Accelerated ripening of Cheddar cheese at elevated temperatures

Blocks (20 kg) of Cheddar cheese from a single vat were obtained from a local factory. Half the cheeses were cooled rapidly (15 h) to ripening temperature (8, 12 or 16 °C) and half were cooled slowly over 8 days to the same ripening temperatures. Cheeses were ripened for 9 months at 7 different time/temperature combinations. Ripening temperature had little influence on the number of non-starter lactic acid bacteria in the cheeses after 9 months, although rapid cooling to and ripening at 8 °C drastically reduced the growth rate of these adventitious bacteria. Proteolysis (as determined by urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; increases in water-soluble N; increases in phosphotungstic acid-soluble N; Cd ninhydrin-reactive amino groups; and reverse-phase HPLC) and lipolysis were accelerated by increasing the ripening temperature and by slow cooling of the cheeses. The rate of ripening was increased or decreased by changing the temperature. Cheeses ripened at 16 °C generally received the highest flavour scores, particularly early during ripening. However, the texture of these cheeses deteriorated after prolonged ripening at 16 °C. Maturation at 12 °C was considered to be optimal for the commercial acceleration of Cheddar cheese ripening.     

Stability of the virulence plasmid in Yersinia enterocolitica at elevated temperatures

This report presents information about the stability of the Yersinia enterocolitica virulence plasmid at elevated temperatures. Though considerable variation existed in the heat resistance of five strains (representing four serotypes), exposure of the different plasmid-bearing virulent strains to temperatures of 45, 50 and 55°C did not cause the loss of the virulence plasmid from the surviving cells. Based on the crystal violet (CV) binding test, these surviving cells were still virulent.     

Inactivation of Clostridium botulinum type A spores by high-pressure processing at elevated temperatures

The effects of high-pressure treatments at various temperature-time combinations on the inactivation of spores of Clostridium botulinum type A strains 62-A and BS-A in phosphate buffer (0.067 M, pH 7.0) and in a crabmeat blend were investigated. The log unit reduction of strain 62-A spores increased significantly as the processing pressure increased from 417 to 827 MPa (from 60,000 to 120,000 lb/in2) at 75 degrees C. The reduction of BS-A and 62-A spores in either medium increased as processing temperatures increased from 60 to 75 degrees C and processing times increased from 5 to 15 or 20 min at a maximum pressure of 827 MPa. Approximately 2- and 3-log reductions of BS-A and 62-A spores, respectively, in phosphate buffer were obtained at the maximum pressure-maximum temperature combination of 827 MPa and 75 degrees C for a processing time of 20 min. Processing for 15 min at the maximum pressure-maximum temperature combination resulted in maximum reductions of 3.2 and 2.7 log units for BS-A and 62-A spores, respectively, in the crabmeat blend. Results obtained in this study indicate that the crabmeat blend did not protect BS-A and 62-A spores against inactivation by high-pressure processing.     

High-pressure destruction kinetics of Clostridium sporogenes spores in ground beef at elevated temperatures

High pressure (HP) is an alternative technique for thermal sterilization of foods with minimum quality loss. HP destruction kinetics of bacterial spores is essential to establishing sterilization process, but knowledge in this field is still very limited. In this study, destruction kinetics was investigated using Clostridium sporogenes PA 3679 (ATCC7955) spores in extra-lean ground beef (5 g each sealed in a sterile plastic bag). Duplicated samples were subjected to HP treatments at 700, 800 and 900 MPa in a HP system equipped with a Polyoxymethylene insulator to maintain constant temperatures at 80, 90 and 100 degrees C during pressure-holding time. The kinetic parameters of the spores (D- and Z-values) were evaluated at these pressures and temperatures. For the pressure from 700 to 900 MPa, D-values ranged from 15.8 to 7.0 and 1.5 to 0.63 min at 80 and 100 degrees C, respectively. The pressure resistance of Z(T)(P) value was 520-563 MPa at 80-100 degrees C. The temperature resistance of Z(P)(T) value was 19.1-19.7 degrees C at 700-900 MPa, much higher than that at atmospheric condition (12.4 degrees C). A regression model was generated which can be used to predict D-value or the death time of a minimum process under given pressure and temperature conditions. HP treatment with elevated temperatures can destroy bacterial spores with a shorter time or lower temperature than conventional thermal processing. This study provides useful information for the achievement of a safe HP sterilization process.     

Microbiological quality and safety of quahog clams, Mercenaria mercenaria, during refrigeration and at elevated storage temperatures

The effects of storage temperatures and times on the microbiological quality and safety of hard-shelled quahog clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) were examined. Samples were stored at four different incubation temperatures (3.3, 7.2, 10.0, and 12.8 degrees C) for a period of 3 weeks, following their harvest from summer growing waters (> or = 27 degrees C) and winter waters (< or = 4 degrees C). Clams were analyzed for two naturally occurring pathogens, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus. During the summer, V. parahaemolyticus was isolated from 56% of the stored samples, with the highest concentration, 6,100/g, occurring on day 12 at 12.8 degrees C. Also, during the summer, V. vulnificus was isolated from 11% of the stored samples, with the highest concentration of 1,500/g occurring on day 15 at 7.2 degrees C. No Vibrio spp. were detected during the winter. During summer storage, aerobic mesophilic counts on plate count agar (PCA) containing 2% NaCl ranged from 10(4) to 10(8) CFU/g, and during storage of the winter samples, aerobic mesophilic PCA (with added NaCl) counts ranged from <100 to 10(4) CFU/g. Comparatively, summer storage mesophilic counts on PCA containing no added NaCl ranged from <100 to 10(5) CFU/g, and for the winter samples the range was <100 to 10(2) CFU/g. Coliform and fecal coliform counts ranged from <0.3 to 61.1/g and <0.3 to 24.4/g, respectively. There was no statistical correlation between the length of storage or the temperature of incubation and the presence of V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, coliforms, or fecal coliforms. However, storage time and incubation temperature affected the PCA counts (P < or = 0.05) in quahog clams.     

茂名高岭土在不同煅烧温度下结构与性能分析

以广东茂名水洗高岭土为原料,采用XRD、IR和SEM测定其煅烧产品的结构及形态变化,分析煅烧产品的粒度分布及遮盖力性能在煅烧过程中的变化规律。结果表明：随着煅烧温度的升高,茂名水洗高岭土由晶态变成无定形态的偏高岭石,转变温度在650℃左右;在450～1050℃的温度范围内,随着煅烧温度的升高,粒度指标d10、d50和d90整体变大,750～850℃的温度范围内,粒度指标有减小趋势;450～550℃时,随着煅烧温度的升高,遮盖力下降,550～950℃时,随着温度的进一步升高,遮盖力升高。     

Water activity change at elevated temperatures and thermal resistance of Salmonella in all purpose wheat flour and peanut butter

Water activity (a_w) is a major factor affecting pathogen heat resistance in low-moisture foods. However, there is a lack of data for a_w at elevated temperatures that occur during actual thermal processing conditions, and its influence on thermal tolerance of pathogens. The objective of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of the relationship between temperature-induced changes in a_w and thermal resistance of Salmonella in all purpose flour and peanut butter at elevated temperatures (80 ^oC). Equilibrium water sorption isotherms (water content vs. water activity) for all purpose wheat flour and peanut butter over the range of 20 to 80 °C were generated using a vapor sorption analyzer and a newly developed thermal cell. The thermal resistance (D₈₀-values) of Salmonella in all purpose wheat flour and peanut butter with initial a_w of 0.45 (measured at room temperature, ~ 20 °C) was determined via isothermal treatment of small (< 1 g) samples. When increasing sample temperature from 20 to 80 °C in sealed cells, the a_w of all purpose flour increased from 0.45 to 0.80, but the a_w of peanut butter decreased from 0.45 to 0.04. The corresponding estimated D₈₀-values of Salmonella in all purpose flour and peanut butter with 20 ^oC a_w of 0.45 were 6.9 ± 0.7 min and 17.0 ± 0.9 min, respectively. The significantly (P < 0.05) higher D₈₀-value of Salmonella in peanut butter than in all purpose flour may be partially attributed to the reduced a_w in peanut butter in comparison to the increased a_w in all purpose flour at 80 °C. The improved understanding of temperature-induced changes in a_w of low-moisture products of different composition provides a new insight into seemly unpredictable results, when using heat treatments to control Salmonella in such food systems.     

不同喷雾干燥入口温度下鸡蛋清差异蛋白质组学分析

采用iTRAQ技术对蛋清蛋白进行鉴定和生物信息学分析,探讨蛋清蛋白在不同干燥入口温度(140,160,180℃)下差异蛋白质的分布、功能及作用机制。结果表明:与140℃对照组相比,在蛋清喷雾干燥过程中的两个温度点160,180℃分别鉴定出差异蛋白质41,46种(差异倍数>1.2,P<0.05)。GO功能注释分析了不同干燥入口温度的差异蛋白主要参与的生物过程为细胞过程、生物调节和结合作用。KEGG富集分析得出6个显著变化的蛋白被归类为代谢途径,显著变化的差异蛋白则在溶酶体途径中富集。此外,在差异蛋白中筛选出4种蛋白质在喷雾干燥过程中丰度变化显著,分别是卵白蛋白相关蛋白Y、卵白蛋白前体、卵类黏蛋白亚型X2及卵类黏蛋白亚型1前体。     

Thermal resistance of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Heidelberg, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 at elevated temperatures

A continuous-flow apparatus was developed to measure thermal resistance (D- and z-values) of microorganisms at temperatures above 65 degrees C. This apparatus was designed to test whether vegetative microorganisms exhibited unusually high thermal resistance that prevented them from being completely eliminated at temperatures applicable to vacuum-steam-vacuum processes (116 to 157 degrees C). The apparatus was composed of a high-pressure liquid chromatography pump, a heating unit, and a cooling unit. It was designed to measure small D-values (<1 s). Three randomly selected organisms, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Heidelberg, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 suspended in deionized water were tested in the continuous-flow apparatus at temperatures ranging from 60 to 80 degrees C. Studies showed that the D-values of these organisms ranged from 0.05 to 20 s. Heating at 80 degrees C was found to be basically the physical limit of the system. Experimental results showed that L. monocytogenes, Salmonella Heidelberg, and E. coli O157:H7 did not exhibit unusual heat resistance. The conditions used in the vacuum-steam-vacuum processes should have completely inactivated organisms such as L. monocytogenes, Salmonella Heidelberg, and E. coli O157:H7 if present on food surfaces. The complete destruction of bacteria during vacuum-steam-vacuum processes might not occur because the surface temperatures never reached those of the steam temperatures and because bacteria might be hidden beneath the surface and was thus never exposed to the destructive effects of the steam.     

生物柴油低温降凝研究进展

生物柴油凝点一般为0℃左右,其低温结晶和凝胶化限制生物柴油在天冷季节应用;生物柴油低温流动性能主要由生物柴油中饱和脂肪酸甲酯支链程度、含量及组成分布所决定。该文论述国内外在生物柴油低温降凝方面所进行探索,并对前人有关生物柴油降凝机理及降凝剂研究进展作简要评述。     

不同干燥温度对鹿茸菇品质及其抗氧化活性的比较分析

为探究不同热风干燥温度对鹿茸菇品质及抗氧化活性的影响,以新鲜的鹿茸菇为原料,对不同热风干燥温度获得的鹿茸菇的外观、复水率、总酚和黄酮含量进行检测,并考察了样品对DPPH、ABTS、羟自由基的清除能力。结果表明:随着干燥温度提高,鹿茸菇复水率呈现下降趋势,55~65℃干燥温度下,鹿茸菇子实体外观较好;总酚和黄酮含量分别在55℃、75℃达到最高值11.7mg/g、0.23mg/g;鹿茸菇干品中的ABTS和羟自由基清除率在60℃最高,其EC50分别为0.86mg/mL及2.20mg/mL。综合各项指标,热风干燥温度为60℃时,可以较好的保持鹿茸菇的色泽和抗氧化活性。     

不同干燥温度对鹿茸菇品质及其抗氧化活性的比较分析

为探究不同热风干燥温度对鹿茸菇品质及抗氧化活性的影响,以新鲜的鹿茸菇为原料,对不同热风干燥温度获得的鹿茸菇的外观、复水率、总酚和黄酮含量进行检测,并考察了样品对DPPH、ABTS、羟自由基的清除能力。结果表明:随着干燥温度提高,鹿茸菇复水率呈现下降趋势,55~65℃干燥温度下,鹿茸菇子实体外观较好;总酚和黄酮含量分别在55℃、75℃达到最高值11.7mg/g、0.23mg/g;鹿茸菇干品中的ABTS和羟自由基清除率在60℃最高,其EC50分别为0.86mg/mL及2.20mg/mL。综合各项指标,热风干燥温度为60℃时,可以较好的保持鹿茸菇的色泽和抗氧化活性。     

两种货架温度下葡萄品质分析

以无核寒香蜜葡萄为试材,采用固相微萃取技术及气相-质谱联用技术,研究两种货架温度(10℃、25℃)期间果实品质变化。结果表明,10℃货架温度延缓了果实硬度的下降,提高了可溶性固形物含量,显著(p0.05)降低了果实腐烂率、落粒率,有效控制了果实质量的损失与腐烂,延长了果实货架寿命。葡萄对照组、10℃货架3 d和25℃货架3 d果实中的醇类化合物相对含量均为最高,分别为73.59%、58.09%和78.43%,其中相对含量最高的物质为乙醇,说明引起果实芳香味的主要物质可能是乙醇。与对照组相比,10℃货架3 d果实中的醇类化合物相对含量减少,醛类化合物、酯类化合物相对含量增加;25℃货架3 d果实中的醇类化合物、醛类化合物相对含量增加,酯类化合物相对含量减少。     

两种货架温度下葡萄品质分析

以无核寒香蜜葡萄为试材,采用固相微萃取技术及气相-质谱联用技术,研究两种货架温度（10℃、25℃）期间果实品质变化。结果表明,10℃货架温度延缓了果实硬度的下降,提高了可溶性固形物含量,显著（p<0.05）降低了果实腐烂率、落粒率,有效控制了果实质量的损失与腐烂,延长了果实货架寿命。葡萄对照组、10℃货架3 d和25℃货架3 d果实中的醇类化合物相对含量均为最高,分别为73.59%、58.09%和78.43%,其中相对含量最高的物质为乙醇,说明引起果实芳香味的主要物质可能是乙醇。与对照组相比,10℃货架3 d果实中的醇类化合物相对含量减少,醛类化合物、酯类化合物相对含量增加;25℃货架3 d果实中的醇类化合物、醛类化合物相对含量增加,酯类化合物相对含量减少。      

Movement of Cryptolestes ferrugineus out of wheat kernels and their mortalities under elevated temperatures

The rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae), is a common pest in stored grain. The present study examined the time taken for larvae of C. ferrugineus to exit wheat kernels at 40–55 °C, stage-specific mortality at 40–60 °C, and whether a combination of heat and shaking could be used to control this pest. The average time larvae took to leave wheat kernels ranged from 130 min at 40 °C to 6 min at 55 °C. At 55 °C and 6 min exposure, 81 ± 2% of larvae exited the kernels, 10 ± 1% of larvae were alive inside kernels and 9 ± 2% were dead inside kernels. Under constant temperature of 55 °C, less than 5% of the larvae escaped in 2 min, but under the rising temperature of 40, 45, 50 and then to 55 °C, over 50% of the larvae escaped in 2 min at 55 °C. The time taken to reach 50 and 95% mortality was similar for all stages. Higher temperatures resulted in higher mortality in a shorter exposure time. The longest LT₉₅ for pupae was 6480, 293, 50 and 3.7 min at 45, 50, 55 and 60 °C, respectively. At 55 °C for 88 min, combined with shaking gave 88% control in a 100-g wheat bulk. Time needed to kill eggs and pupae were much longer than the time needed to force larvae out of kernels. Therefore, the combination of heat and shaking would only provide partial disinfestation of C. ferrugineus.     

典型冷链温度下南美白对虾品质劣变规律及 相关性分析

目的探究典型冷链贮藏温度下南美白对虾品质劣变规律及相关性。方法采用感官评价、仪器分析和理化分析的方法对南美白对虾在-23、0、5℃贮藏温度下的感官、色差、挥发性盐基总氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)含量进行分析与检测,并采用Pearson线性回归分析三者之间的相关性。结果 3种典型冷链贮藏温度下南美白对虾的感官品质变化差异显著,-23℃条件下感官评分一直处于8.0左右;0℃下感官评分在前3 d基本维持在7.0以上,之后快速下降,至第5 d时下降至4.0以下,失去商品价值;5℃条件仅在第1 d维持在7.0以上,第2 d时开始迅速下降。亮度值自贮藏第2 d起不同冷链温度下都有显著性差异(P0.05)。TVB-N值在-23℃条件下第9 d仍在20 mg/100 g以下,而0℃第3 d即发生显著升高(P0.05)。Pearson相关系数表明,TVB-N值与感官评分及亮度变化存在显著相关性。结论与理化检验法相比,感官评价结合色差测定的方法可准确、快速反映对虾鲜度,预测产品货架期。