基于时间动态模型的上海城市土地可持续利用

随着中国土地市场化改革的深入,城市土地发生"资源一资产一资本"的转变,城市发展对土地资源的需求迅速膨胀.城市规划作为控制、引导城市空间发展的重要手段,是实现土地可持续利用的重要保障.土地可持续利用模型作为土地利用开发、评价与规划的辅助工具,能协助城市寻找有效利用土地资源的途径,防止过度地消耗土地资源.     

博弈论视角下的武汉市城市空间形态引导策略研究

20世纪90年代以来,土地开发的市场运作机制对城市空间演变的影响越来越显著。在这一过程中,引入其他学科相关理论,如现代经济学中的博弈论,来分析土地开发模式,能为新时期的城市规划对空间形态的引导提供创新思路。在总结武汉市实行土地有偿使用制度(1992年)以来城市空间发展特征的基础上,通过引入博弈论,分析政府主体、经济主体和社会主体的利益诉求及博弈关系,提出应对未来城市空间发展的引导策略:提倡政府以发展公共事务为主,逐步建立独立公平的经济运行体系,引导社会群体科学有效地参与城市规划。     

中国城市土地开发及其供给问题研究

总结了改革开放以来中国城市土地开发的主要特征 ,分析了中国城市建设用地需求及其供给中存在的城镇建设占用耕地 ;城市土地利用粗放、土地利用率低 ;城市土地市场行为不规范 ,土地供给总量控制困难 ;城市规划依据不充分 ,土地制度欠完善等问题。提出建立科学完善的城市土地供给调控体系的对策包括 :实施城市发展战略 ,加强城乡土地统一管理 ;提高城市规划水平 ,实行严格的土地用途管制 ;建立城镇土地储备机制 ,形成城市土地供给的良性循环 ;消除城市土地闲置现象 ,挖掘城市土地利用潜力。     

城市如何协调发展

<正>在当前我国城市化进程快速推进的过程中,城市规划与房地产开发之间并非是理论上的协调发展,一方面房地产开发速度过快,过度开发、破坏性开发等现象存在;另一方面城市规划则滞后于城市房地产的发展,严重影响了政府对城市发展的宏观控制力。要实现两者"亲切握手",城市规划应具有前瞻性,房地产开发应按城市规划的指导而进行。城市规划是城市发展的目标和城市建设的依据,房地产开发则是城市发展目标的实施过程。     

紧凑城市理念及其在中国城市规划中的应用

紧凑城市是针对城市无序蔓延发展而提出来的城市可持续发展理念。紧凑城市的形态取决于城市中人口和建筑的密度,强调土地混合使用和密集开发的策略,主张人们居住在更靠近工作地点和日常生活所必须的服务设施的地方,是一种基于土地资源高效利用和城市精致发展的新思维,具体体现在三个方面：功能紧凑、规模紧凑和结构紧凑。在中国,紧凑城市理念在城市规划中的应用主要体现在节约和集约利用土地资源、集中布局城市功能要素、加强城市空间增长管理、促进城市土地的高密度、混合利用、加强城市规划管理等。     

利益博弈视角下的城市土地再开发与规划调控策略

在我国城市化进程不断加快的背景下,土地资源作为城市发展的空间基础已经趋紧,面向存量建设用地的城市土地再开发逐渐成为地方政府解决土地资源紧缺的重要途径,但由此引发的土地空间利益冲突问题也日益突出,城市规划作为调控城市空间资源的重要公共政策,应更有效地发挥平衡各方利益的职能。研究从利益博弈的视角重新审视城市土地再开发中利益主体行为范式以及相互之间的冲突焦点,剖析规划调控中存在的公众参与泛化、再开发路径单一、土地开发机制束缚等问题,重点从规划的组织、运作与管理等层面提出有针对性的规划调控策略。     

紧凑城市理念及其在中国城市规划中的应用

紧凑城市是针对城市无序蔓延发展而提出来的城市可持续发展理念.紧凑城市的形态取决于城市中人口和建筑的密度,强调土地混合使用和密集开发的策略,主张人们居住在更靠近工作地点和日常生活所必须的服务设施的地方,是一种基于土地资源高效利用和城市精致发展的新思维,具体体现在三个方面:功能紧凑、规模紧凑和结构紧凑.在中国,紧凑城市理念在城市规划中的应用主要体现在节约和集约利用土地资源、集中布局城市功能要素、加强城市空间增长管理、促进城市土地的高密度、混合利用、加强城市规划管理等.     

从城市规划的发展透视与房地产开发的关系

城市规划是通过城市空间布局、空间发展的合理组织,创造良好的城市生活和生产环境,满足社会经济发展需要的技术手段。房地产开发是把多种原材料组合在一起,为人们提供各种用途建筑物的活动,是一个土地开发,或把土地转变成房屋的过程。从某种程度上说,这两者是城市建设的不同阶段,其共同目的是为城市服务、创造良好的生活和生产环境,以满足人们需要。城市规划是一个城市房地产开发的“龙头”,它指导和制约着城市房地产开发,而城市规划所绘制的城市发展蓝图部分要依靠房地产开发来实现,并针对开发过程中出现的新情况而作出调整和补充,两者关系密不可分。     

注册制度在城市规划管理中的实践与探索

城市规划是城市发展和建设的依据,是政府调控城市空间资源、协调各种利益关系的重要手段,是促进国民经济和社会事业健康发展的重要保证。实行注册城市规划师制度．是提高城市规划工作者素质,加强和规范城市规划管理工作的重要举措。近年来,哈尔滨市城市规划局尝试推行注册城市规划师制度,不断加强注册城市规划师的培养．使用和管理．充分调动和发挥注册城市规划师的专业技术优势,     

基于“空间关联”与“景观分层”的山地城市设计研究——以大理创意经济园区城市设计为例

我国山地资源丰富且分布很广,建立于山地之上的城市众多,人口及其活动呈现不断增长的趋势。然而山地城市得天独厚的景观风貌和生态格局优势,却由于城市规划设计方法、技术手段和法规的局限性难以发挥出来,反而因土地开发过度而不断引起生态、资源和安全问题。此外由于规划和建设缺乏针对性也导致山地城市的个性特色在逐渐褪化。该文从空间和景观角度对山地城市设计现有的研究成果进行理性审视,以系统化、尊重自然、创造适宜场所为目标,提出基于"空间关联"与"景观分层"理念的城市设计方法,以期对山地城市发展中容易出现的空间割裂和景观混乱等问题提出针对性的城市设计策略。     

转型期资源型城市主城区铁路沿线用地与交通优化研究 ——以黄石汉冶萍铁路磁湖南岸段为例

我国一部分早期开发的资源型城市 已经进入转型发展期,主城区内部失去功能 价值的铁路线成为城市发展的障碍,如何优 化主城区铁路沿线用地和交通也成为转型发 展的重要命题。从用地形态与类型、道路网 衔接、交通出入口开设等方面分析了铁路对 沿线空间的影响,提出相应的空间优化策略。 并以黄石市主城区汉冶萍铁路磁湖南岸段为 例,运用策略提出选择性拆除与保留、整合用 地与规整形态、提高道路网衔接度、功能更 新与空间再造等优化措施,促进主城区铁路 沿线用地与交通优化及城市工业历史遗产保 护,以此作为带动资源型城市整体空间修补与 转型发展的触媒,促进城市的可持续发展     

高度集聚的中央商务区——国际经验及中国城市商务区的评价

中央商务区发展的特点表现为五个方面:高度集聚的就业中心、高建筑密度、高城市土地开发比例、高度集聚的绿色空间,紧凑的城市街道和建筑.中央商务区的发展模式具有四个方面的优势:土地资源和资本资源得到最大限度的利用;城市(劳动力)空间集聚效益得到最大的发挥;城市绿色空间的环境和生态功能得到最大限度的发挥;不同的城市土地利用类型之间的负面外部效应能够降低至最小.在高度集聚的商务区,交通拥堵是必然的.但是城市发展模式的选取不是仅看负面影响,而是应看效益一成本的比率.当效益大于成本时,无论成本多大,都应该选择;相反,如果效益小于成本,无论成本多小,都应该放弃.只有这样,社会的整体福利效益才能达到最大值.     

对郊区型第二住宅空间分布的初步研究——以广东省佛山市为例

近郊化、资源环境、市场指向和"飞地"、行政和经济、交通和用地等因素,分别决定了第二住宅的空间结构、类型特征、社会结构、地域差异、分布特征和规模特征.城市规划在需求动力、用地空间、重点区域、空间聚散方面影响第二住宅的发展,第二住宅在景观、空间和城市化方面对城市规划产生影响.第二住宅的发展,可能引发过度城镇化的后果,并引起地价上涨、居住两极分化、占地较多、环境影响等问题,对城市规划和和谐社会建设构成挑战.     

土地混合利用与公共交通一体化对低碳城市空间的影响研究

土地混合利用与公共交通一体化对城市空间结构及形态产生极为重要的影响。基于低碳城市空间发展对土地与交通布局要求,采用分层法分别从城市总体规划、分区规划及街区规划三个层面,分析了土地混合利用与公共交通布局关系对各层面城市空间结构及形态可能产生的影响。各层面又分别包含若干可能产生影响的分项内容,各分项内容又包含若干与之相关的子内容。最后总结概括土地混合利用与公共交通一体化在低碳城市发展中的作用,并对二者关系及其在实践中可能面临的问题进行思考。     

地块肌理 ——土地划分的形态学

地块肌理是城市土地划分形态的表达。它作为街道肌理与建筑肌理的联系中介,是城市肌理的重要组成部分。本文在明确定义城市肌理与地块肌理的基础上,分析了地块肌理在街块、地块格局和地块三个层次上与建筑肌理、街道肌理的关系,并探讨了增强街道与建筑、建筑与建筑空间关联性的土地划分基本原则。     

Land development, land use, and urban sprawl in Puerto Rico integrating remote sensing and population census data

The island of Puerto Rico has both a high population density and a long history of ineffective land use planning. This study integrates geospatial technology and population census data to understand how people use and develop the lands. We define three new regions for Puerto Rico: Urban (16%), Densely Populated Rural (36%), and Sparsely Populated Rural (48%). Eleven percent of the island is composed of urban/built-up surfaces. A large part of these developments occur in both low-density patterns of construction and sparsely populated neighborhoods. Half of the urban development occurs outside of urban centers. This analysis helps differentiate zones in the landscape with different uses and conditions, identifying not only urban and rural settings, but also the interface where development occurs in a territory dominated by forests and pastures, analogous to a wildland urban interface. The ineffective plan of land development has left a high degree of urban sprawl in 40% of island, where cities and towns appear typically surrounded by sprawl. The San Juan Metropolitan Area is one of the most expanded urbanized areas with a population of 2–2.5 million, comparable with the most sprawled cities of the U.S. mainland. This study reinforces the need for an efficient land use planning, and provides information to support research and planning efforts related to land development and conservation. It represents the first approach integrating satellite imagery with population census data for studying the human environment in the Caribbean.     

Without zoning: Urban development and land use controls in Houston

Houston is the only major city in North America without zoning. The growth of Houston illustrates a traditional free market philosophy in which land use zoning is seen as a violation of private property and personal liberty. This paper explores how the lack of zoning has an impact on land use controls and urban development in Houston. Using a theoretical framework derived from institutional economics and public choice theories for institutional analyses of land development controls, it explores how local land use policies made by both the local government and non-governmental sectors shape urban development in Houston. The study results show that despite the city’s lack of zoning, local land use regulatory policies made by the municipality have significant influence on urban development. Additionally, civic and private organizations such as super neighborhoods and homeowner associations fill the gaps left by the lack of land use zoning. These two aspects contribute to land use controls and urban development of the city. The study finds that land use controls by private contract and by government legislative intervention are not mutually exclusive or immutable; that equity goals are not met in market approaches, and public planning intervention is necessary; and that deed restrictions might be better at facilitating property sales and maintenance than at improving neighborhood welfare and governance.     

Re-thinking urban planning in India: Learning from the wedge between the de jure and de facto development in Mumbai

Cities in the global south are undergoing changes in the production structure brought about by globalization and liberalization. These cities also witness significant informalities in terms of shelter and livelihoods. These phenomena are reflected in the urban land use patterns. Planning in these cities is under pressure to adapt to the dynamic urban condition but is constrained by the technical and bureaucratic process of master/development plan making. Through an empirical study of an area in the suburbs of Mumbai (India), this paper shows the wedge between planned and actual land use and discusses the reasons for this dichotomy. The paper argues that master/development plans based on technical principles with micro-level detailing are unable to foresee and hence or otherwise adapt to the economic dynamics and spatial restructuring in Mumbai; they are partly undermined by “occupancy urbanism” (Benjamin, 2008). We discuss how these factors are accommodated within and outside the scope of the development plans. The paper calls for a re-thinking of urban planning in India so that plans are better able to reflect the requirements and needs of the citizens.     

The impact of interactions in spatial simulation of the dynamics of urban sprawl

This study investigated the modeling process for simulating the spatial dynamics of an urban ecosystem. Logistic regression is a common method for empirically modeling and analyzing land use and land use change. In most conventional applications of logistic regression, only the individual factors of the system are considered in the development of the logistic regression functions. However, this does not consider the relationships among factors that potentially occur within most ecosystems. Factors in a system, especially an urban system, are usually not fixed and not independent of each other, but rather are influenced by each other. Based on this point of view, the interactions of factors are introduced into a logistic regression in this study. This technique has been tested with a case study using historical land use maps and a spatially explicit dynamic cellular automata urban sprawl model. Using historical land use data, a logistic regression was used to analytically weight the scores of the driving factors of an urban sprawl model for predicting probability maps of land use change. The results of the case study have verified that interactions of factors can significantly improve the prediction of spatial dynamics of urban sprawl, and can provide a means to improve cellular automata models for simulation of the dynamics of urban and other ecosystems.     

Evaluating the land use patterns of medium-sized Hellenic cities

Land use morphology has profound effects both on city functions and peri-urban areas. They can either lead to conflicts with negative side effects or generate positive synergies. This study focuses on land use spatial configurations and interprets the interactions among them. In order to evaluate spatial planning policies, the measurement of urban land use patterns is considered to play an important role in the urban development process and deserves further attention. A comparative analysis of the land use patterns of the medium-sized Hellenic cities is attempted, there are also used using pre-existing metrics, some new data from the European Environment Agency Urban Atlas 2006 geodataset and population and construction census data concerning the last decade from the national Hellenic Statistical Authority data set. The Larger Urban Zones of the medium-sized Hellenic cities are chosen as a suitable study level based both on population size and socio-spatial procedures. The results provide interesting information about the diversification among medium-sized cities, while some particularities concerning urban procedures appear to emerge for some of them. Many discussion points arise from this study concerning the data availability, the method, the functional city area delineation and the Larger Urban Zones definition.