基于频域多尺度Hurst指数的海杂波中目标检测方法

本文主要研究海杂波频谱的扩展自相似特性及多尺度Hurst指数在海杂波目标检测中的应用.作为分数布朗运动的一种推广,扩展自相似过程采用多尺度Hurst指数来描述分形信号.多尺度Hurst指数可以描述分形信号在各尺度下的细节信息,弥补了单一Hurst指数只能从整体上描述分形信号粗糙度的不足.首先,本文在实测雷达数据基础上研究了海杂波频谱的扩展自相似性以及影响参数;然后,利用在最优频域尺度下海杂波频谱的多尺度Hurst指数对目标相对较敏感的特点设计恒虚警检测方法,实现海杂波中的目标检测.实测数据分析表明,海杂波频谱的多尺度Hurst指数比时域单一Hurst指数、时域多尺度Hurst指数具有更好的海杂波与目标区分能力,且由于Fourier变换可以有效提升信杂比,该检测方法具有检测海杂波中微弱运动目标的潜力.     

海杂波FRFT谱的多重分形特性与目标检测

本文主要研究海杂波在分数阶傅里叶变换（FRFT）域所表现出的多重分形特性及其在海杂波目标检测中的应用。由FRFT数学定义的尺度性质可推得,自相似过程在某一变换阶数下的FRFT谱在各尺度下不具有统一的自相似特性。针对这一特性,本文将多重分形理论引入到对海杂波FRFT谱的自相似结构分析中并研究FRFT域多重分形参数的影响因素,经S波段和C波段雷达实测数据验证表明,海杂波FRFT谱具有多重分形特性且FRFT域广义Hurst指数对海杂波和目标具有良好的区分能力。在此基础上,本文利用FRFT域广义Hurst指数与双参数恒虚警检测器相结合设计海杂波中目标检测方法并分析检测性能,结果表明本文所提方法相比于经典的时域分形检测方法具有较明显地性能提升。      

海杂波中基于扩展分形的目标检测方法

针对海杂波的非平稳性和长相关性,提出一种基于扩展分形多尺度Hurst参数的目标检测算法.该方法首先将扩展分形理论与模式识别中的分类方法相结合,提取杂波和目标的多尺度Hurst参数以构成特征矢量,并引入模式识别中的可分性判据来进行特征矢量的选取,然后采用Bayes分类方法进行目标检测.利用IPIX雷达实测数据的实验结果表明,文中提出的算法比基于分维值的检测算法有更好的检测性能.     

海杂波AR谱多重分形特性及微弱目标检测方法

该文研究了海杂波功率谱的多重分形特性。为了克服频谱傅里叶分析的缺点,用现代谱估计的方法来计算海杂波的功率谱。AR模型是一个线性预测模型,它通过序列的自相关函数矩阵来估计功率谱,并且具有更精确的频谱分辨率。该文主要分析基于AR谱估计的海杂波功率谱的多重分形特性,以及在微弱目标检测中的应用。首先,以分数布朗运动(FBM)模型为例,证明其功率谱具有多重分形特性。其次,根据X波段雷达的实测海杂波数据,通过多重去趋势分析法(MF-DFA)验证了海杂波AR谱的多重分形特性。最后,分析了海杂波AR谱的广义Hurst指数以及影响参数,并提出一种基于局部AR谱广义Hurst指数的目标检测方法。实验结果表明,该种检测方法具有海杂波背景下微弱目标检测的能力。与现有的分形检测方法和传统的CFAR检测方法对比,该算法在低信杂比情况下具有较好的检测性能。     

一种经验模式分解下的海杂波小目标检测方法

利用海杂波有效探测海上小目标是目前雷达探测领域的热点问题,具有重要的应用价值。鉴于海杂波是一种非线性非平稳性的雷达回波信号,充分发挥整体平均经验模式分解的优势,将海杂波分解为若干个不同尺度的独立分量。通过研究发现有目标时,分解出的前5个分量与未分解前信号的相关系数明显减小,因此提出了一种新的海杂波背景下的目标检测方法。通过实测和模拟的海杂波数据进行训练和测试,研究结果表明,该方法能有效地实现海杂波下目标的探测,性能优于经典时域下、分数阶傅里叶变换域下以及平均经验模式分解后的广义Hurst指数的目标检测方法。     

海杂波FRFT域分形特征判别及动目标检测方法

该文研究了海杂波在分数阶Fourier变换(FRFT)域的分形特征,提出了一种基于分形特征差异的联合动目标检测方法。首先,分析了海杂波数据在FRFT域的统计特性,通过对不同极化方式下分形曲线的仿真分析,得到海杂波在FRFT域满足自相似性。其次,给出了分形参数的提取方法和无标度区间,并分析了变换阶数对分形参数估计的影响。最后,利用临近距离单元或临近时刻的雷达回波信号在FRFT域的分形维数和斜距的差值作为检测统计量,经不同极化方式下的海杂波数据验证,表明算法不仅具有良好的微弱动目标检测能力,而且能够准确估计目标的运动状态。     

基于多普勒谱非广延熵的海面目标检测方法

根据海杂波和目标多普勒谱的聚集性差异,可以用熵特征来检测海杂波背景下的小目标,然而常用的香农熵仅仅是统计学角度的宏观量值,并不能反映出海杂波的非线性特性。非广延熵是香农熵的推广,可以描述海杂波已被证实的多重分形特性。该文首先给出了非广延熵与分形维数的关系,然后结合有目标单元回波的多普勒谱较纯杂波单元回波的多普勒谱聚集性更强以及海杂波回波具有多重分形特性的特点,提出了基于多普勒谱非广延熵的海杂波背景下的小目标检测方法,最后通过实测数据进行实验比较,验证了该文算法的有效性,在观测时间较短的情况下,与现有的多重分形频域Hurst指数方法和基于香农熵的方法相比,该文算法具有更好的检测性能。      

实测海杂波数据的多重分形特性分析

为充分描述海杂波时变特性和局部奇异性,将多重分形理论应用到雷达海杂波特性分析中,理论分析了海杂波的多重分形参数,并进一步分析了实测海杂波数据的多重分形谱、质量指数和奇异指数,结果表明海杂波具有明显的多重分形特性,该分析方法可以很好地解释海杂波内在非线性特性,并比传统的统计特性分析方法更加能确切地描述杂波的产生机理,为基于多重分形特性的雷达目标检测提供了依据。     

海杂波多普勒谱Hurst指数特性分析及目标检测

针对对海探测雷达面临的海面漂浮小目标检测问题,本文主要研究了海杂波多普勒谱Hurst指数特征的统计特性,并提出了一种基于多普勒谱Hurst指数的目标检测方法。首先,本文基于实测数据,详细分析了时间序列长度（脉冲数）、快速傅里叶变换频率点数、极化方式和海况等级对海杂波多普勒谱分形特性及多普勒谱Hurst指数统计特性的影响;其次,利用6种经典统计分布模型（高斯分布、瑞利分布、韦布尔分布、对数正态分布、K分布和KK分布）,验证了海杂波多普勒谱Hurst指数的最佳统计分布模型为对数正态分布,进而引入Log?t检测器,提出基于多普勒谱Hurst指数的恒虚警检测方法;最后,使用IPIX数据验证了所提方法的有效性。结果表明,所提方法具有较好的小目标检测性能和稳定性,且在VV极化数据中性能最佳。     

实测海杂波频域分形特性分析

该文主要研究海杂波在频域中的分形特性以及不同参数对频域分形特性的影响。首先,该文以分数布朗运动(FBM)为例,较为系统地阐述了在时域FBM具有分形特性的前提下,FBM频谱也具有分形特性。然后,采用X波段与S波段实测海杂波数据验证频域中海杂波的分形特性,并分析了不同参数对频域海杂波分形特性的影响。结果表明,实测海杂波频谱在统计意义下满足自相似条件,具有分形特性,且频域分形特征对海杂波与目标回波表现出一定的可分性,具有在海杂波微弱目标检测中应用的潜力。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.