横管降膜蒸发-凝结回热循环太阳能海水淡化装置实验研究

基于横管降膜蒸发-凝结机理，设计了带有回热循环的太阳能海水淡化装置，并对其进行了试验研究。结果表明，横管降膜蒸发-凝结大大强化了传热、传质过程，在较低的驱动温度下实现了海水的有效蒸发，从而缩短了装置的瞬态运行时间；回热循环吸收了大部分的水蒸气潜热及浓海水显热，大大提高了系统能量的利用率，对于太阳能等低品位能的利用具有重要的意义。     

分离式热管管内凝结换热的研究

在1:1模型上对分离式热管管内换热特性及不凝结气体扩散规律和对凝结换热的影响进行了试验,得出分离式热管换热器有一最佳充液率,其值为40%左右,凝结换热系数随着蒸汽压力的增加略有降低,在本实验的压力范围内,降低了9.3%。不凝结气体对分离式热管的凝结换热仅影响冷凝段下部一小部分,通过排气阀排出不凝性气体可有效地改善冷凝段下部的凝结换热,随着压力的增加不凝结气体对分离式热管冷凝段的影响减小。     

超声速气体流动的凝结现象研究综述

超声速气体流动的凝结是一个非常普遍的现象。气体转变为液体的凝结过程,伴随着凝结潜热的释放,急剧改变了流场的热力学性质,流场的改变直接影响了设备的运行状态如汽轮机运行效率降低、风洞偏离设计参数等。本文对超声速气体流动的凝结现象进行了简单的分析,对研究的历史和现状进行了总结．介绍了凝结成核理论、液滴增长模型和相关实验,并对下一步的研究进行了展望。     

基于层流边界层理论的单组分液体蒸发速率的预测

对单组分液体蒸发模型的研究进展进行了总结。根据层流边界层理论和分子扩散理论,建立了层流环境下单组分液体蒸发的数学模型,并进行了风洞蒸发实验。将实验结果同新建模型的预测结果以及常用蒸发模型的预测结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,新建模型的预测结果与实验结果的偏差为33.5%,预测精度仅次于M ackay&M atsugu模型、NIOH-1模型和SUBTEC模型。在较低风速内,随着风速的增加,新建模型的预测精度逐渐增加;随着蒸发液体挥发性能的减弱,新建模型的预测精度增加。     

蒸发段和冷凝段变化对重力热管性能的影响

以铜-水重力热管为对象,研究了热管蒸发段和冷凝段的长度及位置等应用条件改变对重力热管传热性能的影响,实验输入功率范围为40~160 W。对比不同应用条件下热管的蒸发段温度、当量热阻、蒸发段和冷凝段分别与绝热段之间温差的变化规律得出结论：蒸发段和冷凝段长度及位置的改变能够影响重力热管的传热性能。冷凝段适当下移能使热管热阻减小,冷凝段和绝热段温差降低,蒸发段温度降低,热管传热性能改善,而冷凝段长度减小会对传热性能产生不利影响;加热段适当向冷凝端方向移动有利于热管的传热性能提升,蒸发段长度的减小对热管传热产生不利影响,实际应用中应避免。     

分离式热管倾斜布置蒸发管流动特性的试验研究

采用加热石英玻璃管模拟分离式热管倾斜布置蒸发段,通过可视化试验和壁温侧量,对蒸发段工质的流型进行了观测和分析,发现在蒸发段前部存在一种脉冲对流的流动状态,分析了其流动特点;着重研究了倾斜角度、充液量和热流密度对流动规律的影响;由试验数据回归整理了相应的合理充液率关系式,与试验数据吻合较好,并与垂直蒸发段的流动特性进行了比较。     

动力型热管内R134a流动凝结传热过程的特性

针对动力型热管内流动凝结传热过程中的特性复杂未知,搭建了动力型热管冷凝特性测试实验台。对不同流量及干度下的R134a管内流动凝结过程中的压降特性和传热特性进行了实验研究,实验结果表明：压降随着管内工质质量流量和气体干度的增加而增加,与文献中3种不同压降模型进行了比较,得出Muller-Steinhagen-Heck模型能更好地预测管内流动凝结过程中的压降特性。传热系数随着管内工质质量流量和气体干度的增加而增加,并且低干度区的增长斜率要明显大于高干度区的增长斜率,与文献中4种不同传热模型进行了比较,得出Chen模型能更好地预测管内流动凝结过程中的传热特性。该研究为泵的选择、换热器的设计、系统的优化以及两相流凝结相变过程的研究提供了理论参考。     

折弯异型对铜-水热管传热性能影响的实验研究

为了研究异型对于热管性能的影响,对三支铜-水热管进行了实验研究。加热温度范围为50~90℃,冷却水流量范围为40~104 L/h,对比不同工况下的启动性能、等温性能,结果表明,异型管在加热温度较低时可能出现“温度滞后”现象,从而使启动时间显著增加;异型使得热管等温性能变差但仍在可接受的范围内。对不同应用条件下的最大传热功率、蒸发段传热热阻、整体热阻进行了研究,实验表明：加热温度较低时,异型对于最大传热功率及传热热阻的影响较大,当加热温度大于80℃时,异型管与直管之间最大传热功率的差值缩小到30%以内,且此时的传热热阻达到10^-2量级水平。     

尿素缩二脲的降低及蒸发工段热煮方案探讨

介绍尿素质量的国家标准和产品中缩二脲的生成机理,影响因素,降低的措施以及蒸发系统热煮方案的探讨。     

锡-铅镀层铅凝结是否产生晶须的探讨

本文通过锡-铅镀层铅凝结现象,查找有关电镀理论,收集国内外锡-铅镀层电镜扫描图分析,探讨锡-铅镀层铅凝结是否产生晶须问题。     

Boundary layer model for char combustion and gasification

A non-steady boundary layer model is developed for numerical simulation of combustion and gasification of a single shrinking char particle. The model considers mass and energy conservation coupled with heterogeneous char reactions producing CO and homogeneous oxidation of CO to CO₂ in the boundary layer surrounding the char particle. Mass conservation includes accumulation, molecular diffusion, Stefan flow and generation by chemical reaction. Energy conservation includes radiation transfer at the particle surface and heat accumulation within the particle. Simulation results predict experimentally measured conversion and temperature profiles of a burning Spherocarb particle in a laminar flow reactor. Effects of bulk oxygen concentration and particle size on the combustion process are addressed. Predicted particle temperature is significantly affected by boundary layer combustion of CO to CO₂. With increasing particle size, char gasification to char combustion ratio increases, resulting in decreasing particle temperature and increasing peak boundary layer temperature.     

Boundary layer flow of nanofluid over an exponentially stretching surface

The steady boundary layer flow of nanofluid over an exponential stretching surface is investigated analytically. The transport equations include the effects of Brownian motion parameter and thermophoresis parameter. The highly nonlinear coupled partial differential equations are simplified with the help of suitable similarity transformations. The reduced equations are then solved analytically with the help of homotopy analysis method (HAM). The convergence of HAM solutions are obtained by plotting h-curve. The expressions for velocity, temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction are computed for some values of the parameters namely, suction injection parameter α, Lewis number Le, the Brownian motion parameter Nb and thermophoresis parameter Nt.     

Characteristics of the boundary layer with hydrogen combustion with variations of thermal conditions on a permeable wall

The paper describes a numerical study of the influence of thermal and boundary conditions on the structure of laminar and turbulent diffusion flames in the cases with hydrogen injection through a porous surface and with hydrogen combustion in an air flow. Two types of boundary conditions are compared: with a given constant temperature T _w = const over the length of the porous surface for arbitrary intensities of fuel injection and with a constant temperature T′ = const of the fuel injected through the porous wall. The first case occurs during combustion of a liquid fuel whose burning surface temperature remains unchanged. Injection of gaseous fuel usually leads to the second case with T′ = const. Despite significant differences in velocity and temperature profiles, the skin friction coefficients in the laminar flow are close to each other in these two regimes. In the turbulent regime, the effect of the thermal boundary conditions on friction and heat transfer is more pronounced. Moreover, the heat flux to the wall as a function of fuel-injection intensity is characterized by a clearly expressed maximum. A principal difference of the effect of combustion on friction and heat transfer in the laminar and turbulent flow regimes is demonstrated. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 3–11, May–June, 2009.     

振荡热管的热阻变化规律及烧干特性

振荡热管作为高效传热元件,在解决微小空间而热通量较高的元器件散热方面具有独特的优势。虽然振荡热管结构简单,但其内部运行规律多变复杂,目前还处于探索研究阶段。通过对实验结果的分析,得到随加热功率和充液率改变振荡热管的热阻变化规律,探讨了不同工况所对应的传热机理;同时还对振荡热管的烧干特性进行了分析和研究。所做工作为建立振荡热管理论模型、认识其传热规律提供参考。     

Effects of radiation and heat source/sink on unsteady MHD boundary layer flow and heat transfer over a shrinking sheet with suction/injection

In this paper, an investigation is made to study the effects of radiation and heat source/sink on the unsteady boundary layer flow and heat transfer past a shrinking sheet with suction/injection. The flow is permeated by an externally applied magnetic field normal to the plane of flow. The self-similar equations corresponding to the velocity and temperature fields are obtained, and then solved numerically by finite difference method using quasilinearization technique. The study reveals that the momentum boundary layer thickness increases with increasing unsteadiness and decreases with magnetic field. The thermal boundary layer thickness decreases with Prandtl number, radiation parameter and heat sink parameter, but it increases with heat source parameter. Moreover, increasing unsteadiness, magnetic field strength, radiation and heat sink strength boost the heat transfer.     

基于热管技术的锂离子动力电池热管理系统研究进展

近年来,锂离子动力型电动汽车炙手可热,但它的广泛应用还受限于电池性能、寿命及使用安全等问题。锂离子电池在25～40℃内可高效安全运行,这就需要配备高效的热管理系统以保障整车安全。本文针对锂离子电池,主要综述了包括风冷、液冷、相变材料冷却和热管冷却等热管理技术的研究进展。通过分析研究发现,目前应用的热管理技术不仅在极端条件下冷却能力不足,而且存在结构复杂、体积及质量过大等缺点,既增加了电池的额外能耗,也与汽车轻量化的发展方向相悖。针对于此,本文提出开发超薄型热管的冷却技术,并认为热管和相变材料耦合的热管理技术将有效解决锂离子电池的散热与蓄热问题。     

Momentum/heat transfer analogy for drag reducing fluids during turbulent boundary layer flow with small pressure gradients

There have been many attempts in the literature to develop analogies for momentum, heat and mass transfer to drag reducing fluids; however, none have considered the presence of a pressure gradient when formulating the analogies. In the present work, a momentum/heat transfer analogy has been developed under the influence of small pressure gradient for drag reducing fluids using the Nakayama et al. (1984) solution methodology for Newtonian fluids. The results of the present analysis have been found to compare well with existing theoretical expressions.     

介孔复合材料内界面热阻及热导率

界面广泛存在于复合材料中,对介孔复合材料热物性起着决定性的影响,研究界面的导热特性对于认识和理解介孔复合材料的导热机制十分重要。利用非平衡的分子动力学模拟方法计算介孔复合材料中基材与填充物间的界面热阻,考察界面热阻随温度、材料质量差异的变化,进一步用界面热阻修正介孔复合材料的有效热导率。结果表明,界面热阻的数量级为10^-11m²·K·W^-1,并随温度升高逐渐降低。界面两端材料质量差异越大,界面热阻越高。可通过减小孔径、减小纳米线长度、增大纳米线间距、降低纳米线填充率来降低介孔复合材料的有效热导率。界面热阻能降低材料的有效热导率。孔径越小、纳米线间距越小、纳米线长度越长、填充率越高,界面热阻降低热导率效果越显著。     

振荡热管当量导热系数的理论推导与分析

把振荡热管模型简化为由管壳、液膜和振荡液塞3部分组成的具有高导热系数的复合材料。给出了振荡热管的径向和轴向当量导热系数;并从理论上推导出了振荡液塞当量导热系数的定性表达式,该导热系数与液塞的振荡频率和振荡幅度成正比;最后根据试验结果分析了热流密度、充液率和倾角等因素对当量导热系数的影响,即随着热流密度和充液率的增加,当量导热系数先增后减,倾角对当量导热系数的影响与通道弯数有关。     

水冷壁气化炉紧急停车渣层热应力分析

基于实验室小型水冷壁气流床气化炉,研究了两种油渣浆气化后在炉内壁形成渣层的内部结构及组成。建立了气化炉水冷壁的三维传热和应力模型,对气化炉紧急停车时炉壁的热应力变化及其分布进行了模拟计算。计算结果表明：渣层中越靠近渣层表面,热应力的变化越大;靠近水冷管和渣钉处的渣层热应力变化相对较小;渣层表面温度变化相同时,孔隙率大的渣层产生的形变较大。