铅阳极膜的半导体性能

利用微分电容法结合Mott-Schottky理论研究铅电极1.28V(vsSCE)下硫酸溶液中所形成阳极腐蚀膜的半导体性质,同时对测试频率、成膜时间及成膜溶液pH值等影响膜半导体性能的因素也做了分析。结果表明:铅阳极膜具有n型半导体特性,施主密度ND随测试频率的增加而减小,随极化时间的延长而增加,随溶液pH值的增加而减小。溶液pH值的改变可以显著影响膜的平带电位EFB,两者间呈线性关系,拟和斜率为60.43。     

小电流镀铜对LC4铝合金阳极氧化膜的改性作用

将LC4铝合金进行硫酸阳极化处理,然后采用小电流密度（0.1 mA/cm^2）进行镀铜处理。XRD和EDS分析表明,小电流镀铜的沉积产物为金属铜,沉积的位置位于氧化膜多孔层的底部。结果表明,小电流镀铜能够使自腐蚀电位正移从而改善阳极氧化膜的耐蚀性。根据交流阻抗谱提出小电流镀铜后阳极氧化膜的等效电路。沉积铜对阳极氧化膜的改性作用使材料具有铜的电化学特性,是耐蚀性提高的根本原因。小电流镀铜处理与传统的电解着色工艺有本质区别,是一种新颖的提高阳极化铝合金耐蚀性的后处理方法。     

多孔泡沫铜支撑锡薄膜阳极材料的制备及性能

以三维多孔泡沫铜为基底,采用化学镀的方法制备锂离子电池薄膜Sn负极材料.利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析以及恒电流充放电测试等手段研究不同厚度薄膜Sn电极的形态、结构和电化学行为.结果表明:化学镀工艺制备的Sn电极表面的大量微孔和岛状突起不仅增大电极的表面积,而且显著缓解电极在充放电过程中体积的变化;其中镀层较薄的样品C薄膜Sn电极的初始充电(脱锂)容量为660.6 mA·h/g,经100次循环后,容量保持在299.5 mA·h/g,具有较好的循环性能.     

Preparation of anodic films on 2024 aluminum alloy in boric acid-containing mixed electrolyte

The anodizing oxidation process on 2024 aluminum alloy was researched in the mixed electrolyte with the composition of 30 g/L boric acid, 2 g/L sulfosalicylic acid and 8 g/L phosphate. The results reveal that the pre-treatment and the composition of the mixed electrolyte have influence on the properties of the films and the anodizing oxidation process. Under the condition of controlled potential, the anodizing oxidation current-time response curve displays “saddle” shape. First, the current density reaches a peak value of 8-20 A/dm^2 and then decreases rapidly, finally maintains at 1-2 A/dm^2. The film prepared in the mixed electrolyte is of porous-type with 20 nm in pore size and 500 μm^-2 in porosity. Compared with the conventional anodic film obtained in sulfuric acid, the pore wall of the porous layer prepared in this work is not continuous, which seems to be deposited by small spherical grains. This porous structure of the anodic film may result from the characteristics of the mixed electrolyte and the special anodizing oxidation process. The surface analysis displays that the anodic film is amorphous and composed of O, Al, C, P, S, Si and no copper element is detected.     

Effect of adsorption of some azoles on copper passivation in alkaline medium

We have studied the adsorption properties and the effect of some azoles such as benzotriazole (BTA), mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), benzimidazole (BIMD), mercaptobenzimidazole (MBIMD), imidazole (IMD) and tetrazole on the growth of oxide film on copper in 0.1 M NaOH. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are used to characterise the passivation process. The relative inhibition efficiencies of the azoles in controlling the oxide film formation is found to be in the order MBT > BIMD ≈ MBIMD > BTA ≈ IMD. We find that the azoles follow the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Study of coverage by the measurement of capacitance obtained from the imaginary component of impedance (Z^′′) as a function of time indicates that in about 800 s more than 95% of the coverage is complete in all the cases of inhibitor adsorption.     

The role of surfactants in a cold sealing solution for anodic films on aluminium

Although the key in present cold seating solution formulation practice is the presence of nickel fluoride, its performance can be optimized through the use of other parameters. In particular the effect of surfactants has been studied as a means of providing better penetration into the pores of the nickel salts before incipient precipitation occurs. Non-ionic and anionic surfactants appear to be best, but the effect depends upon the type and concentration of surfactant used.     

A comparison between the corrosion behavior of nanostructured copper thin films deposited on oxidized silicon and copper sheet in alkaline media

Copper thin films were deposited on oxidized silicon at a substrate temperature of 70 °C and 150 °C using EB-PVD technique. The morphology and crystal orientation of the deposited film were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Corrosion behavior of films was studied through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization, immersion test, and cathodic chronopotentiography. Additionally, the crystalline structure of corroded samples immediately after polarization was examined by XRD. Corrosion current density for copper deposits was higher than copper sheet by polarization tests, while the data obtained by the EIS technique emphasized higher corrosion current density for copper sheet. However there was a conflict between polarization and EIS data, the other results obtained by immersion and cathodic chronopotentiography tests proved that the corrosion resistance of copper deposits was higher than copper sheet in the same alkaline media, which can be attributed to chemical composition and higher thickness of the passive layer formed on copper deposits. On the other hand, breakdown potential (E_bp) for copper sheet was about 0.3 V_SCE, while a distinct E_bp was not found for copper deposits. This was a sign of higher stability of the passive layer formed on copper deposits. The XRD patterns of samples immediately after polarization showed a higher content of Cu(OH)₂ on copper deposits in comparison with copper sheet. The stable morphology formed on the surface of copper after polarization was monoclinic CuO, which is assumed to have a significant effect on copper protection in alkaline media. This morphology was more compact on copper deposits in comparison with copper sheet. This was due to higher ability of deposits to react with hydroxyl ions.     

Thermal processes in HVOF sprayed WC-Co coating on a copper substrate

Mathematical modelling of the heat transfer between a WC-Co coating and a copper substrate during high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) spraying was undertaken. The modeling included the investigation of temperature variation, coating solidification, melting and solidification in the substrate interfacial region, and specific features of the substrate-coating thermal interaction.     

Influence of turbulent flow on the corrosion of Al‐Zn‐Mg galvanic anode in artificial seawater media

The effect of hydrodynamics on the corrosion of Al(14 wt%)‐Zn(8 wt%)‐Mg alloy in artificial seawater media at room temperature was studied in a rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) system under turbulent flow conditions. Five different rotation rates were studied: 100, 1000, 3000, 5000, and 7000 rpm. The corrosion rates were measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). For the system studied, the steady‐state corrosion potential increased with increase in rotation rate. The effect of increasing the rotation rate is to increase the availability of oxygen at the surface, which in turn will polarize the corrosion reaction in the more noble direction. The corrosion rate also increases with increase in RCE rotation rate. This reflects the fact that the rate of corrosion is controlled, at least in part, by the rate of mass transfer. In this case, the effect of increase in the rotation rate on the corrosion rate is to increase the interfacial concentration of the reactant (oxygen).     

Effect of turbulent flow on the anodic and cathodic kinetics of API X52 steel corrosion in H2S containing solutions. A rotating cylinder electrode study

This work presents the electrochemical kinetics results measured during the corrosion of API X52 pipeline steel immersed in aqueous environments, containing dissolved hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) under turbulent flow conditions. In order to control the turbulent flow conditions, a rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) was used. Five different rotation rates were studied: 0 (or static conditions), 1000, 3000, 5000 and 7000 rpm. It was found that the turbulent flow increases the corrosion rate and the corrosion mechanism for X52 steel exhibits a significant dependence on mass transfer on the cathodic kinetics.     

The effect of 180 °C-annealing on the electrochemical behavior of nano-thick zinc-electroplated copper in aqueous solutions with different pH

The anodic polarization and a.c. impedance measurements of 4 nm- and 25 nm-zinc-electroplated copper specimens were conducted in aqueous solutions with four different pH-values. The nano-thick zinc-electroplated copper was tested after electroplating and annealing at 180 °C for 1, 2 and 3 h, respectively. The results showed that the open-circuit potential (OCP) of 25 nm-zinc electroplated copper shifted toward noble potential after annealing. A more noble OCP of 25 nm zinc-electroplated copper could be achieved when zinc plated copper was annealed at 180 °C up to 1 h. Similar change was found for 4 nm-zinc electroplated copper only in neutral and alkaline solutions. The a.c. impedance response of all nano-thick zinc-electroplated copper corresponded to two Randle’s circuits in series, in which the circuit measured in a high frequency region of their Nyquist diagrams revealed the electrochemical behavior of nano-thick zinc deposits. The charge transfer resistance of the nano-thick zinc electroplated copper was significantly raised after annealing at 180 °C when tested in pH 9.5 solution. Microstructures of the aforementioned nano-thick zinc electroplated copper were examined with cross-sectional TEM specimens. A distinct phase interface between zinc and copper was observed for as plated specimens, while alloying of zinc and copper at the interface was detected after annealing at 180 °C for 1 h. Electroplated zinc diffused into the copper foil during the 180 °C-annealing and the corrosion potential of the anodic polarization curve indicated the condition of the alloy surface. The annealing effect of 4 nm- and 25 nm-zinc electroplated copper specimens could be related to the results of electrochemical measurement.     

Co‐effect of bis(cyclohexanone) oxalyldihydrazone and copper(II) ion on the corrosion of cold rolled steel in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid solution

Effects of bis(cyclohexanone) oxalyldihydrazone (BCO) and copper(II) ion (Cu²⁺) on the corrosion of cold rolled steel (CRS) in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution were investigated using Tafel polarization curve and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at 20 °C. Results elucidate that the inhibition efficiency increases with increase in BCO concentration, and the addition of 10^?5 M Cu²⁺ significantly enhances the inhibition efficiency of BCO. Polarization curve results elucidate that the single BCO acts as a mixed‐type inhibitor while the combination of Cu²⁺ and BCO acts as cathodic inhibitor. Ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometer (UV–Vis) results show that BCO molecules do not interact with Cu²⁺ and Fe²⁺ in 0.5 M HCl solution. Atomic force microscope (AFM) result indicates that a protective layer forms on CRS surface after immersion in 0.5 M HCl containing BCO in the absence and presence of Cu²⁺. The adsorption of BCO is found to follow the Langmuir adsorption isotherm in the presence and absence of Cu²⁺. The mechanism of typically chemical adsorption is proposed via the value of free energy of adsorption (ΔG) in the presence of BCO and Cu²⁺.     

An update on the copper corrosion program for the long-term management of used nuclear fuel in Canada

In 2012, the Nuclear Waste Management Organization developed a comprehensive proof test plan (PTP) to evaluate the feasibility and safety of their copper-coated used fuel container and their novel bentonite buffer box emplacement concept to be employed in its proposed deep geological repository for the long-term management of used nuclear fuel. Research within the PTP includes several programs to evaluate the possible extent of damage that may be caused by various copper corrosion mechanisms: oxic-, radiolytic-, anoxic-, and sulfide-induced, with particular attention being paid to the possibility of localization of any of these processes. Programs remain on track to support and refine a maximum copper corrosion allowance of <1.27 mm over a one million year emplacement in a deep geological repository.     

Nano-grain Al2O3 crystals grown by sputtering of aluminium on CoCrPt thin films for potential application in ultra-high-density recording media

Designing supraceramic assemblies based on Al₂O₃ has remained a challenge due to the problems associated with the suitable dispersion in neat compounds and ability to control the preferred orientation in a unique fashion. Herein, granular HCP-(CoCrPt)_100−X(Al₂O₃)_X (X represents the percent weight) thin films with Si(1 0 0) substrates have been fabricated using sputtering technique followed by annealing treatment. Structural and magnetic properties of thin film have been investigated for potential application in magnetic recording media. It was shown that coercivity increased from 0.5 to 2.5 kOe by increasing the nano-grain Al₂O₃ content in the CoCrPt magnetic layers. In CoCrPt-Al₂O₃ thin films coercivity of 2.5 kOe has been obtained with increasing the Al₂O₃ content from 3 to 13 wt.% in the annealed thin films. The structural properties of the samples were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) equipped with selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The magnetic properties of the samples were measured with a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The VSM results showed that the HCP-CoCrPt-Al₂O₃ granular films are a promising candidate for ultra-high-density recording media because of its low Al₂O₃ content and simple manufacturing process.     

A novel process for copper protection in the simulated industrial cooling water based on click synthesis and self‐assembling method

The triazole inhibitor of 1‐(p‐tolylthio)‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazole‐4‐carboxylic acid (TTC) was synthesized via the Cu(I)‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction. The self‐assembling method was performed to fabricate the self‐assembled film of TTC on the copper surface. The electrochemical measurement results indicate that the TTC film can efficiently protect the copper from corrosion in high concentrated industrial cooling water. The protection efficiency of TTC film for copper is 92.2%. Surface characterizations imply that the copper with TTC film after corrosion is covered with multiple protective layers. It probably contains Cu(I) and Cu(II) complexes mixed with nitrogenous compound, Cl^? and SO₄^2?. The result of quantum chemical calculation shows that the superior performance of TTC film is related to the adsorption of TTC molecules on copper surface horizontally. This kind of adsorption is mainly achieved via the adsorption centers of triazole ring and O atoms in TTC molecule.     

Effect of potential on the corrosion behavior of a new titanium alloy for dental implant applications in fluoride media

The effect of fluoride ion concentration and pH on the corrosion behavior of TCA (60 Ti 10 Ag 30 Cu), which is a new Ti alloy with low melting point, pure Titanium (Ti), and TAV (TiAl6V4) was examined using open circuit potential (OCP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at different potentials. Results show that the corrosion resistance of TCA and Ti decrease at anodic potentials compared with results obtained at OCP. At one potential the corrosion resistance decrease depends on NaF concentration and pH. TAV shows less resistance against corrosion in fluoride containing saliva. TCA has potentials more positive than Ti and TAV due to surface enrichment of Cu and Ag as Ti dissolves which accelerates the cathodic reaction. Fluoride ion may not hinder the growth of oxide layers on the surfaces of the electrodes. It will have influence on the properties of the oxide layer causing them to be not protective against corrosion in acid media containing fluoride ions.     

核电厂蒸汽发生器SA213T22传热管表面氧化膜的耐蚀性

人工研制了核电厂蒸汽发生器SA213T22传热管的高温氧化膜,采用SEM、XRD、热重分析法分别对氧化膜厚度、微观形貌、成分和稳定性进行了观察和分析。结果表明:氧化膜具有均匀、完整、无孔隙、稳定性好的特点;经高温氧化及矿物油封闭处理后,SA213T22传热管的耐蚀性得到了显著提高,在不同环境中挂片31个月后,试样均未发生腐蚀,完全满足工程应用的要求。