数字全息显微系统的成像分辨率分析

根据成像理论和全息系统的点扩散函数,研究了数字全息显微系统的成像分辨率,给出了无预放大和有预放大情况下成像分辨率的表达式,指出了只有当CCD的成像分辨率等于或高于显微物镜(MO)的成像分辨率时,预放大数字全息系统的成像分辨率才取决于显微物镜的数值孔径(NA);反之,系统的成像分辨率则取决于CCD的数值孔径。采用无透镜傅里叶变换全息记录光路,对美国空军分辨率测试板进行了实验研究,结果表明再现像在水平和垂直方向的极限分辨率分别为3.91μm和4.38μm,与理论分析相吻合。对条纹物体进行了全息图的模拟记录和再现,结果与理论分析相一致。     

基于像面数字全息术的中药饮片细胞定量成像技术研究

细胞三维定量成像为中药饮片显微鉴别提供了新方法。为了提高数字全息显微成像质量,采用理论分析与实验验证相结合的方法,对球面参考光像面数字全息显微术的记录和再现过程进行了研究,提出了利用标准分辨率测试板对系统放大倍数、物距等参数进行标定的方法;并利用实验结果对两种常见的相位解包裹方法进行了对比。结果表明:球面参考光像面数字全息图不仅具有较高的信息容量,而且再现过程非常简单,还可以在记录过程中实时观察被记录样品的情况,并选择恰当的被记录区域。利用美国空军分辨率测试板的强度再现像就可以对全息成像系统的放大倍数等参数进行精确标定;利用基于横向剪切的最小二乘解包裹方法可以得到具有较大纵深细胞的准确相位;采取边缘识别技术,可以提高细胞再现像显示效果。     

基于迈克耳孙干涉仪的非相干数字全息显微成像

采用基于迈克耳孙干涉仪的非相干数字全息显微成像系统能够得到物体在非相干光照明下的全息图。对基于迈克耳孙干涉仪的非相干数字全息显微成像系统进行了理论和实验研究。利用标量衍射理论计算了该系统在记录过程中的点扩展函数,获得了系统横向放大率及重建距离的具体表达式。搭建了基于迈克耳孙干涉仪的非相干数字全息显微成像系统的实验光路,利用CCD记录全息图,用广义相移数字全息干涉术去除孪生像与零级像,并用角谱算法得到了清晰的重建像。实现了分辨率板和洋葱表皮细胞等样品的非相干全息显微成像,验证了该系统的可行性。分辨率板的成像实验表明,该系统的横向分辨率可达512lp/mm。微米洁面刷软毛的成像实验表明,该系统具有呈现物体三维结构的特性。     

太赫兹Gabor同轴数字全息记录距离实验研究

太赫兹Gabor同轴数字全息系统具有分辨率高和结构紧凑等特点,有潜在的应用前景。由于其系统横向分辨率与记录距离有关,因此研究实际成像系统中记录距离对成像结果的影响具有重要的应用价值。利用自制的分辨率分别为0.4mm和0.6mm的目标,进行了不同记录距离的2.52THz Gabor同轴全息成像实验,并通过角谱法实现数字再现。对再现像进行了对比分析,实验结果接近横向分辨率随记录距离变化的理论计算结果。     

无透镜傅里叶变换数字全息术的特点分析和讨论

利用传统全息的理论 ,分析了无透镜傅里叶变换数字全息记录和再现的方法及其相应的物像关系、记录系统结构参数对再现像分辨率的影响 ,并进行相应的实验验证。理论分析和实验结果都表明 :无透镜傅里叶变换全息术 ,不仅降低了数字全息对记录采样的要求 ,而且使再现像分辨率得到较大的提高。同时 ,在保证再现像分离的前提下 ,通过增大记录系统的数值孔径 (缩短记录物体到CCD和参考点源的距离 ) ,可以实现数字全息再现像分辨率的提高     

改善数字全息显微术分辨率的几种方法

从理论和实验上研究了数字全息显微术的分辨率问题。通过分析几种不同数字全息记录光路对记录介质空间分辨率的要求表明,无透镜傅里叶变换全息光路对CCD的空间分辨率要求最低,最能充分利用CCD的带宽;再现像面的空间分辨率在不同方向上的不一致,会导致再现像在空间分辨率高的方向上相对展宽,而在空间分辨率低的方向上相对压缩;再现像的横向分辨率主要由CCD所能记录的物体的最高空间频率决定,它随CCD的尺寸和空间分辨率的提高及记录距离D的减小而提高。给出了消除再现像畸变的方法及实验结果,并提出了3种改善横向分辨率的方法。     

自干涉非相干全息成像系统分辨率

基于拉格朗日不变量法则,与经典光学成像系统分辨率对照,分别对自干涉非相干数字全息(SIDH)成像系统的横向以及轴向分辨率展开讨论。通过系统放大率及点扩展函数半峰全宽的计算,从理论上给出系统横向和轴向分辨率,以及系统分辨本领判断准则的具体数学表达式。并与经典光学成像系统对比,指出当全息记录面位于来自物光点的两束球面光波光斑的完全重合处时,自干涉非相干全息成像系统的横向超分辨率提高了一倍。引入压缩感知数值重构算法改善系统轴向分辨率,并给出相应的数值模拟及实验结果。研究结果对自干涉非相干数字全息术在成像、测量以及光路设计方面具有重要的指导意义。     

非相干同轴数字全息显微成像研究

采用非相干光作 为光源,空间 光调制器(SLM)和CCD组成非相干干涉仪作为全息记录模块,结合物镜搭建了非相干同轴数 字全息显微成像 系统。采用该系统对分辨率板成像,实现了512lp/mm的空间分辨率 ,并对系统放大率进行了标定。用草本 植物茎横切细胞作为测试样品,完成了生物细胞显微观察实验,将数字全息显微术的应用范 围从相干光扩展到了非相干光领域,推进非相干数字全息显微术的应用研究。     

反射式同轴非相干数字全息显微成像系统研究

当前,数字全息显微主要采用相干性好的激光作为光源,对设备及环境条件要求较高,且会在全息图中引入大量的散斑噪声和寄生干涉条纹。基于非相干光照明下的数字全息可以很好地解决以上问题。采用非相干光作为光源,空间光调制器和CCD组成非相干干涉仪作为全息记录模块,从波动光学角度分析了该模块的记录及再现原理,给出了系统的点扩展函数、横向放大率和再现距离。采用该模块结合物镜搭建了反射式同轴非相干数字全息显微成像系统。利用该系统对分辨率板成像,获得与传统宽场光学显微镜相当的空间分辨率。对300~500μm单颗粒金刚钻进行全息拍摄,在不同平面实现了数字聚焦。结果表明,该系统可以快速获取微小物体的三维空间信息,在医学检测、材料分析等领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

复杂物体离轴-同轴复合数字全息高分辨率成像

当被测物体不满足稀疏条件时,传统同轴数字全息相位恢复方法无法消除共轭像的干扰,也无法获得正确的相位重建结果;而离轴数字全息受最小记录距离的限制分辨率较低。为此,提出了一种将离轴和同轴数字全息相结合的复合数字全息成像方法。该方法只需记录一幅离轴全息图和一幅同轴全息图;采用约束最优化算法从离轴全息图中得到记录平面内物光波的近似相位分布;将此相位信息与同轴全息图的强度信息合成记录面内物光波复振幅的初始值;再利用迭代算法实现物体强度像和相位像的高分辨率重建,该方法的理论分辨率与图像传感器的分辨率相同。实验结果表明,该方法可以充分利用图像传感器的空间带宽积,能在对复杂物体成像时消除共轭像,实现大视场、高分辨率数字全息成像,实验成像分辨率接近理论分辨率。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks