聚乙烯醇复合纳滤膜的性能研究

本文采用涂敷法制得聚乙烯醇 (PVA)复合纳滤膜 ,并对膜的分离性能、耐溶剂性、耐压密性进行了测试。结果表明 :该复合纳滤膜在 0 .6MPa操作压力下水通量为 12L·m-2 ·h-1,对 5 0 0mg/L的标准物质PEG6 0 0的截留率达到 90 .8% ,并随着操作压力的增加 ,水通量呈线性增加 ,截留率也相应上升 ,该膜具有较好的耐压密性 ,耐酸碱性和耐氧化性 ,并通过红外光谱分析复合纳滤膜致密层的化学结构     

1种复合纳滤膜的性能及其耐氯性研究

针对现有聚酰胺纳滤膜的耐氯性不高的问题,以均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)和间苯二甲胺(m XDA)分别为油相与水相单体,采用界面聚合的方式,在聚砜底膜上复合了一层功能层制备了m XDA-TMC复合纳滤膜。通过无机盐和糖的分离实验、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、衰减全反射红外光谱仪(ATR-FT IR)和原子力显微镜(AFM)等手段对复合膜进行测试表征。结果表明,该纳滤膜具有良好的耐氯性,在pH=4.0、活性氯处理强度5 g·h/L的条件下,膜性能仅有少量下降,其盐截留下降率不到1%,有机物截留率下降明显,水通量基本与原膜持平。造成膜的水通量变化的原因,先是聚乙烯醇(PVA)等的剥离造成膜的水通量的下降;然后随着浸泡时间的增加,膜结构改变的因素强于PVA的剥离,膜的水通量开始上升。     

聚乙烯醇复合纳滤膜的性能研究

采用聚合物涂敷法制得聚乙烯醇 ( PVA)复合纳滤膜 ,并对膜的分离性能和物化稳定性进行了测试。结果表明 :该膜在 0 .6MPa操作压力下水通量为 1 2 L/m2 · h,对浓度为 5 0 0 mg/L标准物质 PEG 60 0的截留率达到 90 .8%。随着操作压力的增加 ,通量呈线性增加 ,截留率也相应上升 ;该膜有较好的物化稳定性和耐污染性 ;使用原子力显微镜观察了基膜和复合膜的表面形态     

阳离子聚丙烯酰胺改性聚乙烯醇纳滤膜的研究

采用阳离子聚丙烯酰胺与不同型号聚乙烯醇共混,采用溶液涂覆法在聚砜超滤膜上制备了共混改性聚乙烯醇纳滤膜,通过测试纯水通量、无机盐和小分子有机物的脱除率研究了膜片的分离性能,通过接触角实验表征了膜的表面亲水性,通过扫描电镜观察膜的结构。实验结果表明,共混改性聚乙烯醇纳滤膜片相比未改性聚乙烯醇纳滤膜,在膜性能上有显著提高,具有适中纯水水通量,测试为130 L/(m2·h),有较好的选择性分离能力,对Na2SO4的截留率为71%,对NaCl的截留率为23%,对PEG600的截留率为75%;通过加入阳离子聚丙烯酰胺,在纳滤膜表面引入季铵盐阳离子基团,增加了膜片的亲水性和选择性。     

氧化石墨烯改性聚乙烯醇纳滤膜的制备及性能研究

以聚砜超滤膜为支撑层,以聚乙烯醇为分离层材料,通过向聚乙烯醇中添加氧化石墨烯,制备了氧化石墨烯改性聚乙烯醇纳滤膜。分别以氯化钠溶液和硫酸钠溶液为原料液,测试了改性纳滤膜的分离性能,并与聚乙烯醇纳滤膜进行了对比。结果表明,与聚乙烯醇纳滤膜相比,氧化石墨烯改性聚乙烯醇纳滤膜的通量有一定下降,但对盐的截留率显著提高,对硫酸钠的截留率最高达96.1%,对氯化钠的截留率在30%左右,显示出较好的分盐性能。     

对纳滤膜分离净化湿法磷酸溶液影响因素的研究

选择NP010和NP030两种纳滤膜对含MgSO_4、Fe_2(SO_4)_3、Al_2(SO_4)_3的磷酸溶液进行分离净化试验,考察了盐含量、操作压力、料液温度等对纳滤膜分离性能的影响。结果表明:随盐含量的增大,纳滤膜的通量减小,其对盐的截留率亦下降;随操作压力的增大,纳滤膜的通量增大,截留率也随之增大,但在压力较高时,截留率增大趋势不明显;料液温度上升,纳滤膜的通量上升,截留率下降;在不同盐含量、操作压力、料液温度的条件下,两种纳滤膜对P_2O_5的截留率均在5%以内。     

多层羧甲基壳聚糖复合膜的制备及性能

以PES微滤膜为基膜,采用多层涂覆法制备了多层羧甲基壳聚糖(CMCS)复合膜,测定了复合膜对BSA溶液(1 g/L)的过滤性能及其因素的影响。实验结果表明,膜的浸涂层数显著影响膜的通量和对BSA的截留率,在压差为0.2 MPa、pH=5.5时,8层CMCS复合膜对BSA溶液的截留率达到90%,初始通量为54.8 L/(m~2·h)。与商业PS50超滤膜相比,制备的8层CMCS复合膜初始通量是PS50超滤膜的2.2倍,而PS50超滤膜对BSA的截留率为98%,大于8层CMCS复合膜的截留率。对比8层CMCS复合膜对BSA的初始和平均截留率表明,BSA在膜上的吸附能提高膜的截留率。     

一种新型共混复合纳滤膜的制备及性能研究

以海藻酸钠(ALG)和羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)共混液为活性层铸膜液,聚砜(PSF)超滤膜为基膜,环氧氯丙烷(ECH)的乙醇溶液为交联剂,采用涂敷和交联的方法制得一种新型复合纳滤膜,利用红外光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜和接触角测量仪等检测手段对复合膜进行了结构和性能的表征。结果表明,在1.0 MPa压力和30 L?h-1料液流量操作条件下,该复合纳滤膜对1000 mg?L-1 Na2SO4溶液的截留率为97.1%,通量17.3 L?m-2?h-1。以ALG和CMC共混液制备的复合纳滤膜比单一材料膜有更致密的膜面结构,截留率更高。该纳滤膜对不同无机盐的截留性能不同,表现出荷负电膜截留性能,这主要决定于荷电膜与电解质离子之间的静电作用力。     

纳滤膜处理含铬废水溶液的研究

采用NF-1812卷式纳滤膜在室温条件下对含铬废水进行处理,考察了压力、浓度等对纳滤膜去除Cr(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅵ)的效果的研究。纳滤膜对铬离子的分离受到铬离子的形态、操作压力、料液的质量浓度等综合影响。在0.25—0.55 MPa压力范围内,随着操作压力的不断升高,膜分离过程的动力差变大,膜通量也随之变大,废水处理能力也增大,但是纳滤膜对铬离子的截留率均有一定程度的下降,其中Cr(Ⅲ)的截留率从93%降低至89%,Cr(Ⅵ)的截留率从37%降低至31%,NF-1812纳滤膜对三价铬的截留率总体上高于六价铬。在铬离子质量浓度为0.05—0.20 g/L范围内,纳滤膜对铬离子的截留率随质量浓度增加有所下降,但Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度对截留率的影响较小。实验结果表明:NF-1812卷式纳滤膜可有效处理含铬废水中的三价铬离子。     

新型高通量复合纳滤膜的制备及其性能研究

以聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)和单宁酸(TA)为水相单体、均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)为油相单体,通过界面聚合制备了复合纳滤膜,并对膜性能进行了表征和评价测试。结果表明,水相溶液TA、PEI的质量分数分别为0.3%、0.2%,水相pH为12,油相溶液TMC的质量浓度为0.2 g/L,反应时间为1 min,在60℃下烘干成膜为优化制备条件。此复合膜在温度为25℃、压力为0.5 MPa下得到的对4种无机盐截留顺序为Na_2SO_4MgSO_4MgCl_2NaCl,水通量MgCl_2NaClNa_2SO_4MgSO_4。该纳滤膜具有良好的SO_4~(2-)和Cl~-的分离效果。同时,该纳滤膜具有良好的耐污染性能,对腐殖酸和牛血清蛋白的24 h抗污染测试,水通量仍达到初始水通量的84.2%以上。     

SEDIMENTATION OF BINARY MIXTURES OF PARTICLES OF UNEQUAL DENSITIES AND OF DIFFERENT SIZES

A model is developed for the sedimentation from a suspension of two particle species of unequal densities and of different sizes. The composition and the thickness of various layers in the sediments are predicted using graphical and analytical methods. The model predictions were in excellent agreement with experimental results, when the particle size ratio was ≥ 108. When size ratio of the particles was 2.60 and 4.31 the agreement occurred in about 50 percent of the cases.     

氢气纯度分析方法准确性的探讨

ONACCURACYOFANALYSISOFOFHYDROGEN1前言我公司目前应用的氢气纯度分析方法有两种,一种是爆炸反应法,另一种是焦性没食子酸吸收法。几年来,人们对两种分析方法的准确性曾有过褒贬不一的评论。这里我们也谈谈自己粗浅的观点。2爆炸法测定氢气纯度一定量的氢气样品与适量的空气之均匀混合物因反应后生成液体水而引起气体体积减少,减少的体积等于参加反应气体体积之和。其中l／3为氧气,2／3为氢气。根据氢气取样量和反应前后混气体体积之差,以及氢气在反应中的体积比例关系,可计算出样品的氢气纯度。计算公式式中：A一混…     

骑式摩托车油箱喷涂工艺的改进

面对日益激烈的市场竞争,摩托车油箱外观质量越来越成为影响销售的因素之一。文章介绍了改进工艺后的油箱涂装,该涂装体系提高了油箱外观的丰满度,降低了油箱涂装的生产成本。     

COMPARISON OF METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF GYPSUM1

The different analytical methods proposed for the evaluation of gypsum have been subjected to an experimental test. A combination method, consisting of a fusion with KHCO₃ and determination of CaO by KMnO₄ titration, the SO₃ by Andrews method of titration of BaCrO₄ has been found to give very reliable results with the least consumption of time.     

用两个形状指数表征粉煤灰颗粒形貌的研究

引用两个形状指数表征颗粒形状的概念,即先将颗粒形状近似为椭圆,再将椭圆图像分离:以圆为基准的颗粒宏观形状指数δ;以光滑椭圆为基准的颗粒轮廓凹凸度,即微观形状指数ζ。分析和发展了近似椭圆模型。并运用图像分析仪对粉煤灰、水泥样品进行实验。结果表明,粉煤灰颗粒的两个形状指数δ和ζ都大于水泥颗粒。证明粉煤灰颗粒的球形度、表面光滑度优于水泥,而且,随着粒径增大,δ和ζ呈下降趋势,表明磨制颗粒越粗。(?)粒形状越不规则。文中还运用近似椭圆模型再现了颗粒的模拟图像。     

HEASUREHENT OF INSTANTANEOUS RATES OF LOSS OF VOIATILE COMPOUNDS DURING DRYING OF DROPS

A novel technique serves to monitor instantaneous rates of loss of a volatile solute from a suspended drop during drying. A highly sensitive electron capture detector is used to monitor concentrations of SF6 released into a flowing gas stream from a suspended, drying drop. Simultaneously, the appearance and morphological development of the drop are monitored with a video camera. This provides the wherewithal of relating instantaneous rates of loss of the volatile solute to particular events during the development of particle morphology.

Initial experiments have been carried out with drops of aqueous solutions of glucose, sucrose, maltodextrin and coffee extract. The results clearly display the onset of the volatiles-retentive selective diffusion phenomenon. There is also substantial loss of the volatile component later in the drying process, when the drops undergo repeated ex ansion, bursting and cratering due to the formation of internaf bubbles. These experiments appear to be the first quantitative demonstration of major losses accompanying changes in drop morphology.     

典型煤碳燃烧特性研究和数值模拟

本文以三种典型煤的碳燃烧为研究对象，分别采用简单一维沉降燃烧方式和等温加热燃烧方式，实验研究了煤在快速加热条件下，其碳的初期和中，后期燃烧过程。以实验为基础，建立了煤的碳燃烧模型，变工况数值模拟了煤的碳燃烧过程，揭示了煤不同条件下的单颗粒碳燃烧特性。     

己内酰胺水解聚合过程模拟──双官能团酸调节剂与尼龙6组成分布

提出了有双官能团酸相对分子质量调节剂存在时己内酰胺水解聚合过程动力学模型 ,并进行了实验验证 .对不同温度下聚合产物组成和各影响因素对数均聚合度的影响进行了模拟 .结果表明 ,数均聚合度随进料中水、氨基己酸及相对分子质量调节剂浓度的增加而减小 ,其中水的浓度影响较显著 ,且在考察浓度范围内相对分子质量调节剂浓度 [R]0 ≤ 0 0 0 68mol·kg- 1 时数均聚合度基本不变 ,而 [R]0 >0 0 0 68mol·kg- 1 时数均聚合度则显著减小 .无氨基己酸及相对分子质量调节剂时数均聚合度亦随水浓度增加而减小 .     

ANALYSIS OF RECENT MEASUREMENTS OF THE VISCOSITY OF GLASSES

Viscosity of Simple Soda-Silicate 500° to 1400°C Comparison of the results given by English with those of Washburn, Shelton and Libman, indicates a discrepancy in the absolute values of log₁₀ viscosity amounting to 0.6, those of Washburn et al., being relatively too high. If correction for this is made, the isothermal curves of log₁₀ viscosity as a function of soda content are smooth up to 50% Na₂O, showing no inflection. The observations as a function of temperature T are all represented within accidental error by an equation of the type where all three constants vary regularly with the composition. Change of Viscosity of Glass (6SiO₂, 2Na₂O) due to Molecular Substitution of CaO, MgO and Al₂O₃ for Na₂O The effect is clearly brought out by plotting (from the results of English) the change of log₁₀η due to the substitution as a function of temperature. The curves each show a sharp bend at a temperature between 840° and 1050°C, which is designated the aggregation temperature T_a. If we divide these curves by the corresponding percentage substituted, we get curves for each oxide which are straight and parallel below the aggregation temperatures, the slopes (increase of change of log₁₀η per 100°C) being −0.056 (CaO), −0.055 (MgO), −0.018 (A1₂O₃) per per cent oxide substituted. For substitution of 1/2 molecule the slopes are −0.325 (CaO), −0.23 (MgO) and −0.18 (Al₂O₃) per 100°. At the aggregation temperature the change of log₁₀η per per cent is a minimum, 0.03 to 0.06 for CaO, 0.12 for MgO, 0.07 for Al₂O₃. Evidence of Aggregation in Glasses, from viscosity Measurements The sharp bends in the plots of change of log₁₀η due to substitution of an oxide for Na₂O, suggest the beginning of molecular aggregation at these temperatures. These aggregation temperatures are close to the devitrification temperatures, but the effect on the viscosity curves cannot be due to actual devitrification since it does not change with time. Taking the aggregation temperatures as equal to devitrification temperatures, additional isotherms are roughly sketched into the equilibrium triangle of the system Na₂O-CaO-SiO₂. Change of Viscosity of Glass (4SiO₂, 2Na₂O) due to of Substitution of B₂O₃ for SiO₂ The change of log₁₀η (from the results of English) is plotted as a function of temperature, and also the change of log₁₀η per per cent B₂O₃. The curves are more complex than for the substitution for Na₂O.     

环氧树脂羟基值测定方法的研究

利用乙酸酐、吡啶和浓硫酸混合的乙酰化试剂测定环氧树脂中羟基值含量的方法具有操作简便、滴定终点明显和分析结果误差小等优点。