等温弛豫对微合金钢中非平衡组织热稳定性的影响

含Nb微合金钢在奥氏体区变形后等温弛豫可得到以贝氏铁素体为主的组织．弛豫时间适中,析出颗粒基本分布在位错线上并钉扎位错．在随后的650和700℃再加热过程中,非平衡组织向平衡组织演化．弛豫60s的样品热稳定性最高;弛豫1000s的样品,组织演化进行得最快,再加热前的预应变可加速演化过程．发生的组织演化是以板条内位错多边形化、板条间小角晶界逐渐消失和发生再结晶形成多边形铁素体的次序进行的：再加热等温过程伴随有硬度的起伏,弛豫样品出现两个硬化峰．显微组织的热稳定性在很大程度上取决于它的形成过程．     

组织细化的控制相变技术机理研究

在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上模拟了不同的弛豫析出控制相变（RPC）工艺过程，结合金相、SEM、TEM以及EBSD技术研究了不同变形温度，变量量以及弛豫时间对含Nb,Ti低碳微合金钢最终组织细化的影响。此外Fe-Ni合金被用来研究弛豫过程的位错亚结构变化以析出行为。结果表明，经RPC工艺处理后，贝氏体束可得到明显的细化。弛豫过程中同时存在位 错弛豫，多边形化形成位错胞状亚结构以及应变诱导析出，这两者是引起最终贝氏体组织细化的主要原因。当两种因素互相协调并促进时，细化效果最佳，在本模拟条件下，最佳控制工艺为850℃变形后弛豫60－200s左右。     

低碳微合金钢中超细组织的热稳定性研究

研究了经过弛豫-析出控制相变技术(RPC技术)生产的低碳微合金钢板在650 ℃回火过程中组织与性能的演变,同时与经过930 ℃保温1 h后再加热淬火(RQ)的钢板进行了对比.结果表明,回火前两种钢板的组织均为贝氏体 少量马氏体,经过RPC技术生产的钢板回火0.5 h后,金相组织没有明显变化,但硬度下降幅度较大;在1～7 h的回火过程中部分组织出现板条合并现象,此阶段硬度值变化不明显;7 h之后某些区域组织的板条特征趋于消失,出现了少量多边形铁素体,硬度又明显下降;回火20 h后,约一半的组织转化为多边形铁素体.而经过再加热淬火处理后的钢板回火前硬度虽然较低,但回火过程中软化速度极快,板条组织很快消失.最终获得全部的多边形铁素体组织.因此超细组织的热稳定性取决于其热历史.     

高强度低碳贝氏体钢的工艺与组织细化

在超低碳贝氏体钢中，采用弛豫-析出-控制相变(RPC)技术可得到细化的中温转变组织，组织类型为细化的板条贝氏体及少量不规则粒状贝氏体或针状铁素体，与一般控轧空冷和调质处理组织比较，除细化外，所得贝氏体类型及形貌均有所不同，通过这种工艺细化的低碳贝氏体钢板其强度比控轧后空冷或轧后再加热-淬火(调质处理)钢有明显提高。在采用RPC工艺时，轧后弛豫时间长短对最终组织细化程度和形貌也有明显影响，从而造成性能有所差别，终轧后弛豫阶段形成并被应变诱导析出物钉扎的位错胞状组织或亚晶结构是细化相变组织、阻碍贝氏体生长的主要原因，冷却过程中，在贝氏体相变前形成的不规则粒状贝氏体或针状铁索体，分割了压扁的原奥氏体晶粒，同样限制了贝氏体板条柬的长度和宽度。     

低碳贝氏体钢在重复加热中组织演变的原位观察

采用光学金相和扫描电镜技术相结合的原位观察方法研究了一种低碳贝氏体钢在600 ℃等温过程中的组织演变规律.结果表明,在等温过程中低碳贝氏体钢中的组织是以类似于变形金属的回复和再结晶的方式向平衡组织转变,最终的转变产物为多边形铁素体.回复阶段在微观上主要表现为贝氏体板条内的位错重新分布形成胞状亚晶.在整个等温过程中,原奥氏体晶界是比较稳定的,在铁素体长大时有可能被穿越.而再结晶后形成的铁素体组织是以一种"包晶"的方式逐渐吞噬其他非平衡组织而长大.     

超细化低碳贝氏体钢的回火组织及力学性能

研究了弛豫—析出控制相变(RPC)技术参数(弛豫时间)对超细化低碳贝氏体钢回火后组织与性能的影响，同时与控轧后空冷(AC)以及传统的再加热淬火工艺(RQ)得到的回火组织及性能进行了比较．不同RPC技术参数得到的钢板经300—700℃回火1h后，随温度升高均呈现软化硬化再软化的变化规律，只是变化速度及硬度值有所不同．经过AC工艺得到的钢板在回火后硬度和强度变化不明显，而经过RQ处理后的钢板随回火温度升高强度和硬度单调下降．回火前RPC和RQ两种工艺得到的钢板组织均为板条状贝氏体和少量粒贝的复合组织．回火后RPC工艺钢组织变化不明显，只是弛豫不同时间的试样组织粗化速度不同，而RQ工艺钢随回火温度的升高板条很快消失最终演变成多边形铁素体．实验结果表明，利用RPC工艺得到的高强韧性钢板具有良好的热稳定性这种稳定性是由于不同工艺引起组织内位错与析出状态不同造成的。     

碳铌含量对微合金钢中贝氏体热稳定性的影响

采用冷弯实验、等温热处理结合硬度测量、光学金相技术和透射电子显微术观测分析了微合金钢中贝氏体组织在A1以下温度受热时的组织演化历程。结果表明,提高微合金钢的碳铌浓度积可以显著延缓贝氏体组织趋于平衡的演变,阻碍钢的软化进程。冷变形在增加钢的初始硬度的同时也加快了随后的受热过程中钢的软化和显微组织向平衡组织演化的进程。张应变和压应变这两种不同类型的应变对组织演变的促进效果几乎相同。冷变形提高了钢中位错密度,也加剧了位错分布的不均匀性,后者是预应变加速组织演变的直接原因。在等温受热过程中贝氏体组织的演变首先是贝氏体板条内的位错发生重新分布,在板条边界附近形成高位错密度区,并同时伴随有低位错密度区出现,然后低位错密度区跨越板条边界形成铁素体晶核并不断吞噬高位错密度区,最终完全演变为平衡组织多边形铁素体。     

Fe-Ni-Nb-Ti-C合金变形后等温弛豫过程中位错与析出的相互作用

对Fe-Ni-Nb-Ti-C合金在850℃变形后的等温弛豫过程中位错组态的演变以及应变诱导析出过程进行了TEM观察分析．样品的应力弛豫曲线可以明显地区分为三个阶段，分别对应应变诱导析出的孕育、形核长大和粗化过程．变形过程中产生的高密度、相互缠结的位错在等温弛豫过程中密度降低，并逐渐形成胞状结构．应变诱导析出在离散位错与胞界的位错网络上均能形核，但离散位错上颗粒析出密度更大．析出对位错产生的钉扎作用减缓了位错组态演变的进程．一旦析出颗粒发生粗化，则其钉扎作用减弱，而位错则以绕过机制摆脱析出颗粒的钉扎．     

F40级船板钢的热稳定性研究

通过分析控轧控冷F40级船板钢在400～750 ℃重加热不同温度保温1 h过程中的性能变化,结合金相组织、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察,研究了钢板在重加热过程中的组织演化过程及其热稳定性机理.结果表明,F40级船板钢的硬度值随重加热温度的升高呈现先降低后增加至出现硬化峰,然后再降低的过程;钢板重加热前的组织为准多边形铁素体和针状铁素体复合组织,重加热温度升至600℃保温1 h后组织变化不很明显,随着重加热温度的逐步升高,针状铁素体逐渐消失并最终演化成多边形铁素体.因此F40级船板钢在600℃以内热加工时具有较好的组织热稳定性.     

INTERACTION BETWEEN THE DISLOCATIONS AND STRAIN--INDUCED PRECIPITATES DURING STRESS RELAXATION AFTER DEFOR-MATION OF Fe--Ni--Nb--Ti--C ALLOY

对Fe--Ni--Nb--Ti--C合金在850℃变形后的等温弛豫过程中位错组态的演变以及应变诱导析出过程进行了TEM观察分析. 样品的应力弛豫曲线可以明显地区分为三个阶段, 分别对应应变诱导析出的孕育、形核长大和粗化过程. 变形过程中产生的高密度、相互缠结的位错在等温弛豫过程中密度降低, 并逐渐形成胞状结构. 应变诱导析出在离散位错与胞界的位错网络上均能形核, 但离散位错上颗粒析出密度更大. 析出对位错产生的钉扎作用减缓了位错组态演变的进程. 一旦析出颗粒发生粗化, 则其钉扎作用减弱, 而位错则以绕过机制摆脱析出颗粒的钉扎.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.