Sensor/actuator faults detection for networked control systems via predictive control

Quantized fault detection for sensor/actuator faults of networked control systems (NCSs) with time delays both in the sensor-to-controller channel and controller-to-actuator channel is concerned in this paper. A fault model is set up based on the possible cases of sensor/actuator faults. Then, the model predictive control is used to compensate the time delay. When the sensors and actuators are healthy, an H ∞ stability criterion of the state predictive observer is obtained in terms of linear matrix inequality. A new threshold computational method that conforms to the actual situation is proposed. Then, the thresholds of the false alarm rate (FAR) and miss detection rate (MDR) are presented by using our proposed method, which are also compared with the ones given in the existing literatures. Finally, some numerical simulations are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Sensor fault diagnosis of nonlinear processes based on structured kernel principal component analysis

A new sensor fault diagnosis method based on structured kernel principal component analysis （KPCA） is proposed for nonlinear processes. By performing KPCA on subsets of variables, a set of structured residuals, i.e., scaled powers of KPCA, can be obtained in the same way as partial PCA. The structured residuals are utilized in composing an isolation scheme for sensor fault diagnosis, according to a properly designed incidence matrix. Sensor fault sensitivity and critical sensitivity are defined, based on which an incidence matrix optimization algorithm is proposed to improve the performance of the structured KPCA. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated on the simulated continuous stirred tank reactor （CSTR） process.     

Robust sparse principal component analysis

The model for improving the robustness of sparse principal component analysis（PCA） is proposed in this paper. Instead of the l2-norm variance utilized in the conventional sparse PCA model,the proposed model maximizes the l1-norm variance,which is less sensitive to noise and outlier. To ensure sparsity,lp-norm（0 p 1） constraint,which is more general and effective than l1-norm,is considered. A simple yet efficient algorithm is developed against the proposed model. The complexity of the algorithm approximately linearly increases with both of the size and the dimensionality of the given data,which is comparable to or better than the current sparse PCA methods. The proposed algorithm is also proved to converge to a reasonable local optimum of the model. The efficiency and robustness of the algorithm is verified by a series of experiments on both synthetic and digit number image data.     

A simplified NARMAX method using nonlinear input-output data

A system identification method for nonlinear systems with unknown structure is presented using short input-output data. The method simplifies the original NARMAX method. It introduces more general model structures for nonlinear systems. The group method of data handling （GMDH） method is employed to obtain the model terms and parameters. Effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated by a typical nonlinear system with unknown structure and deficient input-output data.     

Combination of model-based observer and support vector machines for fault detection of wind turbines

Support vector machines and a Kalman-like observer are used for fault detection and isolation in a variable speed horizontalaxis wind turbine composed of three blades and a full converter. The support vector approach is data-based and is therefore robust to process knowledge. It is based on structural risk minimization which enhances generalization even with small training data set and it allows for process nonlinearity by using flexible kernels. In this work, a radial basis function is used as the kernel. Different parts of the process are investigated including actuators and sensors faults. With duplicated sensors, sensor faults in blade pitch positions,generator and rotor speeds can be detected. Faults of type stuck measurements can be detected in 2 sampling periods. The detection time of offset/scaled measurements depends on the severity of the fault and on the process dynamics when the fault occurs. The converter torque actuator fault can be detected within 2 sampling periods. Faults in the actuators of the pitch systems represents a higher difficulty for fault detection which is due to the fact that such faults only affect the transitory state(which is very fast) but not the final stationary state. Therefore, two methods are considered and compared for fault detection and isolation of this fault: support vector machines and a Kalman-like observer. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed. On one hand, support vector machines training of transitory states would require a big amount of data in different situations, but the fault detection and isolation results are robust to variations in the input/operating point. On the other hand, the observer is model-based, and therefore does not require training, and it allows identification of the fault level, which is interesting for fault reconfiguration. But the observability of the system is ensured under specific conditions, related to the dynamics of the inputs and outputs. The whole fault detection and isolation scheme is evaluated using a wind     

一类带有传感器故障的混合系统的容错控制

A model-based fault tolerant control approach for hybrid linear dynamic systems is proposed in this paper. The proposed method, taking advantage of reliable control, can maintain the performance of the faulty system during the time delay of fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) and fault accommodation (FA), which can be regarded as the first line of defence against sensor faults. Simulation results of a three-tank system with sensor fault are given to show the efficiency of the method.     

Interval analysis using least squares support vector fuzzy regression

A least squares support vector fuzzy regression model(LS-SVFR) is proposed to estimate uncertain and imprecise data by applying the fuzzy set principle to weight vectors.This model only requires a set of linear equations to obtain the weight vector and the bias term,which is different from the solution of a complicated quadratic programming problem in existing support vector fuzzy regression models.Besides,the proposed LS-SVFR is a model-free method in which the underlying model function doesn’t need to be predefined.Numerical examples and fault detection application are applied to demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed model.     

Data fusion for target tracking in wireless sensor networks using quantized innovations and Kalman filtering

A novel networked data-fusion method is developed for the target tracking in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Specifically, this paper investigates data fusion scheme under the communication constraint between the fusion center and each sensor. Such a message constraint is motivated by the bandwidth limitation of the communication links, fusion center, and by the limited power budget of local sensors. In the proposed scheme, each sensor collects one noise-corrupted sample, performs a quantizing operation, and transmits quantized message to the fusion center. Then the fusion center combines the received quantized messages to produce a final estimate. The novel data-fusion method is based on the quantized measurement innovations and decentralized Kalman filtering (DKF) with feedback. For the proposed algorithm, the performance analysis of the estimation precision is provided. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

Design of parametric fault detection systems： An H-infinity optimization approach

Problems related to the design of observer-based parametric fault detection (PFD) systems are studied. The core of our study is to first describe the faults occurring in system actuators, sensors and components in the form of additive parameter deviations,then to transform the PFD problems into a similar additive fault setup, based on which an optimal observer-based optimization fault detection approach is proposed. A constructive solution optimal in the sense of mininfizing a certain peffomaance index is developed. The main results consist of defining parametric fauk detectability, formulating a PFD optimization problem and its solution.A numerical example to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach is provided.     

Model-based Predictive Control for Spatially-distributed Systems Using Dimensional Reduction Models

In this paper, a low-dimensional multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) model predictive control (MPC) configuration is presented for partial differential equation (PDE) unknown spatially-distributed systems (SDSs). First, the dimension reduction with principal component analysis (PCA) is used to transform the high-dimensional spatio-temporal data into a low-dimensional time domain. The MPC strategy is proposed based on the online correction low-dimensional models, where the state of the system at a previous time is used to correct the output of low-dimensional models. Sufficient conditions for closed-loop stability are presented and proven. Simulations demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed methodologies.     

基于瞬时幅值的光伏系统电流传感器微小故障检测及估计

电流传感器是光伏系统中用于系统控制和状态监测的重要元件,然而受运行环境影响,电流传感器易出现性能退化,影响系统运行安全.为了准确检测和估计出电流传感器微小故障,提出基于瞬时幅值的传感器微小故障检测和估计方法.首先,建立基于瞬时幅值的电流传感器微小故障模型,利用Hilbert变换(HT)估计相电流瞬时幅值将测量的三相正弦电流转换为相互独立的三维直流信号分量;其次,利用快速移动窗主成分分析(FWMPCA)对三维直流信号组成的数据矩阵进行特征提取,获得主元和残差子空间向量的概率密度分布函数;然后,利用Kullback-Leibler(KL)距离定量度量实际运行数据相对于无故障运行数据的微小变化,在此基础上,设置故障检测阈值,构建故障幅值估计模型,实现电流传感器微小故障检测和估计;最后,利用RT-LAB实验平台验证所提方法的有效性.     

An improved PCA scheme for sensor FDI: Application to an air quality monitoring network

In this paper a sensor fault detection and isolation procedure based on principal component analysis (PCA) is proposed to monitor an air quality monitoring network. The PCA model of the network is optimal with respect to a reconstruction error criterion. The sensor fault detection is carried out in various residual subspaces using a new detection index. For our application, this index improves the performance compared to classical detection index SPE. The reconstruction approach allows, on one hand, to isolate the faulty sensors and, on the other hand, to estimate the fault amplitudes.     

飞机燃油系统传感器故障诊断方法研究

为了解决某飞机燃油系统传感器的故障检测与诊断问题,提出将小波分析法应用于飞机燃油系统传感器的故障诊断.通过传感器输出信号的一维离散小波变换,得到重构后的第一层细节系数.对该细节系数进行分析,可以精确定位故障点;进而分析传感器输出信号,可以判断出故障类型及故障程度.最后以该系统中油位传感器的故障诊断为例,利用地面半物理仿真试验中采集的现场数据,在Matlab环境下对该方法进行了有效性验证.     

基于DPCA方法的传感器故障检测与诊断

针对多传感器的相关时序测量数据,在假设只存在传感器故障的前提下,提出了一种基于动态主成分分析（DPCA）的传感器故障检测方法。根据测量数据建立传感器的DPCA模型,在该模型基础上利用T2和SPE统计量进行传感器的故障检测。同时,将基于主成分分析（PCA）模型的传感器有效度指标SVI推广应用于DPCA模型中。通过对污水处理系统中重要传感器的故障诊断仿真实验表明：该方法能有效地检测和识别出故障传感器。     

基于Kullback-Leibler距离的闭环系统传感器微小故障诊断

在闭环控制系统中,当故障幅值较小时,由故障带来的影响会被控制量所掩盖.因此,闭环系统中的微小故障诊断实现更为复杂.本文针对闭环系统中的传感器故障,提出了基于Kullback-Leibler(KL)距离的微小故障在线检测与估计方法.本文首先介绍了KL距离的定义及其在多变量故障检测中的应用,然后提出了结合KL距离与快速移动窗口主成分分析(MWPCA)的在线微小故障检测与估计模型.在高斯分布的假设下,利用系统输入输出残差构造MWPCA的数据矩阵,然后通过在线更新数据矩阵主成分的均值与方差实现KL距离的在线更新,最终实现闭环系统中传感器的在线故障检测与估计.仿真实验表明,该方法能有效实现具有低故障—噪声比(FNR)特性的微小故障诊断.     

CSMWPCA方法及其在批过程故障诊断中的应用

鉴于传统的多向主元分析（MPCA）难以保证在线状态监测和故障诊断的实时性,提出了一种基于特征子空间的滑动窗主元分析（CSMWPCA）故障监测与诊断方法。在实时故障监测与诊断时,该方法采用适当大小的滑动窗逐步更新当前子数据空间,对当前子数据空间故障的识别通过依次计算其与基底库中各故障的匹配度来进行,克服了传统的MPCA不能处理非线性过程和实时性问题。与一种新的移动窗多向主元分析（MWMPCA）方法相比,CSMWPCA方法能更有效地识别故障发生的原因。     

基于小波包去噪与PCA的故障检测与诊断方法研究

提出了一种基于小波包去噪和主元分析的故障检测和诊断方法.该方法利用小波包分解系数收缩的信号去噪法先对正常工况下的数据进行处理,然后运用T2统计、Q统计方法,结合主元得分图和变量贡献图对一模型进行了仿真研究.结果表明,该方法是有效的.     

基于小波包PCA的故障传感器数据重构方法

讨论了基于小波包的多尺度主元分析方法应用于故障传感器数据重构问题。传统的基于小波包的多尺度主元分析在进行传感器故障诊断时没有建立数据重构模型,在相关传感器信号进行小波包分解的基础上,在最佳数的所有节点上建立主元分析模型,将主元分析模型的重构结果组合后再进行小波逆变换,从而实现故障传感器的数据重构。最后,利用试车台液氢供应系统的传感器数据仿真了几种典型传感器故障,并对设计模型实现数据重构的实用性和有效性进行了验证。     

小波包能量谱-稀疏核主元在故障检测中的应用

针对滚动轴承故障检测的问题,提出一种基于小波包能量谱-稀疏核主元的滚动轴承故障检测方法。对振动信号进行小波包分解,提取信号的能量频谱,用增量式样本基构造方法,提取能量频谱的样本基,以此样本基建立核主元模型,来分析轴承振动信号能量频谱的变化。通过实验仿真来说明此算法的有效性。     

A Wavelet Band-Limiting Filter Approach for Fault Detection in Dynamic Systems

This paper presents a wavelet-based analytical redundancy method for the detection of faults in dynamic systems. In the proposed approach, consistency checks are carried out after band-limiting the signals under consideration to specific frequency ranges. For this purpose, the discrete wavelet transform is used to establish the frequency bands of analysis and a finite impulse response filter is employed to check the dynamic consistency of the data within each band. The filter weights can be adjusted by a simple parametric identification procedure on the basis of data acquired under normal operating conditions. The proposed method is illustrated by using experimental fault data from an analog computer, which was adjusted to emulate the dynamic response of a servomechanism, as well as simulated data representing a sensor fault scenario in the operation of a Boeing 747 aircraft. For comparison, a standard Luenberger observer fault detection scheme is also employed. The results show that the wavelet method compares favorably with the observer-based scheme in terms of sensitivity to the fault effect, false alarms, and nondetected faults.