核电厂严重事故下双层安全壳环形空间通风系统延迟投运的放射性后果影响分析

核电厂严重事故工况下,对于具有双层安全壳设计的核电机组,若环形空间通风系统不能正常运转,无法形成负压或无法启动事故过滤器,双层安全壳对放射性物质释放的控制效果将被削弱。鉴于此,本文针对目前国际上多个第三代核电机组采用的双层安全壳设计,考虑安全壳完整并选用NUREG-1465源项作为严重事故源项,计算环形空间通风系统在不同延迟投运场景下放射性物质的环境释放量,同时采用"欧洲用户要求(EUR)"文件提出的有限影响准则对严重事故的放射性后果进行评价,分析环形空间通风系统的延迟投运同"大量释放"间的关系。研究结果可为严重事故下的应急响应行动及放射性后果评价提供参考。     

核电厂大破口失水事故(LBLOCA)始发严重事故释放源项的分析

本文利用一体化的严重事故数据计算分析程序,研究核电厂发生大破口失水(LBLOCA)事故始发严重事故情况下裂变产物的释放、迁移、去除和最终在不同区域的分布等特征。假设核电厂具有双层安全壳设计并且安全壳保持完整性的情况下,计算最终向环境的释放源项。最后利用美国核管会(NRC)的NUREG-1465假设的壳内事故源项的释放份额计算环境释放源项的份额,并对结果进行比较。计算结果可以为应急设施评价源项的选取以及场外后果评价提供参考。     

严重事故下安全壳内环境条件计算分析

参照对先进压水堆安全壳的要求,结合恰希玛二期工程严重事故缓解措施,对大破口失水事故(LLOCA)叠加安注失效、小破口失水事故(SLOCA)叠加安注失效、全厂断电(SBO)叠加柴油机驱动的辅助给水失效等严重事故序列可能影响安全壳内环境的条件及缓解措施进行了分析.结果表明,恢复喷淋可以明显地降低安全壳内的压力和温度,有效地改善安全壳内的环境,从而改善各种仪表设备的工作条件.     

核电厂严重事故下安全壳通风导致放射性后果的快速评价

提出一种严重事故下安全壳通风导致放射性后果的快速评价方法。通过预先计算通风后安全壳的释放份额和1%初始堆芯总量释入安全壳时的公众个人终身剂量,以及通过事故下安全壳的辐射监测仪表间接得到堆芯向安全壳的释放份额,能够快速评价厂外不同距离处公众的个人终身剂量,它可为严重事故的管理和厂外应急策略的实施提供强有力的支持。     

严重事故下气载放射性排放控制研究

为评价"华龙一号"核电厂严重事故下气载放射性排放控制措施的有效性和先进性,开展了"华龙一号"严重事故下气载放射性排放控制研究。首先,介绍了核电厂中放射性物质的产生及放射性物质向环境释放的4个途径。其次,阐述了放射性物质的主要去除机制,包括自然沉积、池式洗涤、过滤和喷淋等,以及各去除机制所涉及的气溶胶行为如气溶胶凝聚、气溶胶沉积和吸湿效应、碘化学反应等,和各去除机制所应用的设备或系统。然后,梳理了"华龙一号"在严重事故工况下所采用的几种放射性释放控制和管理措施,包括双层安全壳与环形空间通风系统、安全壳喷淋系统、安全壳过滤排放系统和严重事故管理导则中针对安全壳旁通释放的管理策略,并对不同措施控制放射性释放的效果进行计算分析。计算结果显示采用相关放射性释放控制措施比未采用时向环境的放射性物质释放能够降低1～3个数量级,说明"华龙一号"的设计及严重事故管理措施,能够有效减少事故下的放射性后果,从而减少气载放射性排放对公众和环境的影响。     

AP1000核电厂大量放射性释放源项分析

在AP1000核电厂的某些严重事故情景中,安全壳可能发生失效或旁通,导致大量放射性物质释放到环境中,造成严重的放射性污染。针对大量放射性释放频率贡献最大的3种释放类别（安全壳旁通、安全壳早期失效和安全壳隔离失效）,分别选取典型的严重事故序列（蒸汽发生器传热管破裂、自动卸压系统阀门误开启和压力容器破裂）,使用MAAP程序计算分析了释放到环境中的裂变产物源项。该分析结果为量化AP1000核电厂的放射性释放后果和厂外剂量分析提供了必要的输入。     

基于MELCOR与MCNP程序的安全壳剂量率计算方法

严重事故条件下,评估安全壳内的放射性剂量率水平对核电厂严重事故管理、应急响应等环节具有重要指导意义。本工作利用MELCOR程序模拟严重事故序列,计算不同核素组释放进入安全壳内的质量;利用ORIGEN2程序计算不同核素组的堆芯积存量及核素的γ源强;利用MCNP程序计算每组核素100%释放进入安全壳所产生的剂量率水平;最后根据拟合公式求解安全壳剂量率。中核核电运行管理有限公司30万千瓦机组安全壳剂量率的计算结果说明该方法切实可行。     

安全壳内氢气量和超压的控制

前言　核电站严重事故中，放射性物质将向空气中散发。严重事故是造成安全壳内氢气积聚和安全壳超压的源项。安全壳内氢气的积聚和安全壳超压对安全壳的完整性和功能存在着挑战和威胁。     

严重事故下安全壳内裂变产物碘影响因素敏感性分析

反应堆发生事故最严重的后果是放射性裂变产物弥散到环境中,为了研究严重事故工况下放射性裂变产物碘在安全壳内的分布特点,本研究假设核电厂已经发生严重事故,一回路裂变产物碘释放到安全壳内。使用事故源项评估程序（ASTEC）构建核电厂安全壳结构模型,并设置边界条件,计算了裂变产物碘在不同pH值、有无金属银注入和气相辐照工况下的化学形态、化学特性、分布情况以及不同化合物的变化趋势。研究结果表明,碱性环境下可以降低安全壳内挥发性碘的生成;银的存在可以增加液相中碘的捕获和降低碘的挥发;气相辐照环境可以提高气相CH₃I 和IO_x的形成。本研究可以为严重事故工况下安全壳内放射性碘的去除提供支持。      

基于RG 1.183的先进小堆选址源项模型初步研究

在《用于评估核动力反应堆设计基准事故的替代放射性源项》RG 1.183所述的假想事故场景情况下,考虑目前大多数的先进小型压水堆地上-地下布置的设计特点,对传统大型压水堆选址源项计算模型做了改进:在原安全壳内放射性物质守恒方程的基础上,考虑辅助厂房的阻滞作用,建立辅助厂房内放射性物质守恒方程。并以某先进小型反应堆核电厂为例,利用新模型计算了代表核素的释放,与现有模型进行了对比。     

The research about the time-effect of the wettability on the wool surface treated by the Ar plasma jet in the atmospheric pressure

A facility which is called atmospheric pressure and normal temperature plasma jet was introduced in this paper. After the wool surface was treated by this kind of facility with Ar in different irradiating times, the time-effect of the fabric wettability has been weakened, and if the parameters of the irradiating time and the voltage of the facility are appropriate, the time-effect of wettability can be effectively inhibited. With the stable wettability, the fabric can be dressed without PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) which can cause lager pollution in the textile field, so the method without the time-effect of the textile wettability will be useful in the field of clean textile production. Undoubtedly, the stable wettability of textile surface was caused by the stable hydrophilic molecules on the textile surface. Thus, the reaction process and results on the textile surface treated by plasma needs to be studied to optimize the parameters of the irradiating time and the voltage of the plasma jet. So the initial experimental studies on the optimization of the parameters of the plasma jet were discussed in this paper, and the authors believe that the method without the time-effect also can be used in other fields of plasma application.     

Effect of the Discharge Voltage on the Performance of the Hall Thruster

In this paper,a two-dimensional physical model is established according to the discharging process in the Hall thruster discharge channel using the particle-in-cell method.The influences of discharge voltage on the distributions of potential,ion radial flow,and discharge current are investigated in a fixed magnetic field configuration.It is found that,with the increase of discharge voltage,especially during 250-650 V,the ion radial flow and the collision frequency between ions and the wall are decreased,but the discharge current is increased.The electron temperature saturation is observed between 400-450 V and the maximal value decreases during this region.When the discharge voltage reaches 700 V,the potential distribution in the axis direction expands to the anode significantly,the ionization region becomes close to the anode,and the acceleration region grows longer.Besides,ion radial flow and the collision frequency between ions and the wall are also increased when the discharge voltage exceeds 650 V.     

Detecting the meteoroid by measuring the electromagnetic waves excited by the collision between the hypervelocity meteoroid and spacecraft

The electromagnetic pulse excited by the collision between a hypervelocity meteoroid and a spacecraft is studied both numerically and theoretically. It is found that there are two kinds of electromagnetic pulse. The high-frequency electromagnetic pulse may be excited by the sum of all the electric dipoles. Each electron can be considered as an electric dipole. The low-frequency electromagnetic pulse is produced by the Langmuir oscillation of electrons. The energy flux density and the duration time of the excited low-frequency electromagnetic pulse by the meteoroid are also studied in the present paper. It is shown that the energy flux density increases as either the impact speed or the mass of the meteoroid increases. It is also shown that the duration time decreases as both the impact speed and the mass of the meteoroid increase. By measuring the strength and the duration time of the electromagnetic pulse excited by the collision between the hypervelocity meteoroid and spacecraft, we can estimate the speed and the mass of the hypervelocity meteoroid, which will be helpful in space flight and space exploration.     

右侧卧位对左室下壁心肌衰减校正价值的初探

为探讨右侧卧位对左室下壁心肌衰减校正和心梗诊断的价值,对31名正常者和22名冠心病病人同时进行了仰卧位和右侧卧位的^99mTc-MIBI静息心肌显像,病人均作了冠状动脉血管造影。观察正常者在不同体位时下壁形态并通过靶心图计算各区象素计数。判定不同体位各供血区病变诊断的敏感性和特异性。结果表明,右侧卧位时下壁形态显示较好而且计数明显增高,P＜0．05,同时对右冠状动脉病变的敏感性和特异性分别为100％和81．8％,较仰卧位明显提高,结果提示,右侧卧位不仅可使下壁衰减得以校正而且可提高对心梗诊断的准确性。     

Current status of the engineering design of the test modules for the IFMIF

Under Broader Approach (BA) Agreement between EURATOM and Japan, IFMIF/EVEDA (International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility/Engineering Validation and Engineering Design Activities) has been performed since the middle of 2007. IFMIF presents three main facilities (the Accelerator Facility, Li Target Facility and Test Facilities). A previous design of IFMIF was summarized in the comprehensive design report [1]. The present EVEDA phase aims at producing a detailed, complete and fully integrated engineering design of IFMIF. The delivery of the “Intermediate IFMIF Engineering Design Report” is foreseen mid-2013. The goal of IFMIF is to obtain the indispensable design database to allow the design and licensing of DEMO and ensuring commercial reactors thanks to the materials data set obtained from planned evaluation tests such irradiations in high flux test modules (HFTM-vertical rig, HFTM-horizontal rig), medium flux test modules (creep fatigue test module, tritium release test module, liquid breeder validation module) and low flux test modules of IFMIF. In addition, the Startup Monitoring Module will be used for IFMIF commissioning. This paper is summarizing the overall current progress status of the engineering and conceptual design of the test modules in IFMIF/EVEDA.     

周期计设计中的分段处理问题

本文通过对反应堆周期计响应时间、过冲量及噪声问题的分析,探论周期测量和周期保护信号分别处理的必要性和可能性,目的在于改善周期信号的品质,提高周期计的使用效果。本文首次报道了差分型周期计的响应函数。     

EAST强流离子源电源系统的初步测试运行

测试NBI大功率强流离子源的综合测试台正在建设,已研制了离子源等离子体发生器电源系统、等离子体电极高压电源及梯度极分压器、抑制极负高压电源等电源系统,以及高压传输线及缓冲器,在测试台上开展了对EAST中性束注入器第一台兆瓦级强流离子源样机进行整体电源系统测试和离子源起弧放电的初步测试,完成了离子源电源系统初步性能测试及...     

Tectonic Factor in the Formation of the Radon Fields in the Atmosphere of the Tashkent Subway

Using the standard radiometers -GUARD PQ2000M and gamma-TRACER (Germany) and semiconductor spectrometers RATON (Uzbekistan), the radon fields were investigated in underground service enclosures and on the platforms of the Tashkent subway stations located on territories with different geotectonic characteristics. It is shown that the tectonic factor influences the formation of radon fields in the air in the subway station. 4 figures, 1 table, 7 references.