广州大学城取消化粪池

随着广州市城市污水处理管网和污水处理厂加快建设 ,广州市利用污水处理厂来处理粪便的条件正在形成。广州大学城地区取消化粪池试点成功之后 ,目前广州已开始在一些小区小范围试点。广州市环卫局决定 ,目前已确定配套污水管网系统的新城区将不再建化粪池 ,未配套污水管网系统的旧城区将通过改造手段逐步取消化粪池广州大学城取消化粪池!通讯员@汪东林     

广东省城镇污水工程专项规划及建设中的问题探讨

根据在编制广东省某市污水工程专项规划及污水工程建设中遇到的污水量指标、污水处理率、排水体制、污水干管的布置、截流井及截流管、合流制污水处理厂规模及工艺、取消化粪池等问题,提出污水量指标不宜过大、不应片面追求高的污水处理率、不应机械地采用分流制、污水干管沿河涌布设、合理设计截流井、合流制污水处理厂应考虑雨季的冲击负荷和取消化粪池改为征收污水处理设施费等几项建议。     

对城市排污系统完善情况下化粪池设置必要性的探讨

化粪池曾经是城市建设中的重要构筑物,是城市排污系统不完善情况下的一种必要选择.随着城市的发展,化粪池逐渐暴露出一些问题.探讨在管网系统已经健全,污水处理厂建设逐步完善的地区,取消化粪池的可行性和必要性.此举既减少了化粪池带来的一系列问题,也符合国家节能减排的基本国策.     

小区内设置化粪池弊大于利

围绕小区排水系统有无必要设化粪池的问题,我们以太原市三个住宅小医为背景进行了调查分析,其结果认为:在设计住宅小区排水系统时,对污水能排入城市污水管道且城市已建有污水处理厂,有条件进行集中处理时,以不设置化粪池为宜。     

我国城镇污水处理系统设计问题的反思

总结了国内污水处理工艺,对目前污水处理厂工程设计和建设中的思路从根源上进行了分析,从污水收集系统的化粪池、污水处理中预处理和初沉池的选择、污泥处理思路等环节上进行了分析,并提出了解决这些问题的技术展望。     

HUBER VRM真空旋转超滤膜系统在瑞士阿尔卑斯山Saentis地区的应用

Saentis地区地处瑞士东部．远离集中式污水处理厂．为满足日益提高的污水排放标准，当地政府在Saentis山脚处建造了包括HUBERVRM膜生物反应器在内的分散式污水处理厂。该厂位于Schwaegalp火车站旁。设计处理能力为780PE．其中包括对奶酪加工厂、阿尔卑斯山旅馆等临近住户排放的污水进行处理．出水作为中水回用。     

化粪池合理设置之我见

目前,对城市污水处理厂集纳范围内的民用建筑是否应当建造化粪池尚有不同意见。作者经调查研究后认为,在排水设施完善的城市污水处理厂集纳范围内的民用建筑或居住小区无须设置化粪池。     

德国与上海城镇污水处理厂近况对比探讨

在介绍德国城镇污水处理厂及其进出水水质和运行情况的基础上,与上海城镇污水处理厂进行了相关对比,提出了我国污水处理厂处理规模、处理率等考量指标的设置建议。     

初沉发酵池和悬浮填料技术在污水处理厂提标改造中的应用

针对城镇污水处理厂一级A标准提标改造工程中应用的初沉发酵池和悬浮填料新技术,从设置条件、技术特征、设计要点及运行控制要求方面进行了简介,并结合某污水处理厂提标改造工程实例,对其工程应用设置条件进行了具体分析。     

HUBER VRM(R)真空旋转超滤膜系统在瑞士阿尔卑斯山S(a)ntis地区的应用

S(a)ntis地区地处瑞士东部,远离集中式污水处理厂,为满足日益提高的污水排放标准,当地政府在S(a)ntis山脚处建造了包括HUBER VRM(R)膜生物反应器在内的分散式污水处理厂.该厂位于Schw(a)galp火车站旁.设计处理能力为780PE,其中包括对奶酪加工厂、阿尔卑斯山旅馆等临近住户排放的污水进行处理,出水作为中水回用.     

我国城镇污水处理厂建设及运行现状分析

截至2009年底,全国投运的城镇污水处理设施共1 916座,总设计处理能力10 594万m3/d,平均日处理水量8 132万m3/d,设施平均利用率为76.8%。对污水处理厂设计处理规模的统计分析表明:以小型污水处理厂(5万m3/d以下)增长最为迅速;大型污水处理厂和采用氧化沟工艺的污水处理厂的平均利用率均相对较好;污水处理厂的建设以及污水处理能力存在显著的地域分布特点,除了大西北地区,其他七大区域的平均利用率均在70%以上;城镇污水处理能力与GDP具有较好的线性相关性。污水处理厂的建设应因地制宜地选择合适的主体工艺类型和设计规模,有效提高设施利用率。     

Occurrence and reduction of pharmaceuticals in the water phase at Swedish wastewater treatment plants

During the last decade, several screening programs for pharmaceuticals at Swedish wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been conducted by research institutes, county councils, and wastewater treatment companies. In this study, influent and effluent concentrations compiled from these screening programs were used to assess the occurrence and reduction of non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals for human usage. The study is limited to full-scale WWTPs with biological treatment. Based on the data compiled, a total of 70 non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals have been detected, at concentrations ranging from a few ng/L to several μg/L, in the influent water. The influent concentrations were compared with the sale volumes and for many pharmaceuticals it was shown that only a small fraction of the amount sold reaches WWTPs as dissolved parent compounds. Pharmaceuticals with low reduction degrees at traditional WWTPs were identified. Further comparison based on the biological treatment showed lower reduction degrees for several pharmaceuticals in trickling filter plants compared with activated sludge plants with nitrogen removal.     

城市污水处理厂剩余污泥热值估算方法研究

污水处理厂剩余污泥所具有的热值是衡量其能量利用价值的重要指标。目前的热值分析方法检测步骤繁琐、成本高,在污水处理厂的实际应用中有一定的困难。以北京市5座污水处理厂的剩余污泥为研究对象,通过测量污泥样品的挥发性固体(VS)与总固体(TS)含量和污泥的热值,发现污泥的VS/TS与污泥热值具有良好的线性关系,由此确定出估算污泥热值的计算公式。并采用多座污水处理厂的污泥数据对公式的适用性进行验证。对比分析表明,该公式能较准确地估算污泥热值,且其操作和所需仪器设备更为简单,能够根据污水处理厂日常对VS和TS的分析值快速估算污泥的热值。     

Control of odour emission in wastewater treatment plants by direct and undirected measurement of odour emission capacity

Odour emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered to be the main causes of disturbance noticed by the exposed population and have relevant impacts on both tourism economy and land costs. Odour impact from WWTPs is generated by primary and secondary odour emissions. Primary odour emissions are related especially to the wastewater type and variability discharged into the sewer and directed to the WWTP, and to the wastewater collection and sewage system. Secondary odours are related to the treatment units of the plant. Several studies describe the key role of primary odour emissions and how they are strongly related to odour impacts of WWTPs. In this way, a opportune characterization of the emission capacity of primary odour could be an effective way to control odour emission in the WWTPs. In this study the odour emission capacity (OEC) of different domestic sewers was described and investigated; a correlation between the OEC and the main physical-chemical parameters of wastewater quality was also carried out. Results of this study identify the optimum conditions for sampling and measuring OEC in wastewaters and define its dependence by wastewater quality. These results can contribute to setting the standards for the maximum odourant content of wastewater that are discharged into the publicly owned sewage system.     

Plant-wide (BSM2) evaluation of reject water treatment with a SHARON-Anammox process.

In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) equipped with sludge digestion and dewatering systems, the reject water originating from these facilities contributes significantly to the nitrogen load of the activated sludge tanks, to which it is typically recycled. In this paper, the impact of reject water streams on the performance of a WWTP is assessed in a simulation study, using the Benchmark Simulation Model no. 2 (BSM2), that includes the processes describing sludge treatment and in this way allows for plant-wide evaluation. Comparison of performance of a WWTP without reject water with a WWTP where reject water is recycled to the primary clarifier, i.e. the BSM2 plant, shows that the ammonium load of the influent to the primary clarifier is 28% higher in the case of reject water recycling. This results in violation of the effluent total nitrogen limit. In order to relieve the main wastewater treatment plant, reject water treatment with a combined SHARON-Anammox process seems a promising option. The simulation results indicate that significant improvements of the effluent quality of the main wastewater treatment plant can be realized. An economic evaluation of the different scenarios is performed using an Operating Cost Index (OCI).     

Determining potential indicators of Cryptosporidium oocysts throughout the wastewater treatment process

Most research on wastewater treatment efficiency compliance focuses on physicochemical and microbial indicators; however, very little emphasis has been placed so far on determining suitable indicator organisms to predict the discharge level of pathogens from treatment plants. In this study, raw wastewater, activated sludge, and the resulting final effluents and biosolids in four municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs A, B, C and D) were seasonally investigated for human-virulent water-borne pathogens Cryptosporidium parvum/hominis and Giardia duodenalis, and microsporidia (e.g. Encephalitozoon hellem, E. intestinalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi) between 2008 and 2009. A suite of potential microbial indicators for human-virulent protozoa and microsporidia was also determined. A combination of multiple fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunofluorescent antibody assays were applied to detect Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, and microsporidian spores. Escherichia coli, enterococci and Clostridium perfringens spores were cultivated in selective media. Positive correlations were found between the abundance of enterococci and E. coli and abundance of Cryptosporidium oocysts (r(s) > 0.47, p < 0.01) and Giardia cysts (r(s) > 0.44, p < 0.01) at WWTPs A-D. Cryptosporidium perfringens spores were positively correlated to Cryptosporidium oocysts (r(s) = 0.40, p < 0.01) and Giardia cysts (r(s) = 0.46, p < 0.01). There was a strong positive correlation between abundance of Giardia cysts and that of Cryptosporidium oocysts (r(s) > 0.89, p < 0.01). To sum up, a suite of faecal indicator bacteria can be used as indicators for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in these activated-sludge systems (WWTPs A, B and C). Overall, Giardia duodenalis was noted to be the best Cryptosporidium indicator for human health in the community-based influent wastewater and throughout the treatment process.     

Uncertainties of spectral in situ measurements in wastewater using different calibration approaches.

Three calibration methods were applied to UV/VIS spectra recorded in the influent of six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to measure total COD (CODtot), filtered COD (CODfil), nitrate and nitrite nitrogen (NO(x)-N) and total suspended solids (TSS). It could be shown that a calibration of the sensor using data sets from four Swiss WWTPs leads to an improvement of the precision in comparison to the global calibration provided by the manufacturer. A calibration to the specific wastewater matrix always improves the results and gives the highest accuracy. For CODtot a mean coefficient of variation CVx of 12.5% could be reached, whereas for NOx-N only weak results were achieved (average CVx = 36%).     

Vertical flow constructed wetlands for municipal wastewater and septage treatment in French rural area.

This paper presents the purification performance of 20 wastewater treatment plants with vertical reed bed filters (Macrophyltres), built between 1998 and 2003 by SAS Voisin, for communities of between 150 and 1400 PE. The first stage vertical reed bed (directly fed with raw wastewater by intermittent feeding) achieved high removal of SS, BOD and COD (mean respectively 96%, 98%, 92%). The second stage permitted compliance easily with effluent standards (SS < 15 mg/l, BOD < 15 mg/l, COD < 90 mg/l and mean TKN < 10 mg/l). Performance was not significantly influenced by variations of organic and hydraulic load, nor by seasonal variations. Rigorous operation and maintenance were required to obtain optimal performances. Another application of vertical reed beds is the treatment of septage (sludge from individual septic tanks). The results obtained on two sites operating for 2 and 3 years are presented. The first site achieved complete treatment of septage (solid and liquid fraction), the second permitted a pre-treatment for co-treatment of percolate with wastewater.     

Linking sanitation and wastewater treatment: from evaluation on the basis of effluent pollutant concentrations to evaluation on the basis of pollutant removal efficiencies

The evaluation of centralised wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in planning and management is sometimes based solely on effluent pollutant concentrations or pollutant loads. For sanitation purposes, the effluent pollutant concentrations/loads of WWTPs are important; of course, but from the point of view of wastewater treatment, the pollutant removal performance should also be evaluated. Focussing on low- and middle-income countries, especially those in tropical regions, published kinetics studies on biological WWTPs (such as oxidation ditches and aerated lagoons) are summarised in this paper. In most studies, effluent pollutant concentrations/loads are described as first-order linear functions of influent pollutant concentrations/loads. Therefore, pollutant removal efficiencies can be expressed as first-order linear functions of the reciprocal of influent pollutant concentrations/loads with negative coefficients. This implies that pollutant removal efficiencies increase with influent pollutant concentration/load increases. Based on pollutant removal efficiency functions, biological or ecological WWTPs when operating with small influent pollutant concentrations/loads should change their management to increase influent pollutant concentrations/loads in order to increase pollutant removal efficiencies. It may, however, be possible for technological development in wastewater treatment to overcome this problem.     

Fate of endocrine disrupters in waste stabilization pond systems.

The performance in the removal of estrogenicity from wastewater was studied in three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Different treatment processes were evaluated: stabilization ponds and trickling filter. Sampling was performed from the input to the output of the treatment systems. The total estrogenic activity was determined with MCF-7-derived cell lines which express the endogenous estrogen receptor alpha. The two wastewater stabilization ponds with long retention time had high removal of estrogenicity (90% to 95%). Trickling filters despite being effective at removing organic load were less effective in removing estrogenicity (42%), and post tertiary ponds enhanced estrogenicity removal.