基于波速反演模型的防渗层渗漏定位方法研究

为解决运营中垃圾填埋场防渗层渗漏定位问题,提出基于波速反演模型的渗漏定位方法。利用所测非均匀粘土层波速均值作为时差定位波速进行破损点定位;考虑渗滤液对弹性波波速影响特性,反演出粘土层波速畸变区域进行渗漏点定位。通过在防渗层下平铺双层加速度传感器及诱震器,当接收到HDPE膜破损信号时,利用诱震器发射与破损信号相同频率弹性波测出粘土层波速均值进行破损点定位;当填埋场运营噪音导致无法接收破损信号时,通过诱震器发射固定频率弹性波生成波速层析图进行渗漏点定位。试验结果表明：在破损点定位中,实际破损坐标与定位坐标在XY平面和Z平面距离偏差最大值分别为2.44 cm,2.5 cm;在渗漏点定位中,实际渗漏位置与反演推测距离偏差最大值为9.24 cm,均符合工程误差要求。     

基于小波分析技术的高速撞击声发射源定位

针对在轨航天器遭受空间碎片撞击损伤的定位问题,利用二级轻气炮发射铝弹丸撞击铝板来模拟空间碎片对航天器结构的损伤;通过声发射传感器实时记录结构中的时域波形信号,结合板波的频散特性,分析了高速撞击穿孔损伤时波动在铝板中的传播模式.基于小波时频分析技术研究了高速撞击损伤的定位问题,分析了波速对定位精度的影响.结果表明,基于小波分析技术的高速撞击声发射源定位能够满足撞击损伤的定位要求,为解决航天器在轨遭受空间碎片撞击的损伤定位提供了一种新的方法.     

基于声发射Lamb波频散特性的轴承损伤单传感器定位

对大型轴承表面损伤进行定位，有助于及时发现故障，加快修复速度。提出了一种使用单个声发射传感器对大型轴承表面损伤进行定位的方法。针对轴承环形结构，利用Lamb波频散特性，估计不同频段信号的可能模式和传播速度，使用Akaike信息准则(AIC)确定不同频段信号到达传感器的时间差。根据不同频带到达传感器的时间差估计不同模式下声发射源位置。针对传播模式不确定和仅利用一个时间差的镜像位置问题，改变传感器位置后对同一声发射源进行第二次定位，剔除不合理的传播模式，从而得到声发射源的唯一确定位置。通过在圆柱滚子推力轴承上进行的断铅试验，验证了该方法的有效性。     

Gabor小波时频分析在声发射信号处理中的应用

介绍Gabor小波时频分析的基本理论,用数值仿真举例验证Gabor小波时频分析可同时在时域和频域上来表征信号分布的特点。利用该方法可得到声发射源定位中传感器接收到的声发射信号在时域和频域上的分布,并用于区分声发射信号的传播模式和不同的信号组成,得到声发射波群的准确到达时间,从而提高时差定位的精度。     

金属薄板中导波的模态识别和波速测定

按照Lamb波理论,板内导波由多阶对称波和反对称波组成。当波长远大于板厚时,利用经典平板理论对Lamb方程进行简化,此时板内主要有零阶对称波S0和反对称波A0两种模态。认识薄板内声波模态,不仅有助于分析声源性质,提取有效信号,而且可以提高声发射检测中时差定位的准确性。利用PAC公司的Fieldcal标准信号发生器和Nielsen Hsu断铅法作为信号源在0.7 mm薄钢板上进行声波传播实验。通过比较实测波速和理论波速甄别板内的声波模态。实验发现对称波S0实测波速和理论波速比较吻合,而反对称波A0的波速由于频散而较难精确测量。综合两种模态波的波速情况,声发射检测中利用对称波速度进行声源定位计算更加接近薄壁结构声波的传播状况。     

时间反转在列车转向架声发射源定位中的应用

针对高速列车转向架的动态检测提出一种新的损伤声源定位方法,采用声发射检测技术对转向架易损伤的焊接部位进行时间反转定位方法研究。首先利用有限元软件建立转向架焊接部位结构有限元模型;然后在模型上模拟发出一个声发射损伤信号,通过预置的声发射传感器接收声发射源信号;最后根据时间反转聚焦原理对接收信号进行处理,并通过检测区域成像,确定损伤声发射源的准确位置。数值仿真实验结果表明:该定位方法能够准确定位声源位置,定位结果比常规四点圆弧法更精确。     

弯曲导波模态分离与频散补偿研究

为减少超声导波多模态和频散特性对管道缺陷检测应用时的不利影响,研究弯曲导波模态分离和导波频散补偿的方法。首先将导波信号进行时频分析,并与理论计算的时频曲线进行对比,确定信号中的各个模态,然后将各个模态信号进行频散补偿处理,最后将频散补偿后的信号相加,得到最后的结果。管道缺陷检测实验表明,由多模态和频散特性产生的多个波包可由STFT方法识别出每个波包所属的模态,经频散补偿后多个波包可对应在同一缺陷位置。实验证明导波信号经模态识别、分离和频散补偿后更利于缺陷的识别和定位,同时该方法也为弯曲导波的应用提供理论基础。     

基于Lamb波的风电叶片复合材料声发射源定位研究

声发射波在风电叶片薄板结构中传播时产生的多模态效应及频散现象使得波速的测定较为困难,导致声发射源定位误差过大。针对以上问题,从声发射波传播的物理机制出发,利用完备总体经验模态分解(CEEMD)结合Lamb波理论对风电叶片复合材料在不同应力状态下产生的声发射波进行断铅实验研究。研究结果表明:作用于叶片薄板结构的应力方向不同,将会产生不同频率、不同声速的应力波。垂直应力主要激发出弯曲波,该波波速较低(约1 357 m/s),幅值衰减较快,频率主要集中于50 kHz左右;平行应力主要激发出扩展波,该波波速较高(约3 634 m/s),幅值衰减较慢,频率主要集中于150 kHz左右。扩展波无频散效应且衰减较慢,更加适合风电叶片薄板结构声发射源定位。     

基于自适应小波基的声发射(AE)波源时频分析与定位

在研究声发射（AE）波形分析中,准确确定AE波源发生时刻和频谱大小的方法。研究方法是,采用小波自适应时频基对AE波形进行分析及利用小波模极大变换方法对AE波源发生时刻和频谱定位。研究结果表明,对比AE波形的短时傅立叶变换分析方法,可以获得相对最佳的信号时频分析分辨率,准确确定AE波源发生时刻,以及进一步由频谱图确定AE波源的频谱范围。这种分析方法对提高声发射缺陷波源探测精度具有重要理论和实践意义。     

超声导波用于液层负载板损伤检测的数值模拟

液层负载薄板结构的损伤检测是结构无损检测和健康监测中的一个重要问题。为寻求合适的液层负载薄板结构损伤检测信号及分析损伤缺陷对检测信号的响应,求解了双侧液层负载薄板的频散方程,计算得到4 mm双侧水域负载铝板的频散曲线,并利用有限元模拟方法研究了缺陷位置、角度及大小对铝板中检测信号的影响。研究结果表明:中心频率小于100 kHz的S0模式漏Lamb波衰减因子趋近于0,适合长距离损伤检测。此外,当缺陷的存在造成板结构的不对称性时,声信号在缺陷处发生明显的模式转换,且转换出的A0模式信号的透射系数随缺陷位置到板厚中心距离的增加而减小,随缺陷与铝板中间面的角度和缺陷长度的增加先增大后减小,并随缺陷宽度的增加而增大。     

基于互相关函数幅值向量的结构损伤定位方法研究

在利用互相关函数幅值向量（Correlation Function Amplitude Vector，CorV）进行结构损伤检测的方法基础上，进一步提出了利用互相关函数幅值向量来确定受损结构的损伤位置的方法。通过在随机激励下不同测点的时域响应求得结构互相关函数幅值向量后，对损伤前后结构的互相关函数幅值向量进行二阶差分处理，根据差分处理后的互相关函数幅值向量分布图可以直观地判别出结构损伤的位置。用一个四边固支板和一个四层楼房基准模型的损伤定位为算例，验证了所提出方法的有效性和准确性。算例表明，用所提出的方法只需要测量结构受随机激励的时域响应，就可同时确定多处结构损伤的位置，且具有较好的抗测量噪声能力。因此，所提出的方法可应用于环境随机激励下的结构健康监测技术。     

Wavelet analysis of plate wave propagation in composite laminates

A new approach is presented for the analysis of transient waves propagating in composite laminates. The wavelet transform (WT) using the Gabor wavelet is applied to the time–frequency analysis of dispersive plate waves. It is shown that the peaks of the magnitude of WT in the time–frequency domain are related to the arrival times of group velocity. Experiments are performed using a lead break as the simulated acoustic emission source on the surface of quasi-isotropic and unidirectional graphite/epoxy laminates. For predictions of the dispersion of the flexural mode, Mindlin plate theory is shown to give good agreement with the experimental results. The planar source location based on the flexural wave is performed using a triangulation method. The use of frequency-dependent arrival time of output signal and angular dependence of group velocity provides accurate results of source location for anisotropic laminates.     

压力管道腐蚀灾变检测的应变敏度比法

基于结构振动模态测试理论和有限元方法提出了压力管道腐蚀检测的应变敏度比法。首先,通过位移模态及应变模态建立了腐蚀管道的定位检测判据。其次,制备不同缺陷的管道,应用应变敏度比法检测判断缺陷位置,结果表明,检测位置与实际损伤位置完全一致。最后,通过数值算例证实用前1阶模态分量数据检测的结果与实际缺陷基本一致。通过实测和数值算例证明了只测试损伤及未损伤结构的低阶模态参量,便可进行有效的检测,而低阶参量是相对简单易测,从而使该方法应用于工程实际更显便利。     

三角晶格固/气型声子晶体的弹性波带隙结构

将椭圆钢柱散射体引入到三角晶格固/气型声子晶体中,用平面渡法计算了其带隙结构.研究表明,通过降低散射体横截面的对称度,可在几乎不改变带隙中心频率的条件下获得更宽的低频带隙,还能在极低的填充率下实现低频带隙.随着填充率的增大,带隙变宽,中心频率下降.当散射体绕其中心轴的旋转角度小于60°时,带隙宽度随旋转角度的增大而减小,但带隙中心频率基本不受影响.     

基于频域法的深水钻井隔水管波激疲劳分析

Wave-loading fatigue failure is one of main failure modes of deepwater drilling riser. Wave-loading fatigue analysis of riser provides guidance for fatigue design and management of riser in order to increase its service life. Methods for analyzing wave induced vibration and fatigue were established in frequency domain. Solver for riser fatigue calculation was developed based on MATLAB software. Wave-loading fatigue of the riser system in the South China Sea was calculated in frequency domain and compared with calculated fatigue based on time domain method. The results show that dynamic analysis of riser in frequency domain reaches convergence after several iteration steps. Compared with time domain method, frequency domain method enhances computation efficiency greatly. The response of riser system is a wide-band process so rainflow correction coefficient should be used in calculating riser fatigue. The wave-loading fatigue damage of riser in frequency domain is almost same with that in time domain. Riser fatigue analysis method proposed in this paper can be used for inertial fatigue analysis.     

基于受控结构振型的损伤定位分步识别方法

提出了基于神经网络技术和受控结构振型数据的损伤定位分步识别方法。首先采用状态反馈控制的方法,有目的地对结构进行极点配置,得到设置的受控结构的动力特性数据。将结构划分为若干个子区域,以受控结构损伤前后振型差作为输入参数,利用概率神经网络确定结构损伤所在的子区域,然后用多损伤定位确信准则对结构损伤子区域中的具体损伤位置进行识别。数值仿真表明,利用概率神经网络能有效地确定结构损伤子区域,采用分步识别的策略能大大缩小具体损伤单元的识别范围,而利用受控结构的动力特性参数可提高识别指标对损伤的敏感度,进而提高损伤识别的准确性。     

进出口位置对不同形状膨胀腔消声特性的影响

使用有限元法计算椭圆形和跑道圆形截面膨胀腔的声学模态,分析进出口管位置对膨胀腔消声特性的影响。结果表明,同轴膨胀腔的第一个可传播的高阶模态为第3阶模态,出口置于该模态的节线处,可以消除该阶模态的影响,使平面波频段拓宽,膨胀腔的消声性能得到改善。进出口管偏置的膨胀腔,第1阶模态被激发,三维波效应在较低频率出现,中频消声性能变差。     

Warped basis pursuit for damage detection using lamb waves

This paper presents a novel time-frequency procedure based on the warped frequency transform (WFT) to process multi-mode and dispersive Lamb waves for structural health monitoring (SHM) applications. The proposed signal processing technique is applied to time waveforms recorded at an array of scan points after waveguide excitation. The WFT is combined with a basis pursuit algorithm to extract the distance traveled by the ultrasonic waves even in the case of multi-modal dispersive propagation associated with broadband excitation of the waveguide. This is obtained through a decomposition of the acquired signals using dictionaries composed by optimized atomic functions which are designed to match the spectro-temporal structure of the various propagating modes. The warped basis pursuit (W-BP) analysis of several acquired waveforms results in distance signals that can be combined through classical beamforming techniques for acoustical source imaging purposes. A masking procedure is also proposed to suppress imaging noise. This approach is tested on experimental data obtained by broadband guided wave excitation in a 1-mm-thick aluminum plate with an artificially introduced through crack and tiny holes, followed by multiple waveguide displacement recording through a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer. Dispersion compensation, high-resolution source, and defect imaging are demonstrated even in domain regions that are not directly accessible for measurement.     

Damage assessment in layered composites using spectral analysis and Lamb wave

Piezo-ceramic transducers of the surface mounted type are commonly used for structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques. But, there is a disadvantage to use piezo-ceramic transducers of the surface mounted type in Lamb wave application. Due to the symmetric and antisymmetric Lamb wave modes generated by the surface mounted piezo-ceramic transducers simultaneously, the received signals are very complex and it is difficult to extract damage information from the signals.

In this paper, the practical method for SHM was proposed using piezo-ceramic transducers of the surface mounted type and Lamb wave. In order to overcome the difficulties in the signal processing of the simultaneous modes, the symmetric and antisymmetric modes were separated by using the two sensors bonded on the opposite surfaces at the same point. Also, spectral analyses of the separated symmetric and antisymmetric Lamb waves showed that each mode propagated with different frequency characteristics in the exciting frequency range.

By making use of these findings, the changes of power spectrum density in characteristic frequency band of symmetric and antisymmetric modes are proportional to the delamination size in quasi-isotropic Gr/Ep laminates. Therefore, this paper presents the damage assessment technique to extract damage information from the complicated PZT signals that could not be interpreted in time domain.     

Characterization of fiber orientation in short fiber reinforced composites with an image processing technique

An experimental method is developed to measure the three-dimensional fiber orientation in short fiber reinforced composites by utilizing an image processing technique. The second order orientation tensor can be calculated with geometrical data that were obtained from two parallel planar cross-sections. The orientation state of individual fibers is determined from the geometry of the elliptical cross-sectional shape on the polished surface. The basic concept in determining the three-dimensional fiber orientation tensor is to slice the composite sample twice in the same direction within a small distance. The tensor is determined by using a digital image processing technique and a computational code which calculates the tensor from the geometrical characteristics obtained for the elliptical fiber cross-sections. Experiments are performed to measure the three-dimensional orientation tensor of composite specimens and good results are obtained by using the method proposed in this study Electronic Publication