Harmonic behavior during arcing faults on power distribution feeders

The waveforms of normal and arcing fault currents on power distribution feeders are investigated and compared in terms of the percentage amplitude with respect to the amplitude of the normal fundamental. The purpose of the study is to find better parameters to indicate arcing faults. The effect of capacitor banks on distribution feeder harmonics is discussed briefly.     

Improvement of the Voltage Difference Method to Detect Arcing Faults Within Unfused Grounded-Wye 22.9-kV Shunt Capacitor Bank

This paper presents an effective algorithm to protect unfused 22.9-kV shunt capacitor banks in grounded-wye connection by improving an existing voltage difference method-based algorithm. It has often been reported that it is difficult to detect ground faults with arc near the input points within the bank using existing algorithms that use only the magnitude of the differential voltage. In this paper, it is shown that ground faults with arc near the input point can be detected by fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis of the differential voltage and that the proposed algorithm is not impacted by harmonics generated by nonlinear loads which have quantitative influence on the capacitor banks. Consequently, the proposed method using harmonics analysis can be applied as an extended version of the existing detection method. The proposed method is applied to a simplified 22.9-kV real-life Korea Electric Power Corporation system and it is verified that the proposed algorithm can clearly detect faults that are not easily detected by the existing method     

非均匀采样和最小二乘法在间谐波检测中的应用

间谐波的频率是基波频率的非整数倍,并且幅值一般远小于基波和谐波的幅值,这些特点决定了对它的检测难于对谐波的检测。该文提出一种基于非均匀采样和最小二乘法的间谐波检测方法。非均匀采样由于其不受采样频率限制、频率分辨率高及抗混叠的优点,能在短数据长度下准确地检测出信号中相近的频率成分,并实现低采样频率下的高阶谐波测量。最小二乘法则可解决由于非均匀采样带来的频谱噪声问题,逐次消除检测出的大幅值信号,从而检测出幅值较小的间谐波信号,并准确估计出间谐波的幅值和相位。仿真实验表明：该方法可准确地检测出频率与基频相近,幅值远小于基波的多个间谐波,及实现低采样频率下的高阶谐波测量     

Impact of cycloconverter harmonics

Findings from a study on the harmonics generated by a 15 MVA three-phase 13.2 kV 60 Hz to single-phase 24/12 kV 25 Hz static frequency converter (SFC) or cycloconverter are summarized. At light loads, some of the characteristic harmonics (e.g. 10 Hz, 110 Hz) have magnitudes that exceed the fundamental frequency. Since the three-phase components at these frequencies do not necessarily nullify each other, many frequency components, in addition to zero-sequence components, can be measured in the neutral (residual) current. Because of low system impedance at harmonic frequencies, the voltage at the 13.2 kV substation supplying the SFC is not severely affected. A worst-case scenario for the voltage spectrum is presented. The corresponding distortion factor is calculated to be 4.12%. The power factor of an assumed parallel load is calculated using this scenario, and the effect of the SFC harmonics on the power factor is found to be insignificant. However, depending on the system impedances, the shunt capacitors for power factor compensation at the assumed load may be ineffective due to harmonic resonance     

Fast frequency and harmonic estimation in power systems using a new optimized adaptive filter

This paper presents an adaptive filter for fast estimation of frequency and harmonic components of a power system voltage or current signal corrupted by noise with low signal to noise ratio (SNR). Unlike the conventional linear combiner (Adaline) approach, the new algorithm is based on an objective function often used in independent component analysis for robust tracking under impulse noise conditions. However, the accuracy and speed of convergence of this algorithm depend on the choice of step size of the filter and its adaptation. Instead of choosing the step size η and the parameter β of the cost function by trial and error, an adaptive particle swarm optimization technique is used alternatively to obtain both η and β to reduce the error between the observed voltage or current samples and the estimated ones. Using the optimized values, the amplitude and phase of the fundamental and harmonic components are estimated. Further, the extracted fundamental component is used to estimate any frequency drift of the power system recursively using an optimized error function obtained from three consecutive voltage samples. To test the effectiveness of the algorithm, several time-varying power system signals are simulated with harmonics, interharmonics, and decaying dc components buried in noise with low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and are used to estimate the frequency and harmonic components. This approach will be useful in islanding detection of a distributed generating system.     

噪声情况下的时变间谐波谱估计

间谐波幅值远小于基频或其它整数倍谐波的幅值,使其对噪声非常敏感,噪声往往会将这类微弱信号淹没。另一方面,实际间谐波频谱是随时间变化的,应看作随机信号来处理。该文提出一种基于4阶累积量的可变遗忘因子递推最小二乘法(cumulants recursive least square-variable forgetting factor,CRLS-VFF),将间谐波信号看作一个时变自回归(auto-regressive,AR)模型,利用参数化谱估计方法分辨率高的优点,将间谐波谱估计问题转化为时变AR参数的估计。4阶累积量可抑制任何高斯噪声,保证算法的频率分辨率;可变遗忘因子提高了算法跟踪时变参数的能力。对根据间谐波特点构建的仿真模型及典型的间谐波源——变频装置产生的信号进行仿真,结果证明：该方法能在噪声情况下准确估计出时变间谐波的频谱。     

基于多信号分类法和普罗尼法的间谐波参数估计

提出了一种基于多信号分类法(Multiple Signal Classification,MUSIC)和普罗尼法(Prony)的间谐波参数估计方法,首先通过在MUSIC功率谱曲线中设置阈值来估计信号中的谐波和间谐波频率,然后根据估计出的频率利用Prony法中的最小二乘法来估计其幅值和相位.仿真和实测信号分析结果表明,该间谐波参数估计方法在低噪声水平下可检测到整数次谐波附近的间谐波,且估计出的谐波和间谐波参数精度较高,能满足实际电网信号测试精度的要求.     

Accurate phasor measurement for transmission line protection in the presence of shunt capacitor banks

This paper proposes a phasor measurement algorithm for transmission systems compensated with shunt capacitor banks. Since the shunt capacitor banks tend to lower the resonant frequencies, the dominant component, which has the lowest resonant frequency, is insufficiently attenuated by a low-pass filter and has an adverse influence on the phasor measurement of the fundamental component in a fault current signal. This paper theoretically investigates the dominant frequency in the presence of shunt capacitor banks and presents a phasor measurement algorithm immune to the dominant component and DC-offset. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated for a-phase to ground (a–g) faults on a 154-kV transmission system compensated with shunt capacitor banks. The evaluation results indicate that the algorithm can measure the phasor reliably and satisfactorily, although the fault current signal is distorted with the dominant component and DC-offset. The paper concludes by describing the hardware implementation of the algorithm on a prototype unit based on a digital signal processor.     

Analysis of high-impedance fault generated signals using a Kalmanfiltering approach

High-impedance faults are accompanied by variations in the 60 Hz and harmonic components. An approach that accounts for the time-varying nature of the fundamental and harmonic components is developed. This approach is based on Kalman-filtering theory to obtain the best estimation of the time variations of the fundamental and harmonic components. Four actual recorded data sets for staged arcing fault on different types of soil are investigated by the proposed Kalman-filtering technique. The time variations of fundamental and low-order harmonic components significantly contribute to high-impedance fault detection using the features presented     

基于SWT的电力系统基波检测

在噪声混入含有基波的信号时,传统的时频分析方法在基波提取过程中易出现模态混叠。为了准确检测出基波分量,利用时频分析精度较高的同步挤压小波变换(Synchrosqueezing Wavelet Transform, SWT)实现基波检测。首先,采用SWT将含有基波的信号分解为一组内蕴模态类函数(Intrinsic Mode Type functions, IMTs),第一个分量IMT1即代表基波。然后,该分量经Hilbert变换实现基波频率和幅值的测量。在谐波幅值瞬变、噪声混入、基波频率波动、间谐波频率靠近基波和谐波的情境下进行算法验证。实验结果表明,SWT能够准确提取基波,频率精度最高可达10?8量级,具有较强的抗噪性,且SWT的基波提取能力强于谐波和间谐波。     

基于视觉通路的脑电信号频谱能量分布研究

目前关于光诱发脑电信号的频谱研究主要采用实验测试方法,因缺乏理论模型而导致结论多样化。针对这一不足,结合计算模型和电生理相关知识,建立视觉通路模型,仿真不同频率光刺激下视觉通路皮层锥体细胞产生的电信号,并分析对应的频谱能量分布,最后采集相同实验环境下、不同受试者的脑电信号,与仿真结果进行比较,以此验证模型的有效性。研究结果表明：低频光刺激信号（2、5、10 Hz ）更易诱发脑电信号节律同步化的响应,频谱能量主要集中在基波和低次谐波处,而由高频光刺激（30 Hz）引起响应的频谱能量主要集中在低频。     

Optimal arcing fault detection using signal processing techniques

In this paper we present an application of classical detection theory as a solution to the problem of detection of high impedance faults in electric power systems. An efficient realization of the resulting optimal fault detector using digital signal processing techniques is also discussed. The fault detection problem is formulated as a statistical hypothesis testing of the presence of deterministic signals with random parameters in additive noise. The resulting optimal fault detector is a power detector and can be realized using a digital notch filter and a sliding sum of the squared output of the notch filter. Finally, a count of the number of energy bursts in the high-order harmonics during a time interval is used to distinguish between faults and routine disturbances. The results make intuitive sense and can be implemented using a programmable digital signal processor.     

基于神经网络的电力系统高精度频率谐波分析

加窗插值 FFT 算法是电力谐波分析常用的高精度算法，但在严重非同步采样情况下，其谐波分析精度有限。该文提出一种基于神经网络的高精度电力系统频率谐波分析算法。采样频率不能与实际基波频率同步时，该算法通过对与基波频率、谐波幅值及相位等相关参数进行更新，当神经网络收敛时，可以获得高精度的谐波分析结果。仿真结果表明，当基波频率在40~60Hz范围变化时，电力系统基波频率、基波和谐波幅值和相位的分析精度超过99.999 999 999%。     

基于噪声子空间分解MUSIC函数的谐波／间谐波检测算法

针对电力系统中存在的谐波和间谐波问题,提出了基于噪声子空间分解MUSIC（DNS-MUSIC）函数的谐波 ／间谐波检测方法。利用信号自相关矩阵的特征值分解理论,将信号的自相关矩阵分解为信号子空间和噪声子空间,利用2个子空间的正交性进一步分解噪声子空间,对其进行变换,构造出基于噪声子空间分解的特征多项式（DNS-MUSIC函数）,求解该多项式得到信号基波和谐波频率预估计,结合消噪思想检测电力系统信号频率成分,然后利用扩展Prony法检测信号的幅值和相位。通过仿真实验与其他经典算法比较,结果证明了所提算法的可行性、高效性和稳定性。     

A New Power System Digital Harmonic Analyzer

In this paper, new digital instruments measuring power-quality indicators and harmonic analyzers are developed. A new technique for simultaneous local system frequency and amplitudes of the fundamental and higher harmonics estimation from either a voltage or current signal is presented. The structure consists of three decoupled modules: the first one for an adaptive filter of input signal, the second one for frequency estimation, and the third one for harmonic amplitude estimation. A very suitable algorithm for frequency and harmonic amplitude estimation is obtained. This technique provides accurate frequency estimates with error in the range of 0.002 Hz and amplitude estimates with error in the range of 0.03% for SNR = 60 dB in about 25 ms. The theoretical basis and practical implementation of the technique are described. To demonstrate the performance of the developed algorithm, computer simulated data records are processed. Data of the distribution power system voltage signals are also collected in the laboratory environment and are processed in a newly developed digital PC-based harmonic analyzer. It has been found that the proposed method really meets the need of offline applications. Even more, by using the parallel computation algorithms, this method should meet the need of online applications and should be more practical     

交流电动机电容器交流声研讨

交流电动机电容器的交流声是由金属化膜的静电力和电磁力引起的振动产生的。由施加电压频率的整数倍谐波组成,对人耳起主要作用的是1000Hz左右的谐波。交流声不会影响电容器的其他性能。低温热定型解决交流声的方法会影响电容器的寿命。可以使用粘稠的聚异丁烯浸渍剂来吸收交流声。     

含分数次谐波环境下提取整数次谐波信息的新方法

提出了一种在含有分数次谐波环境下,以一定的规律逐渐降低的频率序列依次作为基频,利用傅里叶级数展开电力系统中实际的电压、电流信号,再通过迭代算法从中提取出工频量及其整数次谐波分量信息的新方法。该方法回避了现有的加窗DFT算法中选取窗函数困难的问题。新方法的原理进行了详细的数学推导和说明,并给出程序框图。为了验证方法的正确性,利用程序对一实际信号进行了分析。实例结果表明,与传统的FFT算法比较,新方法在富含间谐波和次谐波环境下依然能够提出基波和整数次谐波的幅值和相角,且精度满足工程需求。同时,该方法还具有实现简单等优点,易于在工程实际中应用。     

A new technique for transformer protection based on transientdetection

This paper proposes a new technique for transformer protection. The technique is concerned with the detection of the fault generated high frequency current transients by means of a specially designed relay unit. The relay, tuned to a band of high frequencies, is used to capture the transient currents from both sides of the transformer; the differential and average currents between the two sides are then calculated. The spectral energies of these current signals are extracted to produce the operate and restraint signals; a comparison between the levels of the two signals determines whether the fault is internal or external to the protected zone. A new technique for inrush detection has also been proposed in this paper. The technique detects inrush current by using the high frequency components contained in its current transient signal. The restraint signal is derived by computing the ratio of the spectral energy of the transient signal to the fundamental current. A comparison between the level of restraint signal and a pre-defined threshold determines whether a magnetizing inrush is in process. Simulation studies with respect to different fault and inrush conditions have been conducted, and the results prove that the proposed technique is able to offer fast responses in protection and accurately discriminate between inrush magnetizing current and internal faults     

基于VMD-SWT联合算法的谐波/间谐波检测

针对现有电力系统谐波/间谐波检测方法中提取精度不高、对噪声敏感的问题,提出一种基于变分模态分解VMD(variational mode decomposition)和同步挤压小波变换SWT(synchrosqueezing wavelet transform)的谐波/间谐波检测新方法.首先对含有谐波/间谐波的信号进行连...     

基于Duffing振子信号检测的故障电弧短路监测系统

Duffing振子信号检测技术利用混沌系统的分岔特性来检测外界信号,将待测信号作为Duffing方程周期策动力的摄动,利用初值敏感性可以获得很高的测量灵敏度和良好的抗噪性能.基于Duffing振子信号检测技术提出一种新型的电弧短路监测方法.在电弧没有发生短路之前有比较微弱弧声信号,完全湮没在强的背景噪声中,将含有噪声的信号作为周期策动力加入混沌检测中后,如果混沌检测系统处于间歇混沌状态,证明有电弧声音产生,弧声作为整个电弧短路监测系统预判和预警.弧声信号和发生电弧短路时的弧光、电流信号同时产生时,则发生电弧短路,监测系统发出报警信号.通过实验验证,证明该系统监测电弧短路具有很高的准确性和快速性.