中高温空气源热泵热水器的工质优选

热泵热水器的工质对机组的性能和热水器的出水温度都有较大的影响,是研发高性能热泵热水器的重要课题之一。对目前热泵热水器常用的工质、部分中高温热泵工质以及新开发的中高温热泵热水器工质TJR01从基本物性、安全性、环保性、溶油性进行了分析,又通过CSD方程对循环特性进行了计算和分析。结果表明,新工质TJR01直接充灌到R22压缩机里,既能保证热水器的出水温度要求,又能保证机组高效稳定运行。     

利用低品位热能的有机物朗肯循环的工质选择

工质对低品位热能有机物朗肯循环的安全性、环保性、经济性和高效性具有很大的影响.本文首先对61种工质的热力学、物理、化学、环保、安全和经济特性进行了研究,并从中挑选出11种符合上述特性的候选工质,然后对这些候选工质的干湿性、饱和性质和循环热效率进行了研究,确定了8种适合低品位热能有机物朗肯循环且具有潜力的工质,它们是丙烷...     

工质R123和R245fa的有机朗肯循环热力性能

在回收热量一定的条件下,运用热力学第一定律建立了有机朗肯循环热力分析模型,基于蒸发参数法展开了工质R123和R245fa的优选研究。计算结果表明:相同蒸发参数下,工质R123的循环热效率高于工质R245fa;相同蒸发温度下R123具有低压特性,这有利于系统的安全运行。从工质的环保性和热力性能来综合考虑,认为工质R123优于工质R245fa。     

有机朗肯循环与再热式循环低温热源发电系统热力性能研究

针对120℃以下的低温余热热源,探讨了基本有机郎肯循环发电系统和再热式有机朗肯循环发电系统模型的基本原理.从热力学第一定律角度出发,研究了纯工质R245fa和非共沸混合工质R21/R245fa在基本有机郎肯循环系统中,以及纯工质R245fa在再热式有机郎肯循环系统中,三种形式的有机郎肯循环系统热力性能随蒸发温度的变化情况.与纯工质基本有机郎肯循环系统相比,再热式有机郎肯循环最大可提高系统净输出功7.08％,而混合工质对提高整个系统热力性能具有较大的优势,净输出功和热效率最大可提高4.67％和2.91％.     

非共沸工质用于太阳能低温朗肯循环的理论研究

提出了以R245fa/R152a为组元的按不同质量比例组成的Ca、Cb和Cc这3种典型的非共沸混合工质,在设定工况下对其应用于太阳能低温朗肯循环的性能进行了理论研究.针对非共沸混合工质相变时存在温度滑移,在系统中引入了内部换热器(IHE).分析结果表明:使用混合工质可拓展太阳能低温朗肯循环工质选择范围;非共沸混合等熵工质在设定工况下的循环效率并非最高,但具有最小的膨胀比;非共沸混合工质应用于太阳能低温朗肯循环系统时,同时引入内部换热器和适当的过热度将使循环效率得到明显提高.     

低温余热有机朗肯循环发电系统工质选择

对有机朗肯循环系统工质的优化选择已逐渐从单一优化目标向多目标发展,但所选的优化目标及优化方法普遍存在主观性较强的问题.针对上述问题,从环保性、安全性等方面对工质进行初选,得到了R123、R245fa、R245ca和R601等9种工质,然后采用主成分分析法对工质的热效率、循环净功和不可逆损失等7个热力性能指标进行了分析计算,得到了两个较为客观的综合评价指标,并在不同蒸发温度下对工质的综合热力性能进行了分析.结果表明:R601做功能力较强,综合效率较高,是该循环系统较为理想的工质.     

采用混合自然工质的自复叠制冷系统热力性质分析

对R744／R290、R744／R600a混合自然工质的热力性质进行分析比较,并将它们用于自复叠制冷循环,对系统的循环特性进行分析。经过计算,得出了两种混合工质制冷性质的不同点及环境温度、制冷温度、混合工质中R744浓度对系统性能的影响。为今后R744／R290、R744／R600a的实验研究和实际应用提供了理论依据,减少了实验的工作量。     

新型中高温热泵工质的理论研究

在70～90℃冷凝温度范围内,对19种环境友好、压力温度水平适宜的流体进行了中高温热泵理论循环计算对比分析,结果表明R124,R600a,R142b和R236ea等工质的性能较优.并从中筛选出6种混合工质N1-M6,通过计算比较其性能,再选出最优工质.     

内燃机排气余热ORC中异丁烷-CO2混合工质的可燃性分析

针对内燃机高温排气与ORC工质的匹配问题,提出了一组安全且环保的烷烃/CO_2混合工质。为了解决混合工质泄漏后可燃的问题,按照美国ASTME681-2009标准提出测量异丁烷-二氧化碳混合工质可燃区域的实验手段。实验结果表明,异丁烷的可燃下限随阻燃剂二氧化碳的加入基本不变,可燃上限随着阻燃剂的加入迅速减小。并基于临界火焰温度理论建立了预测异丁烷-二氧化碳混合工质可燃极限的模型,与试验值相比较表明,预测模型可以较好地预测异丁烷的可燃下限,上限预测误差较大。     

基于MOSSA算法的混合工质双压ORC系统多目标优化

以R141b/R245fa混合工质为研究对象,利用Matlab软件建立混合工质双压有机朗肯循环(ORC)系统数学模型,分析混合工质组分、高压蒸发温度、低压蒸发温度对系统热力、经济、环境性能的影响。采用多目标麻雀搜索(MOSSA)算法对系统热力、经济、环境性能进行多目标优化,并对3种性能的函数关系进行拟合。结果表明:系统热效率与R141b质量分数呈负相关,随高压蒸发温度呈先增大后减小趋势,存在最佳高压蒸发温度使系统热效率达到最大,与低压循环蒸发温度呈正相关;混合工质双压ORC热经济环境三目标优化的Pareto最优解(η_orc,LEC,ECE)为(0.134 3,0.701 9元/kWh,11.605 kgCO₂eq/kWh),综合性能最优时的运行参数为R245fa质量分数为0.1,高压循环蒸发温度为387.65 K,低压循环蒸发温度为357.83 K,窄点温差为5.02 K,提高系统热力性能和环境性能必然会降低其经济性能。     

Moderately high temperature water source heat-pumps using a near-azeotropic refrigerant mixture

A ternary mixture of R124/R142b/R600a, named HTR01, for moderately high temperature heat pumps, was developed. Tests of material compatibility and oil miscibility showed that the mixture could be used with a R22 compressor in an HTR01 heat-pump system. A 2.92 kW moderately high temperature water source heat pump system was set up with HTR01 as the refrigerant to study the system performance with HTR01. Then, a 300 kW moderately high temperature water source heat pump system was built with HTR01 as the refrigerant to test the performance with a geothermal hot water source. The test showed that the condenser outlet water temperature could reach and hold on about 90 °C with a high coefficient of performance.     

The analysis and simulation of an open cycle absorption refrigeration system

An open cycle absorption refrigeration system is simulated and analyzed. The open cycle differs from the closed cycle in that the open cycle regenerates the weak absorbent solution by evaporating refrigerant to the earth's atmosphere rather than to a condenser. The solar collector used for the open cycle is one in which the weak absorbent solution flows as a fluid film over a flat, open, black surface. The absorbent solution is heated by the black surface and is regenerated by water evaporating to the atmosphere. It was found that the relationship between the collector length and the solution mass flow rate was tied to environmental factors such as wind and humidity when optimizing system performance. The system performance was simulated for five cities using actual weather data. The overall daily cooling COP's (cooling/incident solar) ranged from 0.09 to 0.45 for various conditions.     

An experimental investigation of bubble pump performance for diffusion absorption refrigeration system with organic working fluids

An experimental investigation was undertaken to study the performance of the bubble pump for diffusion absorption refrigeration units. The bubble pump is the motive force of the diffusion absorption cycle and is a critical component of the absorption diffusion refrigeration unit. The purpose of the bubble pump (besides the circulation of the working fluid) is to desorb the solute refrigerant from the solution. Therefore the efficiency of the bubble pump will be set by the amount of the refrigerant desorbed from the solution. The performance of the diffusion absorption cycle depends primarily on the efficiency of the bubble pump. A continuous experimental system was designed, built and successfully operated. The experiments were performed in which some of the parameters affecting the bubble pump performance were changed. During the experimental investigation, photographs were taken showing that the bubble pump operates at slug flow regime with a churn flow regime at the entrance of the bubble pump tube. It was obtained that the performance of the bubble pump depends mainly on the motive head and on the heat input to the bubble pump.     

Electroless platinum and palladium deposition over alumina coated stainless steel plates and their catalytic activity for hydrogen mitigation in severe nuclear accidents

This work focused on platinum and palladium-based autocatalytic plates, which used to remove hydrogen. The six sandblasted stainless steel plates were coated with platinum and palladium metals using the electroless coating method. The three plates A-01, A-02, A-03 were first coated with alumina using the sol-gel dip method, and after that, different ratios of platinum and palladium were deposited on them. The three other plates, B-01, B-02, B-03 (without alumina coated), were coated directly with different ratios of platinum and palladium. The platinum and palladium ratio used for coating these plates were Pt 80%: Pd 20%; Pt 90%: Pd 10%, and Pt 70%: Pd 30. The coating of these plates was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-rays Fluorescence Spectroscopy, and their catalytic efficiency was measured by the Passive Autocatalytic Recombiner testing rig method. It was found that the plates coated with alumina using two dipping cycles are suitable for different coating of mixed metals by electroless coating method compared to three dipping cycles. It was observed that the alumina-coated catalytic plates (A-01, A-02, A-03) exhibited excellent catalytic efficiency as compared to those without alumina-coated plates (B-01, B-02, B-03). Furthermore, the catalytic efficiency of A-03 and B-03 is higher than other plates. It was also found that the catalytic efficiency of A-03 is higher than B-03. The best coating ratio is Pt 90%: Pd10%, and alumina-coated plates give excellent results.     

Performance of an advanced absorption cycle with R125 and different absorbents

The performance of an advanced triple-pressure level (TPL) single-stage absorption cycle with refrigerant R125 and various organic absorbents were studied. In the developed TPL cycle, a jet ejector of a special design is added at the absorber inlet. The device serves two major functions: it facilitates pressure recovery and improves the mixing process between the weak solution and the refrigerant vapor coming from the evaporator. These effects enhance the absorption process of the refrigerant vapor into the solution drops. To facilitate the design of a jet ejector for absorption machines, a numerical model of simultaneous heat and mass transfer between the liquid and the gas phases in the ejector was developed.Based on the computerized simulation program, a parametric study of a TPL cycle was carried out. Comparison was made between the performances of the TPL and the common double pressure level (DPL) absorption cycle with refrigerant R125 and various organic absorbents. In addition, the influence of the jet ejector on the performance of the absorption cycle and the size of the unit was studied.     

滚动转子式压缩制冷系统润滑油的流动

润滑油的流动对制冷系统的性能和可靠性有重要影响.建立滚动转子式压缩系统实验台,观测和研究膨胀阀出口和蒸发器出口制冷剂/油混合物的两相流流型.结果发现:在蒸发器出口处混合物的流动表现为"油渍"蠕动、"油膜"线状流、"油膜"环状流和雾状湿蒸汽流等流型;在膨胀阀出口有液气分相流和泡气分相流等流型.在一定的运行工况下,压缩机正过热度越小,"油膜"流动速度越快,越利于压缩机回油;当压缩机排气温度等于冷凝温度时,高含油量的液体节流后形成泡状流,使得系统性能恶化甚至造成压缩机损坏.     

Experimental investigation on oil-gas separator of air-conditioning systems

The oil-return system plays an important role in the variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems because it ensures the reliable operation of the VRF systems. The oil-gas separator is the most essential component of the oil-return system, and the separation efficiency of the separator directly influences the performance of the VRF systems. Therefore, in this paper, a test rig was built to measure the oil discharge ratio of the compressor and the separation efficiency of the oil-gas separator. A sound velocity transducer was used to measure the oil mass concentration instantaneously, because the sound velocity was changed with the mass ratio of oil to refrigerant. The separation efficiency of the separator could be obtained by comparing the mass fraction of oil to refrigerant before and after the separator was connected to the system.     

Determination of a Vapor Compression Refrigeration System Refrigerant Charge

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Performance of a triple-pressure-level absorption cycle with R125-N,N′-dimethylethylurea

In the developed triple-pressure-level (TPL) single stage absorption cycle, a specially designed jet ejector was introduced at the absorber inlet. The device served two major functions: it facilitated pressure recovery and improved the mixing between the weak solution and the refrigerant vapour coming from the evaporator. These effects enhanced the absorption of the refrigerant vapour into the solution drops. To facilitate the design of the jet ejector for such absorption machines, a numerical model of simultaneous heat-and-mass transfers between the liquid and the gas phases in the ejector was developed. The refrigerant pentafluoroethane (R125) and the absorbent N,N′-dimethylethylurea (DMEU) were used as the working fluid. A computerized simulation program was used to perform a parametric study of the TPL absorption cycle. The influence of the jet ejector on the performance of the TPL absorption cycle was evaluated, and the performance of the TPL absorption cycle was compared with that of a double-pressure level (DPL) cycle. Four cases were studied that represent the improvements in the TPL absorption cycle performances as a result of the incorporation of the jet ejector. The four cases are: the ability to reduce the circulation ratio f, the ability to lower the evaporator temperature, the ability to lower the generator temperature and the ability to use higher-temperature cooling water.