反应堆安全保护系统综合逻辑电路可靠性比较

一、引言反应堆安全保护系统是确保反应堆安全运行的重要系统,一般由反应堆保护参数测量通道、通道综合逻辑单元和停堆继电器(或断路器)接点综合逻辑单元组成.合理设计反应堆保护系统的通道综合逻辑和停堆继电器接点综合逻辑对提高核电站运行的安全性和经济性有重大的现实意义.本文从可靠性角度对三种类型的反应堆保护进行分析比较,可供反应堆安全保护系统设计参考.为了简化定量计算工作量,作下列假定:     

秦山三期CANDU核电厂的控制系统

秦山三期ＣＡＤＮＵ核电厂全厂控制系统使用双重冗余数字计算机，自动完成监测，控制、运行信息管理和诊断等功能。采用变量数字控制算法实现对反应堆功率，蒸汽发生器液位和压力。热传输系统压力和装置。慢化剂温度、汽轮机负荷和转速、发电机功率输出以及不停堆换料的控制，保证电厂安全，经济地运行。     

某快堆工程反应堆保护系统多样性改造分析

核安全法规HAF102要求,反应堆停堆手段必须由至少两个多样化且独立的系统组成。由于钠冷快堆的特殊性,在反应性控制方面只有控制棒控制这一种手段。针对此要求并综合考虑经济性、工程可行性等方面因素,某快堆工程反应堆保护系统设置了2套停堆保护系统以及1套非能动棒停堆装置。本文针对该保护系统的架构特点,考虑传感器多样性、停堆保护控制系统多样性、停堆断路器多样性三个方面,从必要性和可行性及经济性的角度分析,提出反应堆保护系统的多样性改造方向。     

WWER型核电机组反应堆停堆保护系统设计优化与改造

在进行核电机组反应堆停堆保护系统定期试验时,需依次将停堆断路器实体断开,此类定期试验风险较大,国内外运行的核电机组多次发生在反应堆停堆保护系统定期试验过程中由于设备故障导致非计划停堆的事件,造成了较大的经济损失.论文介绍了某WWER核电机组反应堆停堆保护系统设计优化方案及改造的实践成果.     

数字化安全级DCS紧急停堆系统共因失效分析

以2oo3架构数字化安全级分布式控制系统（DCS）紧急停堆系统为研究对象,采用Markov方法对其建立可靠性模型,分别计算并对比了考虑共因失效和不考虑共因失效2种情况下紧急停堆系统的拒动概率,同时对系统拒动概率相对于共因失效因子变化的敏感性进行了重点分析。结果表明,拒动概率随着共因失效因子的增加而变大,因此,在系统设计中需采取有效措施对冗余系统的共因失效进行控制,降低共因失效因子,从而提高紧急停堆系统的可靠性。      

TXS平台反应堆保护系统A1通道停堆断路器跳闸故障分析及处理

秦一厂反应堆保护系统是基于TXS平台的数字化系统,其安全可靠性直接关系到核电厂的安全稳定运行.本文描述了秦一厂在功率运行期间反应堆保护系统A1通道停堆断路器跳闸的故障现象、原因分析、故障处理以及后续行动,使反应堆保护系统的此类故障率降低,维护系统的稳定性.     

游泳池反应堆控制保护系统安全整治

“游泳池反应堆控制保护系统安全整治工程”应用现代测控技术,严格遵照核安全法规标准进行设计、制造、安装、调试,建成了一个先进的试验堆控制保护系统。新系统增设和完善了保护变量与保护设备;监测装置的灵敏度提高了1～2个量级;停堆状况下有5个独立的监测装置同时指示堆功率,稳定性与抗干扰性能好。全新的自动功率调节系统不仅品质优良,且自动工作的量程下限由千瓦级扩展到十瓦量级,提高了运行安全与灵活性;增设UPS不间断电源作系统安全电源,保证可靠停堆与在反应堆失去全部电源情况下指示堆功率。二年多良好的运行工况证明了整治的成功。该项目是我国试验研究堆控制保护系统全面整治的首例,其成功对其他堆整治与新堆的设计运行有重要的参考价值。     

基于FM353的控制棒试验台架控制系统的应用研究

控制棒控制反应堆的启动、停止与承担功率调节的作用,而在TMSR(钍基熔盐堆核能系统)的固态实验堆中,功率调节主要由控制棒对反应性的调节来实现。所以,控制棒运行的精确性,响应的快速性,控制的可靠性等均是设计控制棒驱动机构(CRDM)控制系统的重要考虑因素。基于控制系统的数字化与智能化趋势,TMSR熔盐堆控制棒试验台架中的CRDM控制系统采用基于西门子冗余CPU结合智能步进电机控制器FM353构成的双冗余双通道的分布式控制系统。其控制的多样性,智能化及可靠性均能很好的符合堆控制系统对安全性及扩展性的考虑。     

大型钠冷快堆1E级DCS的紧急停堆系统可靠性计算分析与评价

国产1E级分布式控制系统(DCS)首次应用于大型钠冷快堆,其可靠性对反应堆的安全至关重要.针对大型钠冷快堆,采用独立于设计方马尔可夫分析法的故障树分析方法,选择保护系统中紧急停堆系统的拒动概率进行审评复核计算,建立故障树可靠性计算分析模型进行计算,并与设计方提供的可靠性计算结果比较分析.结果表明,1E级DCS保护系统中...     

岭澳核电站3,4号机组反应堆保护系统概率安全评价结果校算

为了评估数字化仪表控制系统对核电厂安全的影响,以电厂停堆系统和专设安全设施驱动系统为例,参考西门子公司提供的故障树逻辑,对主泵流量低及功率量程中子通量高于整定值停堆故障和蒸汽发生器(SG)低-低水位和同一SG中主给水流量低故障进行了概率安全分析.分析中分别采用西门子公司提供的输入数据及通过失效率、试验时间以及β因子方法计算得到的数据,对西门子的分析结果进行了校算,在主要割集和失效概率上得到更为真实的结果.结果表明,考虑2种多样性的反应堆保护系统停堆I&C功能需求失效概率均值为5.5×10~(-8),符合分布式控制系统(DCS)合同中确定的可靠性目标值(1.0×10~(-7))和辅助给水电动泵驱动信号功能需求失效概率均值(5.21×10~(-6)与8.32×10~(-6)),也符合DCS合同中确定的可靠性目标值(1.0×10~(-5)).     

Computer Control System for Sodium Test Loops

A digital computer system was developed for automatic operation of the Toshiba Sodium Test Loops, intended for studying the control system of liquid metal fast breeder reactors.

The test installation is controlled by a system of two TOSBAC-40C central processing units, which take care of plant monitoring, data logging, information display, sequence control and closed loop control. The operator console linked to the computers can handle more than 3,000 process input/output signals. The state of the plant and measured data are displayed on two color cathode-ray tube installed on the console. Normal operation of the four loops constituting the installation can be supervised by one single operator.

Safety in the case of power failure and other emergencies is assured by a safety protection system that functions independently of the computer system.     

Finite elements as an integrated part of computer-aided-engineering (CAE)

The prerequisites for software will be demonstrated using a standard interface for embedding FEM in a CAE system. The realization of a powerful system concept with workstations and personal computers tied to host computers will be presented together with colour graphic terminals for result display.As a standard interface the usage of IGES for the transfer of geometrical data from the CAD system to the FEM preprocessor will be discussed along with the possibilities of usage for new designs and variations for 2D and 3D tasks.In the sectors of pre- and postprocessors a proposal for standardizing the interfaces Pre/FEM, FEM/Post as well as FEM/FEM will be presented (working title FEDIS). The entire problematics will be illustrated by practical examples from mechanical industry and plant design.     

Digital Computers in Candu Safety Systems Part I History and Concepts

For many years, digital computers have been used in CANDU (CANada Deuterium Uranium) reactors for direct digital control as well as control room functions such as alarm annunciation, data logging and the display of operating data on the control panels. However, until recently computers were not used in the special safety systems. This paper examines the increasing role computers are playing in CANDU safety systems, especially the two shutdown systems. The reasons for this strong trend toward increased use of computers are outlined and recent designs are described, with special emphasis on system concepts. A companion paper (Part II) describes implementation details for the safety system computer applications and summarizes the experience gained so far during development and operation of these systems.     

核动力控制系统连续仿真和离散仿真的研究

分别采用连续时间模型和离散时间模型对一个试验重水反应堆的功率控制系统进行仿真研究,并阐述了如何利用仿真工具分析和改善系统的固有缺陷,使之达到希望的控制效果。     

A Control System of the Heavy Ion Synchrotron in the Project of the Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility

Some problems of designing a control system of the heavy ion synchrotron in the project of the heavy ion acceleration facility are considered. The system includes approximately 200 dynamics and 1070 static inputs, and measures beam profiles in 1500 and control 176 points. Information flows have been calculated, organization of the control system of HIS and evaluation of its reliability have been made. The distribution control principle is used. The main structure unit is a microcomputer coupled to a CAMAC crate. The control system contains in total 5 computers, 17 microcomputers and 32 crates.     

A Time-Optimal,On-Off,Program for the NRU Reactor Digital Computer Control Experiment

Methods by which we can control flux tilts and maintain constant overall power of a high flux research reactor (NRU) using digital computer control are described. From coolant water temperature signals, the digital computers detect overall power deviation caused by flux tilts and control the reference setting to the analog neutron flux control system.

First, according to sampled-data control theory and with linear approximation, a control program which is repeated regularly with fixed period is obtained mainly from time domain synthesis.

Second, methods for computer time saving are studied, since the computers are time-shared amongst various tasks. One method is to change the constant period of control calculation to being dependent on system error. Actually an On-Off sampling scheme is used for this purpose. The other method is, in addition to the former, to change control calculation itself. A Time Optimal Control is applied to our control program.

These control programs were designed, programmed, and then tested for the NRU simulator system. The results showed that considerable computer time was saved by the proposed methods.     

人机交互软件包

人机交互软件包（ＭＭＩＳＰ）是用于生成浦项同步光源ＰＬＳ－ＩＭ－６０ＭｅＶ电子直线加速器控制台软件。ＰＬＳ－６０ＭｅＶ电子直线加速器的控制系统系分布式结构，包括主计算机（Ｉｎｔｅｌ３１０），四个智能本地站和两台工业级控制台计算机。ＭＭＩＳＰ软件包提供各种显示页面编辑和各种Ｉ／Ｏ量的配置，例如状态信号输入输出，模拟量信号输入输出，波形和视频图像显示；操作员可以通过图形显示页面、语音说明、智能触摸屏及     

Some Aspects of CAMAC Software

Since most CAMAC systems include computers, the generation and maintenance of computer programs may represent a substantial fraction of the effort involved in assembling a CAMAC system. The effort involved can be reduced if standard software can be used, but the generality of the hardware and the variety of computers and interfaces make the production of efficient, general software difficult. Some of the problems and some general approaches to them are discussed below. The NIM Software Working Group has been working on a set of FORTRAN subroutines for use with CAMAC systems. Though the effort is incomplete, it has reached a stage where its implementation is feasible and will prove useful. The working group has therefore concluded that it should be published in this tutorial issue to make it available to prospective users.