸三乙酯(TEP)-N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)为铸膜液体系,乙醇水溶液为凝固浴制备高性能的PVDF疏水微孔膜。考察了凝固浴中乙醇(EtOH)含量及凝固浴温度对PVDF成膜分相速率、膜结构和膜疏水性的影响。实验结果表明,在20℃的凝固浴温度下,凝固浴中乙醇含量的升高减慢了铸膜液体系的分相速率,提高了PVDF膜的孔隙率;在凝固浴中添加60%(wt)的乙醇,可形成表面荷叶状结构和截面对称的海绵状结构,膜表面的接触角为130.3°,呈很强的疏水性,并具有较优的膜强度。     

Effect of the exposure time on the structure and performance of hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane–poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes via a non‐solvent‐induced phase separation process in a clean room

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the exposure time on the properties and permeability of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)–poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) blend hydrophobic microporous membranes, which were fabricated via a non‐solvent‐induced phase separation process at 25 °C and 60% relative humidity in a clean‐room circumstance. For the prepared PDMS–PVDF membranes, the membrane morphologies were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Crystalline structures were observed by X‐ray diffraction. Pore structures were analyzed by membrane porosity and mean pore size. Hydrophobicity was measured by contact angle measurement, and the mechanical properties were characterized by tensile strength testing. Our study results show that with increasing exposure time from 10 to 110 s, all of the membranes showed a similar pore structure: a spongelike substrate layer with a thin realm of fingerlike structures under the top surface. Phase separation between PDMS and PVDF occurred. The membrane porosity and mean pore radius decreased, and the membrane thickness increased. The membrane hydrophobicity decreased, and the mechanical properties first increased and then decreased. In addition, vacuum membrane distillation experiments were conducted. With the increase in the exposure time from 10 to 110 s, the membrane permeate flux decreased from 16.54 to 6.65 kg m⁻²·h⁻¹, and the salt rejection was higher than 99.9%. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43842.     

PDMS/PVDF microporous membrane with semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks for vacuum membrane distillation

In this article, using the non‐solvent induced phase separation process, a new microporous membrane with the semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (semi‐IPN) structure was produced. For this membrane, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer is crosslinking and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) polymer is linear, by changing the mass ratio of PDMS/PVDF, the structure and the performance of the prepared membranes were studied. The membranes were also investigated by attenuated total reflection‐Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR), scanning electron microscopy–energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and water contact angle, etc. ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the formation of semi‐IPN; compared with the PDMS/PVDF polymer without semi‐IPNs structure, the viscosity of the semi‐IPNs structured casting solution increased, membrane mechanical property increased but its hydrophobicity decreased. Using the resulting membranes for the vacuum membrane distillation desalt of the NaCl solution (30 g/L), 99.9% salt rejection and reasonable flux were obtained. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 45792.     

Influence of support layer and PDMS coating conditions on composite membrane performance for ethanol/water separation by pervaporation

A systematic study was performed on the combination of support properties and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coating conditions for the lab‐scale preparation of a defect‐free, thin film composite membrane for organophilic pervaporation. Support layers having comparable surface porosities were prepared from three polymers with different chemical composition (PVDF, PSF, PI). Their exact role on the deposition of the PDMS coating (i.e., wetting and intrusion) and the final membrane performance (i.e., effect on mass transfer of the permeants) was studied. The crosslinking behavior of dilute PDMS solutions was studied by viscosity measurements to optimize the coating layer thickness, support intrusion and wetting. It was found essential to pre‐crosslink the PDMS solution for a certain time prior to the coating. Dip time for coating the PDMS solution on the supports was varied by using automated dip coating machine. The performance of the synthesized membranes was tested in the separation of ethanol/water mixtures by pervaporation. Both flux and selectivity of the membranes were clearly influenced by the support layer. Resistance of the support layers increased by increasing the polymer concentration in the casting solutions of the supports. Increasing the dip time of the PDMS coating solution led to increased selectivity of the composite membranes. Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis of the composite membranes showed that this leads to a minor increase in the thickness of the PDMS top layer. Top layer thickness increased linearly with the square root of the dip time (t^0.5) at a constant withdrawal speed of the support. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43670.     

电纺及疏水改性制备CA/SiNPs-FAS超疏水复合膜及膜蒸馏脱盐研究

以1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮/丙酮为混合溶剂,无纺布为支撑层,采用静电纺丝技术与溶胶-凝胶方法,制备了醋酸纤维素/二氧化硅复合纳米纤维膜,并将其浸渍于全氟烷基硅烷/正己烷分散液中进行疏水化改性。利用场发射扫描电子显微镜、红外光谱仪、孔径分析仪、接触角测量仪器等表征了改性前后复合膜表面形貌、官能团变化、孔径分布及润湿性等膜性能参数并将其应用于连续性直接接触式膜蒸馏盐浓缩过程。结果表明,静电纺丝复合膜呈三维空间网状结构,且利用正硅酸乙酯生成的纳米二氧化硅颗粒内陷于醋酸纤维素纤维内部形成微米-纳米梯级分布。经全氟烷基硅烷修饰后,红外特征峰明显,复合膜水接触角最高可达156°,且对质量分数为5%的十二烷基硫酸钠液滴也同时展示出优良的抗润湿性能（接触角125°）。以60℃、35 g·L^-1的NaCl溶液为进料液进行持续性直接接触式膜蒸馏脱盐实验,当渗透温度为20℃时,各复合膜盐截留率均能达到99.99%以上,其中,CA/SiNPs-FAS膜通量可稳定在11.2 kg·（m²·h）^-1。     

PA/ZIF-8/PVDF复合纳滤膜的制备及其性能

采用反向扩散法在聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)基膜表面原位生长一层均匀、致密的金属有机骨架材料ZIF-8纳米晶体层,并进一步优化界面聚合反应,制备高性能聚酰胺(PA)/ZIF-8/PVDF复合纳滤膜.采用SEM、XRD、FTIR、AFM、XPS、水接触角测定仪以及固体表面Zeta电位仪对ZIF-8/PVDF复合膜及PA/ZIF-8/PVDF复合纳滤膜的组成、结构和形貌进行了表征,考察了ZIF-8亚层的生长对界面聚合反应、复合纳滤膜结构及性能的影响.结果表明,ZIF-8晶体亚层在PVDF膜表面的均匀连续生长改善了PA分离层与PVDF基膜的界面相容性,提高复合纳滤膜PA分离层的交联度.在0.6 MPa下,复合纳滤膜纯水通量可达24.05 L/(m2·h),对MgSO4、Na2SO4、NaCl和MgCl24种盐的截留率分别达到97.34％、93.57％、89.31％和85.16％,具有优异的抗污染性能.     

Separation of ethanol from ethanol/water mixtures by pervaporation with silicone rubber membranes: Effect of silicone rubbers

In this study, poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), poly(phenyl methyl siloxane) (PPMS)/PVDF, poly(ethoxy methyl siloxane) (PEOMS)/PVDF, and poly(trifluropropyl methyl siloxane) (PTFMS)/PVDF composite membranes were prepared. The different functional compositions of these membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The surfaces and sections of these membranes were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The hydrophobicity at the membrane surface was assessed with contact angle measurement. Swelling experiments were carried out to investigate the swelling behavior of these membranes. The composite membranes prepared in this study were used in the pervaporation separation of ethanol/water mixtures, and their separation performances were compared. The results show that the separation performances of these membranes were strongly related to the silicone rubber components and composition, the total fluxes decreased in the following order: PDMS > PPMS > PEOMS > PTFMS. The separation factor followed the following order: PPMS > PEOMS > PDMS > PTFMS (5 wt % ethanol at 40°C). In addition, the effects of the feed temperature (40–70°C) and feed composition (5–20 wt %) on the separation efficiency were investigated experimentally. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011