蔬菜中硝酸盐与亚硝酸盐检测方法的研究进展

综述了亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的检测方法,指出了各检测方法的优劣及其应用前景,对于监控蔬菜生产加工中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的含量,检测蔬菜产品的品质等具有参考意义。     

蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的污染

综述了硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的危害、污染来源、蔬菜中的污染现状、蔬菜中硝酸盐积累机理及控制措施。     

蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的污染

综述了硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的危害、污染来源、蔬菜中的污染现状、蔬菜中硝酸盐积累机理及控制措施。     

太原市蔬菜硝酸盐污染状况与防治对策

分析了太原蔬菜主产区6大类14种蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量,并对蔬菜硝酸盐污染现状进行了评价,提出防治蔬菜硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐污染危害的对策。     

太原市蔬菜硝酸盐污染状况与防治对策

分析了太原蔬菜主产区6大类14种蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量。并对蔬菜硝酸盐污染现状进行了评价,提出防治蔬菜硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐污染的对策。     

蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐检测方法的研究进展

硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐主要通过蔬菜食用进入人体,亚硝酸盐是一种有毒物质,人食用后会在体内产生致癌性 的亚硝胺。光谱法、色谱法、快速检测法是目前检测蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的主要方法。本文在对上述方法进行 介绍并比较的基础上,对蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐检测方法的研究进展进行了概述与展望。     

蔬菜中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐提取与测定的研究

目的:研究蔬菜中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐对保障人类健康具有重要意义.方法:本实验选择用简便、高效的超声波提取技术提取蔬菜中的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐,用紫外分光光度法测定其含量.结果:研究表明,利用紫外分光光度法同时测定蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量的方法简单、快速、选择性好.结论:硝酸盐测定的相对误差在-2.52％～1.14％之间,亚硝酸盐测定的相对误差在1.98％～4.26％之间,符合定量测定要求.     

替代亚硝酸盐生产安全腌肉制品的研究现状

硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐在腌肉制品加工中同时起着发色、抑菌、抗氧化和提高风味的作用,但硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐与肉中的二级胺反应会形成致癌物质N-亚硝胺,所以寻求一种更加安全有效的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐替代方式,在实际生产中具有重要意义。本文就无硝腌肉制品在亚硝酸盐发色作用、抑菌作用和抗氧化作用的替代物方面开展的研究工作进行综述,提出了天然腌制的概念,重点介绍目前国内外利用蔬菜替代亚硝酸盐的方法,包括将蔬菜粉(或汁)中的硝酸盐用硝酸盐还原菌转化为亚硝酸盐后加入腌肉制品中(先发酵法)和将蔬菜粉(或汁)加入肉馅中再发酵(后发酵法)两种生产方式,并对目前的研究现状、进展、存在问题及今后发展方向进行了论述,以期为生产安全腌肉制品提供借鉴。     

蔬菜中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐检测技术研究进展

硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐广泛存在于人们的生活中,人体外源性硝酸盐的摄入大多来自蔬菜。硝酸盐对人体没有直接危害,但它可以在人体内的酶和微生物的作用下转化为有毒的亚硝酸盐,使血液的输氧能力下降,导致高铁血红高蛋白症。蔬菜在人们的日常膳食中占据重要的地位,检测蔬菜中的硝酸盐含量具有重要的现实意义。本研究对蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的检测技术进展进行了概述和比较,以期为蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的检测及快速检测技术的发展提供基础参考。     

贮存条件对蔬菜及其食品中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量的影响

蔬菜是一种易于富积硝酸盐的植物性食品,据White等报道,人类摄取的硝酸盐80%以上来自蔬菜。虽然硝酸盐对人体的直接毒害性不大,但它很容易被还原成为亚硝酸盐,导致人畜患高铁血红蛋白症;更为严重的是,亚硝酸盐还可在人和动物体内与摄入的次级胺等含氮物结合,转化形成公认的强致癌物——亚硝胺,从而诱发消化系统癌变。因此,控制硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐的摄入量,对于维护人体健康至关重要。本文以几种常见的高富积硝酸盐蔬菜为试材,就不同的温度、不同质地的炊具和容器等贮存及烹制条件对鲜菜或菜汤中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量状况的影响进行了初步研究…     

不同贮藏蔬菜中亚硝酸盐变化的研究

本研究以大白菜、甘蓝、白萝卜为试验材料,研究了室温、低温、腌制三种贮藏蔬菜中亚硝酸盐含量的变化及其形成的机理。结果表明:室温、腌制两种贮藏方法的初期都出现“亚硝峰”。形成“亚硝峰”的原因依贮藏方法而异,室温贮藏蔬菜中“亚硝峰”的形成是由于采摘后菜体内硝酸还原酶的活性增强导致蔬菜内硝酸盐还原成亚硝酸盐;腌制贮藏蔬菜中“亚硝峰”的形成是由于发酵过程中杂菌所致。腌制菜中“亚硝峰”的峰值大大高于室温贮藏,并超过FAO/WUO规定的ADI值,腌制后期亚硝酸盐含量在安全食用范围。室温、低温贮藏蔬菜中亚硝酸盐含量的最高值小于ADI值,可以放心食用。     

冷藏对蔬菜中亚硝酸盐及硝酸盐含量的影响

目的 探索冰箱冷藏(4℃)条件下蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量随时间的变化,对冷藏食品的安全性进行评价.方法 分别采用重氮偶合分光光度法和麝香草酚分光光度法对生菜、菠菜、油麦菜及苦苣4种常用蔬菜在冷藏条件下其亚硝酸盐及硝酸盐的含量变化进行测定.结果 1～4d内,生菜、苦苣中的亚硝酸盐含量随着时间的延长逐渐增加;菠菜、油麦菜中亚硝酸盐含量分别在第2天和第3天达到最大,之后逐渐降低,而菠菜中亚硝酸盐含量在第4天又出现上升趋势.4种蔬菜中亚硝酸盐含量4d中最大值仅为0.419 4 mg/kg(生菜),均＜4 mg/kg的限量值.苦苣和油麦菜中硝酸盐含量在1～4d内逐渐上升.菠菜中硝酸盐含量第2天达到418.48 mg/kg,之后又降低至20.83 mg/kg.生菜中硝酸盐含量在第3天达到最大值317.26 mg/kg,之后逐渐下降,但均在安全范围内(432 mg/kg).结论 在4℃下冷藏4d后,4种常见蔬菜均可安全食用.可见,冷藏能有效减缓亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐含量的升高.     

京郊主要蔬菜产品器官硝酸盐与亚硝酸盐含量分析与评价

对京郊52种蔬菜产品,以及同一种类不同品种、同一品种产品的不同部位的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和VC含量等进行测定。结果表明：供试蔬菜产品器官的硝酸盐含量在不同种类、品种及其不同部位间存在明显差异。以蔬菜鲜质量器官中硝酸盐含量均值计算,根菜类(420.66mg/kg)＞叶菜类(281.24mg/kg)＞茎菜类(279.54mg/kg)＞果菜类(176.54mg/kg)＞花菜类(157.93mg/kg);同种蔬菜品种间的硝酸盐含量相差1.13～5.48倍;产品器官不同部位的硝酸盐含量也有较大差异,如结球叶菜硝酸盐含量外叶＞中叶＞内叶,叶柄＞叶片,黄瓜果实顶部、基部＞中部,果肉＞果心,萝卜根皮＞根肉。各供试蔬菜产品器官的亚硝酸盐含量多在1mg/kg以下,个别蔬菜种类如茼蒿可达6.74mg/kg,不同蔬菜种类、品种和部位间亚硝酸盐含量差异不如硝酸盐含量差异明显。果菜类、叶菜类和花菜类蔬菜产品器官的VC含量普遍较高,如辣椒可达146.56mg/100g,但品种间VC含量差异不显著。由此可见,目前京郊蔬菜产品器官中的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量多在安全范围内,但仍建议消费者科学合理进行蔬菜种类搭配以保障人体健康。     

Nitrate and nitrite content of food products of plant origin grown with the use of mineral fertilizers

Introduction of mineral fertilizers into soil results in the nitrate accumulation in the vegetables grown in this soil. However, under conditions of the utilization of nitrogen fertilizers in a dose of 300 kg/hectar in the soil of Byelorussia, the nitrate content in vegetables does not exceed the permissible value. No direct relationship has been established between the accumulation of nitrates and nitrites in the vegetables and cereals and the dose of mineral fertilizers and nitrite accumulation in the soil.     

Nitrate and nitrite quantification from cured meat and vegetables and their estimated dietary intake in Australians

High dietary nitrate and nitrite intake may increase the risk of gastro-intestinal cancers due to the in vivo formation of carcinogenic chemicals known as N-nitroso compounds. Water and leafy vegetables are natural sources of dietary nitrate, whereas cured meats are the major sources of dietary nitrite. This paper describes a simple and fast analytical method for determining nitrate and nitrite contents in vegetables and meat, using reversed-phase HPLC-UV. The linearity R² value was >0.998 for the anions. The limits of quantification for nitrite and nitrate were 5.0 and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively. This method is applicable for both leafy vegetable and meat samples. A range of vegetables was tested, which contained <23 mg/kg nitrite, but as much as 5000 mg/kg of nitrate. In cured and fresh meat samples, nitrate content ranged from 3.7 to 139.5 mg/kg, and nitrite content ranged from 3.7 to 86.7 mg/kg. These were below the regulatory limits set by food standards Australia and New Zealand (FSANZ). Based on the average consumption of these vegetables and cured meat in Australia, the estimated dietary intake for nitrate and nitrite for Australians were 267 and 5.3 mg/adult/day, respectively.     

厦门市售蔬菜重金属、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐污染研究及评价

为了解厦门市蔬菜中有害重金属、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的污染情况,于2004年8月至2005年12月从厦门市各超市、农贸市场、蔬菜批发市场和蔬菜产地上采集46个品种532份蔬菜样品,用国标法(GB/T5009.11-17-1996、GB/T5009.33-2003)分别分析蔬菜中的重金属、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的含量。结果表明,检测样品中Pb、Cd、As、Hg、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的平均值分别为0.0099、0.083、0.056、0.003、1090.3、0.59mg/kg;根据国家标准1-2,仅部分品种如菠菜、甘蓝、花菜、萝卜的铅超标,有潜在污染风险;大部分蔬菜中砷、汞、镉三种重金属的含量都较低,潜在的污染风险不大。硝酸盐污染程度严重的占36.5%;中、重度污染的占20.2%;轻度的占43.3%,硝酸盐含量依次为嫩茎叶菜类>根茎类>花菜类>瓜菜类>鲜豆菜>茄果类>水生蔬菜类,各样品间含量差别较大;而蔬菜中亚硝酸盐含量相对较低。     

Nitrate and Nitrite Methods of Analysis and Levels in Raw Carrots, Processed Carrots and in Selected Vegetables and Grain Products

Methods for quantitative estimation of nitrate and nitrite were compared. Levels of these ions were measured in vegetables and grain products and effects of processing on nitrate and nitrite levels in carrots were measured. These data allow more accurate estimation of ingestion levels and suggest means to reduce exposure to these ions. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) had better precision and recoveries than either a classical Cd-Griess method nitrate or a Griess method for nitrite. Nitrate concentration by HPLC varied greatly within and between vegetables, ranging from 1 μmol/100g in mushrooms to 5000 μmol/100g in celery and averaging 9.7 ± 4.4 μmol/100g in grains. Nitrate levels in vegetables sold as “organic” were not different (p<0.05) from conventional vegetables. No nitrite was detected in either vegetables or grains. Nitrate was unevenly distributed in carrots with the core having the most. Storage of carrots at -18°C for 10 wk did not alter nitrate levels and no nitrite developed. Fifty-seven percent of nitrate was leached into cooking liquid when frozen carrots were boiled. Thirty-two percent of nitrate was lost during canning and 47% of the remainder was in the liquid. No nitrite developed during 10 wk of canned storage.     

Nitrate and nitrite in vegetables on the Danish market: content and intake

The contents of nitrate and nitrite in lettuce, leek, potato, beetroot, Chinese cabbage and white cabbage on the Danish market were determined for 3 years in the period 1993-1997 as part of the Danish food monitoring programme. These vegetables are supposed to provide the major contribution to the intake of nitrate from the diet. Results for nitrate and nitrite in fresh and frozen spinach are also shown. The highest content of nitrate was found in lettuce followed by beetroot, Chinese cabbage, fresh spinach, leek, frozen spinach, white cabbage and potatoes. For all the products a great variation in the content of nitrate was found. For lettuce a characteristic variation throughout the year is clearly seen with the highest content in the winter period the lowest content in the summer period. Generally, the content of nitrite was low but in spinach high contents were found, probably due to improper storage conditions during transportation. The intake of nitrate and nitrite from these vegetables is calculated on the basis of two different consumption surveys. For both surveys the average intake of nitrate from the vegetables included in the monitoring programme is estimated to be approximately 40mg day^-1, whereas for nitrite the average intake is approximately 0.09mg day^-1. The total intake of nitrate and nitrite is estimated to be respectively 61mg day^-1 and 0.5mg day^-1.