城市供水水质状况及对策

城市供水水质关系到广大人民的身体健康及部分产品的质量、社会生活、投资环境等。随着我国社会与经济的稳步发展，人们对水质的要求不断提高，但同时因地下水超采、水资源环境恶化等原因，城市供水水质问题已成为目前和今后相当长的一段时间内供水行业所面临的突出问题。     

城市供水水质状况及对策

城市供水由于受到水源污染、管网老化等因素的影响,使水质成为目前的一个突出问题,论述了提高饮用水标准、加强水资源环境治理、改造管网和加强水质监测是改善水质的有效途径。     

昆明市主城区供水安全性评价及应对措施

通过分析昆明市主城区现状水资源量、城市供水水源地可供水量、水质变化情况、不同水平年水资源供需平衡,找出昆明市主城区供水存在的不安全因素,并提出了解决思路,为确保昆明市城市供水安全提供决策依据,从而支撑昆明市经济社会的可持续发展。     

南通市水资源供需平衡与承载力研究

近年来,江苏省南通市水质性缺水和季节性缺水问题严重制约了社会经济的发展。为实现可持续发展,利用2015、2020、2030规划年南通市用水和供水系统的水量数据,分析了水资源供需平衡,建立了水资源承载力模型,并以总人口数为目标函数,求解最优化目标。最后通过情景模拟,探讨了不同组合(水量、水质、供水季节)、不同阶段的水资源承载力。结果表明,未来南通市水资源将出现超载情况,2015年可能出现水质性缺水问题;2020年水质问题有所改善,季节性缺水逐渐出现;2030年季节性缺水问题凸显。     

浅析我国水资源污染状况及处理技术的应用

我国人均水资源占有量少,时空分布不均匀,并且水污染比较严重,水量型缺水和水质型缺水并存。随着人们生活水平的提高,对供水水质提出更高的要求。概述我国水污染现状,分析了水体有机污染来源和种类及传统水处理工艺的不足,提出了有效的有机微污染水水处理技术。     

福建省水资源安全与对策研究

阐述福建省水资源基本情况,介绍供水水质水量安全问题及用水效率情况;结合水资源分布特点及经济发展格局,从分区域水资源配置、节约用水、污水回用、雨水利用、海水利用及非工程措施等方面,提出解决水资源安全问题的对策.     

超滤膜技术在现代化净水厂的应用

我国是水资源短缺且分步不均衡的大国,水资源在社会发展中的重要性不言而喻,我国为了快速发展而对水资源形成了较为严重的污染破坏,使得资源、环境成为经济发展的限制因素之一。为了提高供水水质标准,提高对水资源的利用率,科研人员积极研究分离技术,对微污染水进行分离净化处理,从而提高现代化净水厂的工作效率和质量,从超滤膜技术入手,分析超滤膜技术在现代化净水厂中的应用,为提高供水安全性和水资源利用率提供一些思路。     

4D和Q检验模型在供水管网水质检验中的应用

鉴于城市供水管网末梢水质检验一直是供水水质监测的难点,以苏州市五个偏远小区供水管网末梢的水质指标数据为样本,应用数学统计模型中的4D检验模型和Q检验模型对所监测的水质数据进行了检验。结果表明,4D检验模型和Q检验模型均能快速、灵敏地检测出离群数据,其中4D检验模型对水中氯气及游离氯制剂、溶解性总固体、浑浊度等水质指标较为敏感;Q检验模型在不同的显著性水平下均能检测出水中溶解性总固体、总β放射性等水质指标的异常。可见应用数学统计模型可对供水管网水质进行检验与分析,从而可提高水质检测的科学性和合理性,亦可为供水管网建立水质模型与进行水质调度奠定良好的理论基础。     

基于集对分析理论的南京市饮用水水源地水质评价

通过对南京市县城以上城镇的供水水源地供水现状调查,运用集对分析法、最差因子法评价了饮用水水源地水质情况。结果表明,与水质最差因子评价方法相比,集对分析法能更清楚地反映水体污染程度。南京市城镇饮用水水源地中大厂水厂、浦口水厂的水质相对较好,上元门水厂水质略差;以湖泊、中型水库为供水水源地的取水口水质现状良好,而胥河、滁河等水源地水质较差,存在取水口布局不合理等问题。     

长江流域(片)水资源水质现状及特征

较详细地论述了全国第二次水资源质量调查评价中长江流域的评价情况,分析了流域水化学类型、水质现状、地下水水质、水功能区水质、湖(库)营养状况、水质变化趋势预测等。评价揭示长江流域水资源水质面临的主要问题且作战略思考。     

双水位可控节水洁具装置的研究

介绍一种双水位卫生间洁具水箱节水型排水阀装置。本装置为串联式提拉阀,第一级为低水位阀门,第二级为高水位阀门,两级阀门控制两个档位的排水,以适用对大小便等冲污量不同的用水量要求．尤其适合于对旧水箱的节水改进。     

Prediction of evaporation of defrosted water in refrigerator water trays

The main concern of the present paper is to simulate the evaporation of defrosted water in domestic refrigerator water trays. The tray is assumed to be located above in vicinity to the compressor head, and part of the heat used to evaporate the water is heat from the compressor. The mathematical model is based on that of Bansal and Xie. In modeling, the basic physical equations are conservations of mass and energy. The model includes the various relevant parameters, e.g., the ambient air temperature, relative humidity of ambient air, initial temperature of defrosted water, area of water tray, initial mass of water in the tray, and characteristic length and area of the compressor shell. The experiments are done in two steps: finding of the correlations between the temperature of the compressor shell and the elapsed time and verifying the simulation results. The results show that the model simulates the experimental data fairly well. The model may be used as a tool to determine a suitable configuration for the evaporation of defrosted water collected in domestic refrigerator water trays.     

冷水机组低温冷却水系统解决方案分析

通过理论分析与实验方法研究了冷水机组冷却水温度和流量调节的方法。结果表明:采用旁通阀调节冷却水温度,不仅能够保证冷水机组安全、高效稳定运行,且能够有效节约能源;采用冷却水变频方式,可以大量减少能耗,但当环境温度低于10℃时,基本不可用。     

水源热泵热水器实验研究

水源热泵技术利用少量电能将地表水或地下水的低品位能量转移至高品位,目前正成为节能领域的研究热点.针对水源热泵变冷凝参数的相关研究缺乏的现状,通过搭建水源热泵热水器实验台进行了相应实验研究.在水流量Q为0.7~1.3 m~3·h~(-1),进水温度t为15~30℃范围内,对系统功耗、制热量、制冷量、热泵性能系数COP等参数进行了测量.实验结果表明,在水流量为1.1 m~3·h~(-1),进水温度为20℃时,COP达到最大值,系统平均热泵性能系数COP_(ave)为3.23,此时系统处于最佳运行工况.由此可知,寻找系统的最佳运行工况对热泵系统设计和实际工程应用具有重要的意义.     

Use of controlled water circulation in tap water heat pumps

Condensers used in tap water heat pumps are either of the integrated passive immersion type or separate units with active water circulation. The use of the active circulation configuration together with a counter-flow condenser and water flow control has a number of advantages compared to passive immersion condensers. In particular, hot water temperatures above the saturation temperature of the condensing refrigerant are possible. The counter-flow arrangement also permits sub-cooling gains in cycle efficiency. These two features offset the pumping power penalty which would not be necessary in a system with a passive immersion condenser.     

一种新的过程节水分析方法──水夹点技术及应用研究

介绍利用水夹点技术进行过程节水的分析方法,阐述了水夹点系统设计的Ｃ－Ｍ图,浓度组合曲线的构造原理,及水夹点系统设计的原则和具体步骤．应用研究表明,与常规技术相比水夹点技术节水提高１６．３％．     

From water to energy: The virtual water content and water footprint of biofuel consumption in Spain

Energy diversification and the use of renewable energy sources are key points in the European energy strategy. Biofuels are the most popular renewable resource option for the transport sector, and the European Union has established objectives that the Member States must adopt and implement. However, biofuel production at such a scale requires a considerable amount of water resources, and this water–energy nexus is rarely taken into account. This paper shows the strong nexus between water and energy in biofuel production and estimates the virtual water (VW) content and the water footprint (WF) from the raw material production that will be needed to reach the Spanish targets for biofuel consumption by 2010. The results show how the impact of such targets on the global and local water situation could be reduced through virtual water imports and, at the same time, how these imports could increase Spain’s water and energy dependence. Hence, in order to manage water from an integral perspective of the territory, the inclusion of biofuel consumption objectives should go hand in hand with measures to reduce the demand of energy in the transport sector.     

A novel thermal water pump for circulating water in a solar water heating system

This research purpose was to perform a parametric study of a novel thermal water pump well fitted in a simulated solar water heating system (SWHS). The SWHS was composed of a heating tank (HT), a hot water storage tank (ST) and an overhead tank (OT). The HT together with a specially designed valve act as a novel thermal water pump that gets power from hot water vapor and air pressure produced by a built-in electric heater in order to transfer heat from the HT to ST. The general operation of this pump has four stages for each cycle: heating, water circulating, vapor circulating and water supplying. The discharge water heads were varied with an increment of 0.25 m from 0.75 to 3 m. According to the experiment, it was found that the pump could operate at an average HT temperature of about 80–95 °C leading to 70–80 °C ST temperatures and 20–35 pumping cycles and consumed 17 MJ energy input during 9-h period. The overall thermal efficiency of the SWHS was 33–42% and the mean pump efficiency was about 0.005–0.011% depending upon the discharge heads.     

Hydrogen and fresh water production from sea water

A review of hydrogen production as a source of energy was made. Electrolysis was found to be the major technique of hydrogen production from sea water. A potential difficulty with this process is the chlorine and oxygen that are evolved at the anode. A new concept for hydrogen production from sea water by an electrochemical method was investigated. In this concept fresh water and hydrogen are produced simultaneously. The electric cell consists of a set of electrodes with each electrode suspended between two plastic membranes (cations and anions). Hydrogen is evolved from the cation compartment and chlorine gas from the anion compartment. Cost estimation and evaluation of the process were made.     

去离子水电解液与蒸馏水电解液的比较

简要介绍了去离子水的制备过程,分析了用去离子水作铅酸蓄电池硫酸稀释剂的好处。通过两种蓄电池 三充二放"试验、装车试验及经济效益分析,得出去离子水铅酸蓄电池更能提高铅酸蓄电池使用可靠性。