结合CDN与P2P技术的混合流媒体系统研究

对基于CDN和P2P的流媒体系统进行了分析对比,指出了它们各自的优缺点,并根据因特网的结构特点,给出了一种结合这两种技术的混合流媒体系统的设计方案,提出了客户机端的内容缓存替换问题并给出了一种替换算法,对客户机离线的随机性与频繁性问题,文中给出了一种新的失效服务节点的快速替换查找策略。     

Conditional disturbance negation based active disturbance rejection control for hypersonic vehicles

This paper presents a conditional disturbance negation (CDN) based active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) scheme for the velocity and altitude tracking control of flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicles (FAHVs) in the presence of various uncertainties and disturbances. A pioneering CDN module is proposed to selectively compensate the total disturbances according to the characteristics of the total disturbances and the FAHV dynamics, which is aimed at canceling some detrimental disturbances while profiting from other beneficial disturbances. Firstly, model-based extended state observers are applied to estimate the total disturbances in FAHVs in an efficient way. Based on the Lyapunov theory and the estimated disturbances, a novel disturbance characterization indicator (DCI) is then designed to show whether the total disturbance harms or benefits the tracking performance in engineering practice. Then, DCI is utilized to construct the CDN module. In consequence, the CDN based FAHV tracking control is implemented in an ADRC framework, yielding the CDN based ADRC scheme. The stability analysis is conducted to show the convergence of the closed-loop system. Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control scheme are validated by some representative simulations in various flight conditions.     

Learning Contextual Dependency Network Models for Link-Based Classification

Links among objects contain rich semantics that can be very helpful in classifying the objects. However, many irrelevant links can be found in real-world link data such as Web pages. Often, these noisy and irrelevant links do not provide useful and predictive information for categorization. It is thus important to automatically identify which links are most relevant for categorization. In this paper, we present a contextual dependency network (CDN) model for classifying linked objects in the presence of noisy and irrelevant links. The CDN model makes use of a dependency function that characterizes the contextual dependencies among linked objects. In this way, CDNs can differentiate the impacts of the related objects on the classification and consequently reduce the effect of irrelevant links on the classification. We show how to learn the CDN model effectively and how to use the Gibbs inference framework over the learned model for collective classification of multiple linked objects. The experiments show that the CDN model demonstrates relatively high robustness on data sets containing irrelevant links     

基于SDN的CDN体系架构及关键技术研究

互联网应用带来流量持续增长,CDN成为提升用户体验的必然选择。在新业务需求和新技术的双重驱动下,电信运营商CDN需要提升CDN智能化能力,以适应快速变化的新业务。SDN是一种新型网络架构,通过将网络设备控制平面与数据转发平面分离,实现了网络的灵活控制。本文首先分析了SDN对CDN发展的影响,然后介绍了基于SDN的CDN体系架构,最后对实现基于SDN的CDN的关键技术进行探讨。     

工业以太网中IEEE802.1p优先权调度协议改进

以交换式工业以太网网络控制系统为研究对象,针对采用IEEE 802.1p优先权调度的交换机内部排队延迟,提出了调度改进构想,对硬实时数据流和非硬实时数据进行区别处理.构建了一个典型的树形拓扑交换式以太网模型,计算了优先权调度改进后周期性实时数据帧在各个传输环节的最大延迟,同时推导了优先权调动改进方案应满足的基本条件.最后通过OPNET软件进行了仿真验证,结果表明IEEE 802.1p优先权调度协议改进可以提高工业以太网中硬实时数据传输的实时性.     

Analysis of a CDN–P2P hybrid architecture for cost-effective streaming media distribution

To distribute video and audio data in real-time streaming mode, two different technologies – Content Distribution Network (CDN) and Peer-to-Peer (P2P) – have been proposed. However, both technologies have their own limitations: CDN servers are expensive to deploy and maintain, and consequently incur a cost for media providers and/or clients for server capacity reservation. On the other hand, a P2P-based architecture requires sufficient number of seed supplying peers to jumpstart the distribution process. Compared with a CDN server, a peer usually offers much lower out-bound streaming rate and hence multiple peers must jointly stream a media data to a requesting peer. Furthermore, it is not clear how to determine how much a peer should contribute back to the system after receiving the media data, in order to sustain the overall media distribution capacity.In this paper, we propose and analyze a novel hybrid architecture that integrates both CDN- and P2P-based streaming media distribution. The architecture is highly cost-effective: it significantly lowers the cost of CDN capacity reservation, without compromising the media quality delivered. In particular, we propose and compare different limited contribution policies for peers that request a media data, so that the streaming capacity of each peer can be exploited on a fair and limited basis. We present: (1) in-depth analysis of the proposed architecture under different contribution policies, and (2) extensive simulation results which validate the analysis. Our analytical and simulation results form a rigorous basis for the planning and dimensioning of the hybrid architecture.     

Supporting high-quality video streaming with SDN-based CDNs

Videos and other multimedia contents become increasing popular among users of the Internet nowadays. With the improvement of underlying infrastructure of the Internet, users are allowed to enjoy video contents with much higher quality than last decade. Content delivery networks (CDNs) are a type of content hosting solution that widely used across the Internet. Content providers offload the task of content hosting to CDN providers and redirect users’ requests to CDNs. Video contents, especially high quality videos at real-time has occupying a major part of the Internet traffic. It is challenging to handle such workloads even for a large- scale CDN. Load balancing algorithms are critical to address this issue. However, traditional load balancing algorithms such as round-robin and randomization are unaware of user side requirements. Therefore, it is not uncommon that requests for high-quality videos at real-time are not satisfied. In this paper, we try to fulfill such requests by integrating software-defined networking technology with CDN infrastructure. We also propose revised load balancing algorithms and develop simulations to verify our approaches. The results show that the proposed algorithms achieve much higher user satisfaction in bandwidth-idle environments.     

PROSE: Proactive, Selective CDN Participation for P2P Streaming

Many production peer-to-peer (P2P) streaming systems use content delivery networks (CDN) to protect the user’s quality of experiences. Thus, how to efficiently utilize the capacity of CDN (e.g., which peers receive services from the CDN nodes) is a problem of practical significance. Existing solutions adopt a passive, on-demand approach, which is inefficient in utilizing CDN resources. In this paper, we propose PROSE, a simple, novel scheme to achieve proactive, selective CDN participation for P2P streaming. PROSE introduces novel concepts such as choke point expansion nodes/super nodes and leads to efficient, light-weighted, and distributed algorithms to identify and serve these nodes using CDN. Our experimental results show that PROSE achieves at least 10%～25% performance improvement and 2～4 times overhead reduction compared with existing general CDN-P2P-hybrid schemes.     

基于域名系统知识图谱的CDN域名识别技术

内容分发网络(content delivery network,CDN)是互联网上的重要基础设施,目前识别CDN域名的方法主要利用域名字符特征、HTTP关键字和DNS记录等,识别范围有限.针对大规模识别CDN域名的问题,提出了基于域名系统知识图谱的CDN域名识别技术.根据域名系统的特征进行本体建模、数据获取、知识图谱构...     

P2P as a CDN: A new service model for file sharing

Traditional content distribution networks (CDNs), such as Akamai, replicate content at thousands of servers worldwide in an attempt to bring it closer to end users. Recent years have, however, brought a surge of peer-to-peer (p2p) systems that have demonstrated the ability both to help traditional CDN operations and to effectively disseminate content as independent applications. Unfortunately, this p2p surge has created significant problems to network operators by generating large volumes of inter-AS traffic. In this paper, we demonstrate that stepping back and applying traditional CDN design principles to p2p systems can help solve these emerging problems. In particular, focusing on the BitTorrent swarming protocol, we show that our new service model can, in the common case, reduce inter-AS traffic by 45–75%. Moreover, in scenarios when ISPs are shaping inter-AS traffic, it speeds up download times by 60% for the most popular torrents.Our approach bases on disproving the common wisdom that the current peer altruism in p2p systems (BitTorrent in particular) is insufficient. We thus abandon the common approach of deploying novel incentives for cooperation, and focus on designing methods to effectively utilize existing system resources. We show that controlled regional-based content replication, common for the traditional CDN design, can effectively achieve this goal. We implement our system and demonstrate that it effectively scales. Moreover, it is incrementally deployable and brings significant benefits in partial deployment scenarios. ISPs and network regions in which the system gets deployed can resolve their inter-AS traffic problems instantly and autonomously, i.e., without any inter-ISP collaboration and without requiring that the system gets deployed in the entire Internet.     

iFix与SQL通讯的设计与实现

工控软件iFix是实时监控系统常用的开发平台,但iFix数据库功能不完善,数据查询缓慢并且不支持多用户同时访问,难以满足在实时监控中数据分析的需要。为了实现一个功能完善的、高效的、面向多用户的数据库,提出了用SQL Server数据库替代iFix数据库,探讨了其实现过程。实践表明用SQL Serverss数据库替代iFix数据库能够有效解决的iFix数据库的问题,满足实时监控系统数据分析和处理的要求。     

混合内容分发网络及其性能分析模型

在大规模数字内容网络分发方面,占主导地位的CDN(Content Delivery Network)和P2P(Peer-to-Peer)网络具有显著互补优势.CDN网络可降低数据传输延迟,提高用户体验;P2P网络的部署成本低,可扩展性强.文章提出一种基于CDN和PZP技术的混合内容分发网络(Hybrid Content Distribution Network,HCDN),在骨干网部署CDN系统,在接入网构建P2P区域化网络,终端用户可同时通过CDN和P2P网络获取数据;阐述了HCDN网络模型及其内容分发处理流程,包括内容路由、副本放置和数据下载;给出了基于流模型的混合网络性能模型,并从节点数量变化、下载时间、服务能力和传输开销等方面进行综合性能评价.实验结果表明,HCDN能提高下载速率、降低服务器负载以及减小骨干网传输流量,既可克服CDN网络部署成本高的缺点,也可避免P2P网络在节点数量稀缺时的低性能.     

内容分发网络性能测量方法研究与实现

内容分发网络 (CDN)是新型的网络加速技术 .提出了一种新的 CDN性能测量方法 :将 CDN性能测量融入到网络测量基础设施之中 ,CDN提供者、内容提供者或终端用户可以根据需要随时、方便的测量、评价 CDN性能 ,克服了以往测量方法测量周期长、测量规模扩展性差以及数据资源利用率低等缺点 .基于此方法 ,设计并实现了一个集成在 CNMI下的 CDN性能测量系统 :CDNPMS,系统使用灵活简单 ,可以从 CDN外部测量用户感知的 (Client- perceived) CDN性能 ,并且用此系统对目前最大的 Akamai CDN进行了成功测量 .     

Building a peer-to-peer content distribution network with high performance,scalability and robustness

Content distribution networks (CDN) are fundamental, yet expensive technologies for distributing the content of web-servers to large audiences. The P2P model is a perfect match to build a low-cost and scalable CDN infrastructure for popular websites by exploiting the underutilized resources of their user communities. However, building a P2P-based CDN is not a straightforward endeavor. In contrast to traditional CDNs, peers are autonomous and volunteer participants with their own heterogeneous interests that should be taken into account in the design of the P2P system. Moreover, churn rate is much higher than in dedicated CDN infrastructures, which can easily destabilize the system and severely degrade the performance. Finally and foremostly, while many P2P systems abstract any topological information about the underlying network, a top priority of a CDN is to incorporate locality-awareness in query routing in order to locate close-by content. This paper aims at building a P2P CDN with high performance, scalability and robustness. Our proposed protocols combine DHT efficiency with gossip robustness and take into account the interests and localities of peers. In short, Flower-CDN provides a hybrid and locality-aware routing infrastructure for user queries. PetalUp-CDN is a highly scalable version of Flower-CDN that dynamically adapts to variable rates of participation and prevent overload situations. In addition, we ensure the robustness of our P2P CDN via low-cost maintenance protocols that can detect and recover from churn and dynamicity. Our extensive performance evaluation shows that our protocols yield high performance gains under both static and highly dynamic environments. Furthermore, they incur acceptable and tunable overhead. Finally we provide main guidelines to deploy Flower-CDN for the public use.     

内容分布网络基于策略的管理

采用内容分布的方法可以改善基于Web应用的性能,但网络中设备的管理很复杂,采用基于策略的技术可以简化其管理。本文论证了对内容分布网络(CDN: Content Dis-tribution Network)基于策略的管理的可行性,为CDN的控制和管理提出了一个基于策略的体系结构。     

Software-Defined Multicast for Over-the-Top and Overlay-based Live Streaming in ISP Networks

The increasing amount of over-the-top (OTT) live streams and the lack of global network layer multicast support poses challenges for a scalable and efficient streaming over the Internet. Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) help by delivering the streams to the edge of almost every Internet Service Provider (ISP) network of the world but usually also end there. From there on, the streams are to be delivered to the clients using IP unicast, although an IP multicast functionality would be desirable to reduce the load on CDN nodes, transit links, and the ISP infrastructure. IP multicast is usually not available due to missing control and management features of the protocol. Alternatively, Peer-to-Peer (P2P) mechanisms can be applied to extend the overlay multicast functionality of the CDN towards the clients. Unfortunately, P2P only improves the situation for the CDN but makes it more challenging for the ISP as even more unicast flows are generated between clients inside and outside the ISP network. To tackle this problem, a Software-Defined Networking-based cross-layer approach, called Software-Defined Multicast (SDM), is proposed in this paper, enabling ISPs to offer network layer multicast support for OTT and overlay-based live streaming as a service. SDM is specifically tailored towards the needs of P2P-based video stream delivery originating from outside the ISP network and can easily be integrated with existing streaming systems. Prototypical evaluations show significantly improved network layer transmission efficiencies when compared to other overlay streaming mechanisms, down to a level as low as for IP multicast, at linearly bounded costs.     

Development and evaluation of an affordable lift device to reduce musculo-skeletal injuries among home support workers

Home support workers (HSWs) work in clients' homes assisting with rehabilitation and activities of daily living. Like all health-care professionals, HSWs are at an increased risk for developing back injuries. Lift devices have been shown to reduce injuries to the worker. Presently, there are few lifting devices for home use that cost under $4000 CDN. Our study involved designing a safe and affordable lift device (retail cost under $2000 CDN) to be used by HSWs in the home and evaluating it in a typical bathroom. Thirty-eight HSWs and three seniors evaluated the BCIT lift, a commercially available lift (BHM Medical Inc.) and the manual method of transfer and lift. Results indicated that the BCIT lift was an improvement over the manual method of transferring, and approximated the more expensive, automatic lift in terms of perceived exertion, ease of use and safety. Feedback provided to the researchers has been incorporated into a new, ergonomically sound and marketable lift device.     

基于P4P的CDN系统中内容分发节点选择算法

对内容分发网络(CDN)和对等网络(P2P)分别进行了分析对比,指出了它们各自的优缺点,并根据电信运营商主动参与P2P网络(P4P)技术的特点,给出了一种结合P4P、P2P与CDN技术的混合系统的设计方案,以及混合系统中协助CDN节点分发内容节点(伪CDN节点)的选择算法.该算法利用P4P技术获得运营商提供的网络信息,选择合适的边缘节点,贡献出其容量和带宽,为其他节点服务,以减少了系统边缘代理服务器的数量,增大系统容量,同时减少网络骨干网上的负载.模拟实验分析了考虑底层网络情况后,系统在链路花费、时间花费上的改进,结果表明该算法减少了跨网络运营商(ISP)流量,提高了系统性能.     

面向CDN网络的高效海量数据分发机制研究

针对CDN网络中海量数据分发的要求,设计了一种基于CDN服务器P2P服务的高效数据分发机制,通过对分割后的海量数据分别执行P2P数据分发,克服了现有CDN服务器P2P服务不能根据Internet网络带宽和CDN服务器负载动态变化自适应地调整数据分发过程的缺点。仿真结果表明,提出的海量数据分发机制提高了网络带宽波动对数据分发的性能,能够较好地满足实际CDN网络中海量数据分发的需求。     

Direct push–pull or assisted push–pull? Toward optimal video content delivery using shared storage-based cloud CDN (SS-CCDN)

Video content delivery networks face many challenges such as scalability, quality of service and flexibility. Video suppliers address them through CDN. Cloud computing and Video content Delivery as a Service (VDaaS) plays a key role in improving the content delivery standard and makes the work of content providers, easier. By hosting video contents in the cloud, the content delivery costs are minimized and the overall content delivery performance enhanced by optimization of cloud CDN. Cost optimization of the cloud-based content delivery network requires a focus on delay or throughput, the overall performance and content delivery. The content placement and content access, the QoS and the QoE in CDN can be improved by enhancing the video content delivery performance. In this paper, a unique model for video content delivery, cloud-based is developed, titled as shared storage-based cloud CDN (SS-CCDN) to achieve the objective. This design optimizes through algorithms, the effective placement of video data and dynamic update of video data. For analysis, GA, PSO, and ACO algorithms are used. The proposed model uses direct and assisted push–pull content delivery schemes for cost-efficient content delivery. The low-cost VDaaS model reduces the storage cost, keeps the latency and the traffic cost. Experimental results validate that this model, with regard to storage, traffic, and latency generate higher performance with lower price and satisfy the QoS and QoE aspects in content delivery.