对速调管双间隙输出段间隙阻抗矩阵系数分布的分析

本文用集总等效网络的观点对速调管双间隙输出段间隙阻抗系数的分布和变化规律进行了分析。文中讨论了等效电路的选择,从各部件给出的参数来推算系统的阻抗分布并从冷测到的间隙自身阻抗系数来推算转移阻抗系数和各部件的高频参数。     

An efficient path-based equivalent circuit model for design, synthesis, and optimization of power distribution networks in multilayer printed circuit boards

In high-speed printed circuit boards, the decoupling capacitors are commonly used to mitigate the power-bus noise that causes many signal integrity problems. It is very important to determine their proper locations and values so that the power distribution network should have low impedance over a wide range of frequencies, which demands a precise power-bus model considering the decoupling capacitors. However, conventional power-bus models suffer from various problems, i.e., the numerical analyzes require huge computation while the lumped circuit models show poor accuracy. In this paper, a novel power-bus model has been proposed, which simplifies the n-port Z-parameters of a power-bus plane to a lumped T-network circuit model. It exploits the path-based equivalent circuit model to consider the interference of the current paths between the decoupling capacitors, while the conventional lumped models assume that all decoupling capacitors are connected in parallel, independently with each other. It also models the equivalent electrical parameters of the board parasitic precisely, while the conventional lumped models employ only the inter-plane capacitance of the power-ground planes. Although it is a lumped model for fast and easy calculation, experimental results show that the proposed model is almost as precise as the numerical analysis. Consequently, the proposed model enables a quick and accurate optimization of power distribution networks in the frequency domain by determining the locations and values of the decoupling capacitors.     

Equivalent transformations for the mixed lumped Brune-type sectionand uniform transmission line

As an analytical method for nonuniform transmission lines (NTLs) equivalent transformations are extended to a more general case, namely a mixed lumped Brune-type section and a uniform transmission line (unit element, UE). Circuits consisting of a cascade connection of a lumped Brune section and a UE are equivalent to one consisting of a cascade connection of a nonuniform transmission line whose characteristic impedance distribution is expressed with a trigonometric function and a lumped Brune section. This equivalent transformation method is easily applied to a circuit consisting of a lumped C section and a UE. The equivalent circuit is a circuit consisting of an NTL and a lumped C section. In this case, the characteristic impedance distribution of the NTL may be expressed in terms of a hyperbolic function. Exact network functions of the NTLs are easily obtained from the equivalent circuits without solving the telegrapher's equation. By considering the limiting case of these equivalent transformations, equivalent transformations for circuits consisting of a cascade connection of a lumped resonance circuit and a circuit and a uniform transmission line are derived     

Equivalent Circuit Analysis of Serpentine Folded-waveguide Slow-wave Structures for Millimeter-wave Traveling-wave Tubes

A simple equivalent circuit model for the analysis of dispersion and interaction impedance characteristics of serpentine folded-waveguide slow-wave structure was developed by considering the straight and curved portions of structure supporting the dominant TE ₁₀-mode of the rectangular waveguide. Expressions for the lumped capacitance and inductance per period of the slow-wave structure were derived in terms of the physical dimensions of the structure, incorporating the effects of the beam-hole in the lumped parameters. The lumped parameters were subsequently interpreted for obtaining the dispersion and interaction impedance characteristics of the structure. The analysis was simple yet accurate in predicting the dispersion and interaction impedance behaviour at millimeter-wave frequencies. The analysis was benchmarked against measurement as well as with 3D electromagnetic modeling using MAFIA for two typical slow-wave structures (one at the Ka-band and the other at the W-band) and close agreement observed.     

高成品率微波匹配网络结构

应用MonteCarlo法计算了集总参数三元件微波匹配网络的成品率，得到了具有高成品率的匹配网络结构在阻抗国图不同负载区域上的分布情况，说明了网络结构对其成品率的影响，所得结果给电路设计中选择高成品率匹配网络结构以提高电路成品率带来了方便。     

An Analytical Equivalent Circuit Representation for Waveguide-Mounted Gunn Oscillators

A lumped equivalent circuit is used to represent the impedance presented to the device terminals for a waveguide-mounted Gunn oscillator. Analytic expressions are used for all the lumped elements. This circuit model is used to predict tuning curves which are compared to experimental tuning curves obtained for iris coupling, for full- and reduced-height waveguides, and for various post diameters. Iris-controlled nontunable modes are reported and explained by the model. The real part of the load impedance presented at the device terminals is found to agree with Copeland's prediction for optimum loading. Experimentally observed mode switching is explained with reference to variations in device parameters.     

A simple finite-difference frequency-domain (FDFD) algorithm for analysis of switching noise in printed circuit boards and packages

Simultaneous switching noise (SSN) compromises the integrity of the power distribution structure on multilayer printed circuit boards (PCB). Several methods have been used to investigate SSN. These methods ranged from simple lumped circuit models to full-wave (dynamic) three-dimensional Maxwell equations simulators. In this work, we present an efficient and simple finite-difference frequency-domain (FDFD) based algorithm that can simulate, with high accuracy, the capacity of a PCB board to introduce SSN. The FDFD code developed here also allows for simulation of real-world decoupling capacitors that are typically used to mitigate SSN effects at sub 1 GHz frequencies. Furthermore, the algorithm is capable of including lumped circuit elements having user-specified complex impedance. Numerical results are presented for several test boards and packages, with and without decoupling capacitors. Validation of the FDFD code is demonstrated through comparison with other algorithms and laboratory measurements.     

An accurate analysis of noise in rectangular bipolar transistors including current crowding

An accurate analysis of noise in rectangular bipolar transistors is developed from a distributed model using a collective approach and the transport noise theory. In this model, emitter current crowding effect are taken into account and noise behaviour at intermediate and low values of source impedance is precisely described. The structure of teh equivalent lumped circuit is established, and the analytical relationships characterizing its elements in an extended range of current and frequency are given. It is shown that; (a) the active base region must be represented by a nonlinear impedance with a generalized thermal noise source; (b) for low source impedances the equivalent input voltage shot noise generator is higher than predicted by low injection theories. Furthermore it is found that emitter crowding induces a uniform and important decrease in (a) base impedance (b) thermal noise and (c) the correlation between shot noise generators of the equivalent lumped circuit. Finally it appears that classical low injection theories are valid when crowding occurs in transistors biased with high source impedances.     

Synthesis of Reduced Equivalent Circuits for Transmission Lines

This paper presents a method for generating lumped models for symmetrical transmission-line two-ports. These models consist of an ideal transformer and frequency-domain approximations for two physical driving-point impedances. The lumped element values are obtained directly from the distributed parameters or propagation constant and characteristic impedance. The method is applied to dispersive transmission lines, skin effect and waveguides. It is shown that the equivalent circuit is superior in accuracy and number of elements compared to spatial discretizations like ladder approximation.     

Single Summation Expression for the Impedance of Rectangular PCB Power-Bus Structures Loaded With Multiple Lumped Elements

In this paper, a single summation expression is derived for the impedance of rectangular printed circuit board (PCB) power-bus structures populated with numerous lumped elements. This is based on a summation formula of a Fourier series, which has already been used to derive a fast summation algorithm for calculating the impedance of bare multilayer PCBs. The theoretical results obtained with the single summation agree well with the results of the common circuit theory. The single summation expression allows for a very fast and accurate impedance computation of populated PCBs     

Synthesis of Mixed Lumped and Distributed Impedance-Transforming Filters

The design of a class of impedance-transforming filters in the form of very compact and convenient mixed lumped and distributed ladder networks is presented. The synthesis utilizes the distributed prototype technique introduced in a previous paper, but here a new approximation function appropriate to the impedance transformer problem is derived. In addition to combining the properties of an impedance transformer and a low-pass filter, the new circuit represents a solution to the problem of short-line matching to an extreme impedance value without using extreme impedance values in the transformer. Broad-band designs are tabulated for a wide range of parameters. A discussion of the application of the technique in the design of mixed lumped and distributed broad-band matching networks is included. A 50-10-/spl Omega/ transformer was designed for the band 3.5-7.0 GHz, having a voltage standing-wave ratio of 1.15 and giving an attenuation >20 dB in the band 10.5-21.0 GHz. The length of this transformer is 0.875 in, and the experimental results showed excellent agreement with theory.     

基于集总电阻加载吸波器的紧耦合超宽带天线

基于集总型电阻频率选择表面吸波器,设计一款超宽带紧耦合天线阵列。在天线阵列与地板之间加入两层结构集总型电阻频率选择表面吸波器,改变天线与地板之间的传输特性,有效抑制天线短路零点出现,扩展天线带宽;同时利用天线间强耦合效应,减小天线单元结构尺寸。使用集总电阻和金属环构成的吸波器代替常规阻抗型频率选择表面结构,降低天线阵列设计与加工难度,同时可有效改善天线阻抗匹配。仿真实验表明,通过调节集总频率选择表面吸波器物理结构、加载电阻阻值和天线间耦合电容值等参数,当天线单元驻波比小于3 时,可实现带宽范围达12.6:1 (1.5～19 GHz)的超宽带性能;并在2.2～18.3 GHz 范围内具有驻波比小于2 的良好匹配性能。     

基于集总电阻的S波段小型化超材料吸波器

提出了一种基于集总电阻的S波段小型化超材料吸波器(Metamaterial Absorber,简称MMA)结构, 并进行了理论分析和仿真验证。设计的MMA 基本单元结构由加载了集总元件的电谐振器、中间隔离层和金属背板组成。利用S 参数反演算法求出等效阻抗,结果表明集总电阻的加入使该MMA 在较宽频带范围内有较好的阻抗匹配特性。根据等效电路理论,分析了MMA谐振吸收频率与其单元结构几何参数之间的关系。通过MMA 单元结构表面电流和能流分布分析了其吸波机制。不同模式下的极化角和斜入射角吸收率表明:该MMA具有极化不敏感和宽入射角特性。进一步研究MMA 结构-参数对其吸波性能的影响,通过单元结构几何参数和集总参数的调节获得最优的MMA模型。最终,通过MMA基本单元结构的进一步优化设计,使其在1.9～6.0GHz 范围内吸收率达到90%以上,对应的相对带宽达到101.9%。该设计有望在电磁能量捕获及隐身领域拥有潜在应用价值。     

Time-domain study of a shielding cable system with a nonlinear load

An impulse current of several kiloamperes was injected to the shield of a shielded cable, which was terminated by a varistor. The induced voltage on the inner conductor caused by this impulse current reaches an amplitude in excess of the varistor's threshold level. The clamped voltage across the varistor and the injected current have been studied for different termination conditions of the shielding cable. Furthermore, this paper also presents the use of a lumped circuit to simulate the transfer impedance of an “electrically short” shielded cable in the time domain. In combination with the varistor circuit model, the shielded cable with the nonlinear load, a varistor, was also simulated straightforwardly in the time domain. Good agreement was found between the measured voltage and current oscillograms and the calculated waveforms. It is thereby demonstrated the validity of the developed lumped circuit model for the transfer impedance of a shielded cable     

Scattering matrix of dielectric resonator coupled with twomicrostrip lines

A lumped equivalent circuit is proposed to model the coupling of a dielectric resonator with two microstrip lines terminated by any impedance. A three-dimensional finite-element method is used to determine the resonant frequency, quality factor, and coupling coefficients as functions of the electromagnetic parameters of the structure. Scattering parameters are computed. Methods are presented to evaluate these coefficients from a field analysis. They are shown to give good agreement between computed and experimental results     

一种销钉波导的分析方法

为了解决销钉波导端口阻抗参数计算复杂问题,采用一种新的分析方法,建立单销钉波导等效电路模型,利用级联规律,在分析三销钉波导时,把3个单销钉的等效电路级联起来进行分析,从电路角度解决销钉波导问题。把通过HFSS电磁仿真软件计算的销钉波导端口的阻抗参数与通过等效电路计算的销钉波导端口阻抗参数进行对比,两者结果一致。验证了该销钉波导等效电路的正确性以及这种销钉波导的分析方法的有效性。     

一种超宽带双信道速调管输出回路的设计和实验

该文介绍了一种超宽带双信道速调管输出回路的设计思路和实现过程。以Ansoft HFSS软件为设计平台,在S波段设计出一个带宽超过550 MHz的超宽带双信道双间隙耦合腔输出回路。设计了信道转换机构,并分别确定了两个信道的谐振腔参数。得出了不改变两个谐振腔参数,只需调节耦合槽的尺寸就能够实现信道转换的结论。通过对HFSS软件建立的模型进行计算,得到了双间隙耦合腔输出回路中各模式的频率,与冷测结果基本一致。利用集中元件等效电路法计算了双间隙耦合腔输出回路的间隙阻抗,计算结果与冷测结果基本一致。     

PNP型HBT基极接触阻抗的理论估算

给出了非合金接触情况下 ,PNP型 HBT基极比接触电阻和接触阻抗的解析计算方法和结果。讨论了接触阻抗随频率的变化规律 ,并给出了集总元件电路模型     

A scale mixer model for sis waveguide receivers

We report results from measurements of a scale mixer model, built to investigate the embedding impedance presented to a superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) tunnel junction detector in a full height waveguide with two tuning elements. The embedding impedance is measured as a function of junction position across the waveguide channel. The results are compared to i) computer simulations of the embedding impedance using waveguide theory, ii) a lumped element circuit derived from the theory, iii) an SIS receiver operating between 200 and 280 GHz.     

Circuit characterisation of waveguide-mounted Gunn-effect oscillators

A lumped equivalent circuit is proposed to characterise the load impedance presented to a Gunn device mounted in a waveguide cavity. Using analytical expressions for the elements of the circuit, theoretical predictions for the properties of Gunn oscillators with and without a coupling iris are made, and are compared with experiments.