Simulation of VGT control based on charge oxygen concentration

A turbocharged diesel engine model was built with the GT-Power software,and experimentally verified.Then two different control variables for the control of the variable geometry turbocharger（VGT）were described,and their distinct effects on engine performance,i.e.NOxand soot emissions and fuel consumption,were simulated and compared on the basis of this model.The results showed that NOxemissions decreased obviously with the increase of exhaust gas recirculation（EGR）rate at constant boost pressure condition,but soot emissions and fuel consumption considerably increased.It was a good way to reduce NOxemissions without increasing fuel consumption and soot emissions when VGT was controlled to maintain the excess oxygen ratio unchanged as EGR rate increases.     

Experimental study on the effects of HP and LP EGR on thermal efficiency and emissions of a two-stage turbocharged diesel engine

An experimental study was performed to compare the effects of high- and low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation loops (HP and LP EGR loops) on thermal efficiency and emissions of a diesel engine. Tests were conducted on a 12-L six-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine under various operating conditions. We found that at a low speed of 1100 r/min, 1 MPa BMEP, the LP EGR loop could achieve higher brake thermal efficiency and lower emissions than the HP EGR. This is because the lower enthalpy available at the turbine inlet of the HP EGR loop increased the fuel/oxygen equivalence ratio. For the HP EGR, the gross indicated thermal efficiency was reduced by 1%, but pumping losses were only reduced by 0.5%, compared to the LP EGR loop. At a higher speed of 1600 r/min, 1 MPa BMEP, the HP EGR loop attained a higher brake thermal efficiency and lower emissions because of the relatively sufficient flow through the turbocharger. For the HP EGR loop, the gross indicated thermal efficiency was only reduced by 0.5% and pumping losses were reduced by 1.5%, compared to the LP EGR loop. Lower fuel consumption and a longer ignition delay made the distribution of fuel/oxygen equivalence ratio more homogeneous, leading to lower emissions. Our data also showed that at the high speed of 1600 r/min, 0.55 MPa BMEP, the brake thermal efficiency of the HP EGR loop first increased, then decreased as the EGR rate increased. Therefore, under all conditions, a reasonable match of both EGR loops could achieve a good balance between fuel consumption and emissions of NO _x and soot.     

The effects of EGR and ignition timing on emissions of GDI engine

The effects of EGR and ignition timing on engine emissions and combustion were studied through an experiment carried out on an air-guided GDI engine. The test results showed that the ignition timing significantly affected the GDI engine emissions, that the NO _x emissions significantly reduced when the ignition timing was retarded, and that NO _x emissions decreased with the EGR level increasement. A higher EGR rate could reduce CO emissions while the CO emissions were less affected by the ignition timing. The HC emissions decreased at a lower EGR rate. At 2500 r/min, an appropriate EGR rate could cut down CO emissions. The exhaust gas temperature could significantly decrease with improving the EGR rate, and the exhaust gas temperature at 2500 r/min was clearly higher than that at 1850 r/min. The nucleation mode particles increased clearly, the accumulation mode particle number decreased gradually with the increase of EGR rate, and the typical particle size of nucleation mode particle was in the range of 10–25 nm.     

Experimental study of effects of oxygen concentration on combustion and emissions of diesel engine

Effects of oxygen concentration on combustion and emissions of diesel engine are investigated by experiment. The intake oxygen concentration is controlled by adjusting CO₂. The results show that very low levels of both soot and NO _x emissions can be achieved by modulating the injection pressure, timing, and boost pressure at the low levels of oxygen concentration. However, both CO and HC emissions and fuel consumption distinctly increase at the low levels of oxygen concentration. The results also indicate that NO _x emissions strongly depend on oxygen concentration, while soot emissions strongly depend on injection pressure. Decreasing oxygen concentration is the most effective method to control NO _x emissions. High injection pressure is necessary to reduce smoke emissions. High injection pressure can also decrease the CO and HC emissions and improve engine efficiency. With the increase of intake pressure, both NO _x and smoke emissions decrease. However, it is necessary to use the appropriate intake pressure in order to get the low HC and CO emissions with high efficiency. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50636040, 50676066)     

乙醇燃料均质压燃发动机的试验研究

利用进气预热和废气再循环(EGR)控制方法,在由CA6110柴油机改造的单缸发动机上进行了以乙醇为燃料的均质混合气压燃(Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition,HCCI)试验研究。结果表明:在过量空气系数λ=1~9时,发动机可以实现HCCI燃烧,但由过量空气系数和EGR率表示的HCCI工作范围受爆震和部分燃烧的限制。乙醇燃料HCCI燃烧最大平均指示压力可达到0.6 MPa,指示效率可达到60%。在HCCI燃烧中只产生少量的NOx,但是未燃HC和CO的排放较高。     

燃瓦斯气蓄热式加热炉再燃低氮改造数值模拟

为实现燃瓦斯气加热炉氮氧化物(NOx)排放低于200 mg/m3(O2体积分数3.5%)的要求,提出高效的再燃低氮改造方案.通过数值计算和工业试验相结合的方法对其进行验证.采用FLUENT软件计算不同再燃瓦斯气比例和当量比下,不同截面温度及NOx质量浓度分布,NOx生成还原特性和瓦斯气未燃尽率等.根据优化的数值计算结果对加热炉进行改造,进行连续一周的工业试验.结果表明:增加再燃比,燃烧空间高温区域比例降低,热力型NOx生成量减少且减幅增大,再燃作用对NOx的还原率先升高后降低.当再燃比为0.20时,再燃作用还原NOx的效率最高.增加再燃比或降低主燃区当量比将降低NOx浓度,但瓦斯气未燃尽率升高.通过与工业试验对比,验证了计算的可靠性.当再燃比为0.15~0.20,主燃区当量比为1.15~1.20时,NOx质量浓度最高值约160 mg/m3,均值约130 mg/m3(O2体积分数3.5%),且瓦斯气未燃尽率较低.     

Effects of H<Subscript>2</Subscript>/CO/CH<Subscript>4</Subscript> syngas composition variation on the NO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> and CO emission characteristics in a partially-premixed gas turbine combustor

This paper reports the effects of variations in the fuel composition of H₂/CO/CH₄ syngas on the characteristics of NO _x and CO emissions in a partially-premixed gas turbine combustor. Combustion tests were conducted on a full range of fuel compositions by varying each component gas from 0% to 100% at heat inputs of 40 and 50 kW_th. Flame temperature, combustor liner temperature, ignition delay time, and flame structure were investigated computationally and experimentally to judge whether they are significant indicators of NO _x and CO formation. The characteristics of and reasons for NO _x and CO emissions were investigated by analyzing the emission mechanisms and relationships among fuel property, equivalence ratio, flame temperature, liner temperature, flame shape. The flame structures were investigated using the following flame visualization methods: (1) time-averaged OH* chemiluminescence and its Abel-deconvolution; (2) direct photography; and (3) instantaneous OH-PLIF. The flame structures were greatly changed by the fuel composition and heat input, and they were subjected to key affecting parameters of the temperatures of the flames and the liners. NO _x and CO emissions also largely varied according to fuel composition and heat input, showing neither linearly nor exponentially clear proportional trends toward the syngas compositions because of the singular conditions. For example, only the 100% CO flame at low load emitted lots of CO, whereas complete combustion was observed in other cases. However, the qualitative observations showed that the root causes of NO _x emission behaviors were flame temperature and flame structure, which were directly related to the residence time in the flame. Various sets of practical test results were obtained, and these results could contribute to the optimal selection of the fuel-feeding condition when fuel is changed from natural gas to syngas in order to minimize NO _x and CO emissions with stable combustion.     

低压EGR系统对缸内直喷发动机性能影响的研究

为研究低压废气再循环系统（Exhaust Gas Recirculation,EGR）对缸内直喷发动机油耗、排放和泵气损失的影响,基于某2.0T缸内直喷发动机,提出了一套低压EGR系统控制策略。试验结果表明,在各个工况下,随着EGR率的升高,比油耗出现降低的情况,泵气损失得到良好改善,排气端的一氧化碳（CO）和氮氧化物（NO_x）含量降低,总碳氢化合物（Total Hydrocarbons,THC）含量略有升高。     

NOx emission characteristics of hydrogen internal combustion engine

In order to investigate the NOxemission of hydrogen internal combustion engines.A test system for four-cylinder intake port-fuel-injection hydrogen internal combustion engine(H2ICE)is established to study the effect of fuel-air equivalence ratio,ignition advance angle,engine speed and exhaust gas recirculation on NOx emission.Experimental results show that the fuel-air equivalence ratio is the key factor to NOxemission,NOxemission concentration is always higher than 8 000×10-6 when the fuel-air equivalence ratio is larger than 0.8and lower than 500×10-6 when the fuel-air equivalence ratio is smaller than 0.5.The ignition advance angle and engine speed also play important roles on NOxemission formation.EGR is an useful method to reduce NOx emission concentration at large fuel-air equivalence ratio especially when engine speed is low and EGR ratio is high.     

废气再循环对柴油机性能影响的试验研究

通过废气再循环（ EGR-Exhausted Gas Recirculation ）可以有效地降低柴油机的氮氧化物（ NOx）排放。但是废气具有一定的热作用和化学作用,因此EGR会对柴油机燃烧过程和排放物的生成造成影响。本文基于4 D20柴油机,重点开展了不同的EGR率对柴油机性能影响的研究。分析试验结果发现,随着EGR率的增大,燃烧滞燃期增长,缸内压力和缸内温度降低,放热率峰值降低,热效率下降;NOx排放随着EGR率的增大而急剧下降;soot排放随着EGR率的增大而增大;CO和HC排放随着EGR率的增大而增大。     

不同再燃技术降低燃煤锅炉NOx排放的对比分析

目前降低NO_x生成与排放技术中,再燃技术具有改造费用低、锅炉运行效率高、降低NO_x排放效率显著等特点。通过分析超细粉、生物质气、天然气和H₂作为再燃燃料的机理、影响因素、优缺点和实际应用情况,比较了不同再燃技术降低NO_x排放的技术参数和经济性,发现H₂再燃技术降低燃煤锅炉NO_x排放具有较大优越性。     

车用汽油机EGR率、点火定时和空燃比的优化

通过对安装EGR阀的CA6 10 2试验机进行EGR率、点火提前角、空燃比等因素的匹配试验 ,分析其变化规律 ,找出安装EGR阀后发动机点火和供油的最优匹配。在保持经济性指标的同时 ,最大限度地改善排放     

EGR和VNT的匹配对增压柴油机排放的影响

通过可变喷嘴增压器(VNT)和废气再循环(EGR)系统的匹配试验,考察了VNT对发动机排气和进气的压差以及EGR率的影响规律,研究了降低四缸增压柴油机的排放问题。试验结果表明,EGR系统能在不改变柴油机动力性、经济性和烟度排放的基础上,使柴油机NOx排放量降低20%~47%。VNT通过调节废气涡轮增压器涡前压气后的压差,可将EGR率提高2%~12%。     

Review: Investigation of Partially Pre-mixed Charge Ignitions (PPCI) Engine Mode

This paper embraces the key points of unpolluted internally combusted engine emissions. Core objective is focused on the recent effort to improve compression ignition(CI) and spark ignition(SI) engine to have fuel-efficient and minimized pollutant emissions. There are many advanced internal combustion engines to overcome the challenges of conventional compression ignition engines of the high level of particulate matter(PM) and oxides of nitrogen emission. One of the latest options on which many ...     

混合气质量对乙醇发动机均质压燃燃烧特性的影响

在一台经改造而成的单缸均质压燃(HCCI)发动机上,以乙醇为燃料研究了不同循环供油量和废气再循环(EGR)率对HCCI燃烧的动力性、经济性和排放性的影响。结果表明:乙醇燃料HCCI燃烧有较高的指示热效率,最高可以接近60%;最高平均指示压力Pmi为0.6MPa;过量空气系数a和EGR率的合理组合可以有效控制HCCI燃烧的着火正时和NOx排放,但是EGR的加入会导致HC和CO排放增加。     

气口喷射DMM/柴油混合燃料实现HCCI燃烧

为了促进缸内均匀混合气的形成,将不同比例的DMM/柴油混合燃料通过气口喷射,在单缸发动机上实现了具有超低排放特征的HCCI燃烧方式,考察了混合燃料中DMM的比例、冷却EGR率对HCCI燃烧的转速和负荷范围的影响,以及负荷、冷却EGR率和进气温度对HCCI燃烧的影响.研究表明,由于DMM/柴油混合燃料显著改善了燃料的雾化特性,因此混合燃料能够在较宽的转速和负荷范围内实现HCCI燃烧.此外,由于混合燃料含有很高比例的氧份,因此容许采用较大比例的废气再循环,并且因为冷却的废气再循环推迟了HCCI的着火时刻.通过燃料改性结合外部废气再循环在较大范围内实现了HCCI燃烧.     

Life cycle of remanufactured engines

The life cycle index of remanufactured engines was assessed by using the method of life cycle assessment (LCA). A remanufactured engine of a certain domestic brand was taken as researching object. Engine reproducing engineering was investigated from three aspects which were energy, material and environment. The application of LCA on remanufacturing engines was discussed in detail with a practical case. The results indicate that remanufacturing an engine can save 55 kg steels, 8.3 kg aluminum and 113 kW · h electric powers and reduce emissions of 565 kg CO₂, 6.09 kg CO, 1.01 kg NO _x , 3.985 kg SO _x and 288.725 kg solid waste. The remanufacturing of engines possesses great economic value and practicability. Foundation item: Project (50235030) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

米勒循环与EGR耦合对增压柴油机性能的影响

以某6缸四冲程两级增压船用柴油机为研究对象,建立两级增压柴油机米勒循环与废气再循环(Exhaust Gas Recirculation, EGR)耦合仿真模型,研究米勒循环和EGR耦合对两级增压柴油机燃油消耗率和NO_x排放的影响.结果表明,当米勒度为-40°CA时,燃油消耗率相对原机降低3.5%, NO_x排放相对原机降低25.5%; EGR率为30%时,燃油消耗率相对原机增加5.0%,NO_x排放降低98.7%;当米勒度为-30°CA与EGR率为20%时,燃油消耗率相对原机仅增加0.1%,NO_x排放降低92.7%.     

废气再循环与过量空气系数联合的NO_x控制策略在天然气发动机上的应用

在一台改造的增压中冷天然气发动机上研究了废气再循环(EGR)和过量空气系数(a)对天然气发动机性能的影响。结果表明稀混合气加EGR的方法在达到相同NOx排放控制目标值时能够产生比采用纯空气稀释时更高的热效率。因而提出了EGR和a联合的NOx排放控制策略。试验确定了2800r/min、75%和50%负荷下由EGR和a表示的NOx排放控制区,该区域内在没有催化后处理器的条件下可以将NOx降低到1g/(kW·h)以下,同时可以兼顾发动机燃料经济性。     

废气再循环成分对扩散燃烧中碳烟成核的影响

通过测量对置射流扩散火焰中开始形成碳核时的临界气动变形率Kp,对空气中加入燃烧废气(CO2和N1)时的乙烯和丙烷的扩散火焰中碳烟成核的影响进行了实验研究．通过适当的火焰温度调节方法,将CO2对碳烟成核过程所起的各种作用进行了分解,并由此得出结论：CO2对扩散火焰具有遏制碳烟成核的作用．