大压降管路节流特性分析及孔板优化设计

大压降孔板节流管路面临汽蚀导致的高频振动和孔板间流速过大导致的低频振动这两方面的危害。针对核电厂容积和硼控制系统典型大压降节流管路的振动现象,基于CFD方法分析了单级孔板节流管路中压降、速度、流线、涡流等关键水力特性,发现单级孔板下游产生负压区而发生汽蚀,且因孔板射流导致局部速度过大而形成涡流。采用阻塞压差评估了多级同心孔板的节流性能。相比于单级孔板,多级同心孔板的汽蚀危害得到了较大改善,但最后一级孔板仍存在过度节流的风险。按多级孔板节流压降几何级数递降的原则设计的渐扩型五级孔板可消除汽蚀的发生,但一级孔板压降过大导致其下游流速过大。综合考虑汽蚀特性和流速分布而设计的多级偏心孔板结构既能规避汽蚀危害,又能最大程度降低流速过大引发的管路低频振动,且增大孔板间距可提高上游孔板的节流能力,增加下游孔板的汽蚀裕度,可作为大压降孔板节流管路振动综合治理的优化设计方案。     

多级节流孔板在核级管道中的应用

针对大亚湾核电站安全壳喷淋系统(EAS)试验管线节流孔板气蚀引起的管道剧烈振动和噪音,以及支管疲劳破坏这一事例,研究了气蚀引起管道振动的分析方法,以及采用多级节流孔板减小气蚀的设计方法.对气蚀引起的管道振动,采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法分析孔板附近的流动特性和压力分布,确定节流孔板下游是否发生气蚀现象;对于发生气蚀现象的节流孔板,提出采用多级节流孔板来减弱气蚀,并采用各级节流孔板气蚀数相近的原则确定节流孔径.通过对改造后的EAS试验管线的试验证实,采用本文的设计分析方法设计的多级节流孔板能够有效地减小节流孔板气蚀引起的管道系统振动和噪音.     

核电厂高压安注系统再循环管线节流孔板的分析与改进

某在役运行VVER核电厂高压安注系统（JND）在进行小流量再循环试验时发现再循环流量出现异常波动,导致试验不合格。经过分析认为再循环管线节流孔板发生空化是导致流量波动的主要原因。本文通过相关理论和软件,主要介绍了对再循环节流孔板进行改进设计计算的过程,包括孔板流量、压差、级数、孔径和厚度等参数的计算,重点讨论了如何控制多级孔板的压降以避免孔板发生空化。该项改进已在核电厂中得到实施,实施后再循环流量波动问题得到了明显改善。     

孔板汽蚀诱发管道振动问题研究

针对核电厂安全壳喷淋系统(EAS)出现的强烈管道振动问题,采用现场振动试验和数值计算相结合的方法进行研究。研究发现,管道节流孔板过度节流,导致在孔板下游出现汽蚀是诱发管道强烈振动的根本原因;通过数值计算方法对孔板压降、级数、孔径和结构形式等进行一系列优化设计,给出采用三级孔板消除气蚀的减振改造方案,并对改造方案开展完整性评估。通过对改造后的管道进行再鉴定试验表明,采用本文的优化设计分析方法设计的工程改造方案很好地解决了孔板汽蚀诱发的管道强烈振动问题,管道振动和噪声均大幅降低,可以确保EAS管道系统的长期安全运行。     

核电站除氧系统孔板后管道减薄机理分析与改进措施研究

田湾核电站1号机组除氧系统某节流孔板后方的直管段在一个换料周期内壁厚由6.6 mm减薄至2.5 mm,极易造成管道泄漏,为机组安全运行带来潜在的隐患。本文就除氧系统孔板后管道减薄磨损位置、汽蚀原理进行分析,对除氧系统孔板设计存在的缺陷、采用多级节流孔板代替单级节流孔板优势及管道减薄改进措施进行综合论述。通过改造,满足了除氧系统给水管线的运行要求,且有效降低了管道腐蚀速率。     

CPR1000安注系统高压节流孔板计算研究

从节流孔板管道的基本原理入手,依托岭澳核电站4号机组安全注入系统调试得到的流量试验数据,通过流体力学计算得出节流孔板尺寸的理论结果,该结果与实际安装数据差距不大。本研究为中国改进型三环路压水堆(CPR1000)安全注入系统高压节流孔板尺寸计算提供了可行的方法。     

核电厂小支管裂纹泄漏原因分析和改造

采取试验与理论分析相结合的方法,分析诊断了核电厂安全壳喷淋系统小支管裂纹泄漏的根本原因,确定根本原因是主管道上的节流孔板设计不合理导致了小支管振动疲劳失效。设计多级节流孔板代替单级节流孔板,改造方案实施后,小支管振动大幅度降低,消除了影响核电机组安全运行的缺陷。     

核电厂用限流孔板压降计算

针对核电厂用不同结构形式的限流孔板分别提出了相应的压降计算方法,在此基础上编写了孔板压降计算程序,并通过试验数据进行验证。结果表明,利用该计算程序可快速准确地进行限流孔板的压降计算,对于孔板选型和系统调试具有重要意义。     

某核电厂低压安注泵小流量管线振动原因研究

由于小支管振动超标的敏感管问题是困扰所有核电站的难题。国内外投入了大量的人力和物力来解决敏感管问题。分析判断振动原因是解决敏感管问题的首要因素。本文用综合的技术手段对某核电厂安注系统低压安注泵小流量管线中的敏感管振动原因进行了分析研究。通过在管线上布置加速度计进行现场振动实测获得了管线的振动分布,通过振动加速度的时程的RMS值分布获得了节流孔板后方是振动最大的位置,通过对节流孔板后方的加速度进行频谱分析初步判断为节流孔板过分节流导致通过孔板的流体汽化而出现了汽蚀现象。通过对节流孔板的理论分析获得了节流孔板前后的压差并与阻塞压差进行比较进一步验证了节流孔板的过分节流现象。最后用CFD进行了三维流场分析获得了整个管线的详细流场分布,并得到了经过节流孔板后出现了流场中低于流体饱和蒸汽压的区域,该区域是流体汽化区。通过综合的手段最后确定导致该小流量管线振动高的主要原因是节流孔板的汽蚀。本文所用的方法对其他具有类似的振动现象的振动原因分析具有借鉴的意义。     

基于改进BP神经网络的节流孔板空化特性预测

为高效地获取核级管道中节流孔板附近的空化特性,构建了可靠的改进反向传播（BP）神经网络预测模型。首先提取了节流孔板的几何特征参数,并使用拉丁超立方抽样（LHS）方法生成了上述几何特征参数的样本库;然后通过计算流体力学（CFD）方法得到了各个样本对应的最小空化数,以该无量纲参数作为输出响应;最后针对原始BP神经网络预测模型的不足,结合遗传算法建立了节流孔板空化特性的改进预测模型。结果表明,孔板开孔直径和前开角度对最小空化数具有较强的全局敏感度;通过遗传算法优化后的BP神经网络预测模型的预测精度得到了大幅提升,误差均方根降低约36.4%。      

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.     

Gamma radiation levels in the ambient environment of the QNPP Base

Monitoring results of gamma dose rate level in 1992～2004 in the ambient environment of the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plants(QNPP)Base,the northeast of Zhejiang Province,are reported in this paper.It is shown that the gamma dose rate of five monitoring sites of 2.5 km to QNPP Base is 84～113 nGy/h,with an average of 96 nGy/h in the 13 years.The average value is close to the background level of 93 nGy/h prior to operation of the QNPP Base,and is lower than the monitoring result of 101 nGy/h at the reference site in Hangzhou City.Within 50 km from the QNPP Base,the cumulative dose rate of the thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD)is 90 nGy/h,which is lower than the back- ground level of 111 nGy/h.