The effects of γ‐irradiation on compositional changes in plastic packaging films

Sterilization of packaging materials for pharmaceutical or food products with ionizing irradiation can cause chemical and physical changes in polymer materials. The effects of γ‐irradiation on the formation of solvent extractable radiolysis products of six flexible packaging materials for foodstuffs and/or pharmaceutical applications were studied after treatment in a ⁶⁰Co‐irradiation plant. The polymer materials polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(ethylene terephthalate), polyamide, polystyrene and poly(vinyl chloride) were investigated after treating with an irradiation dose of 44 kGy. The compositional changes in solvent extractable radiolysis products of each packaging material were quantified. In most cases the radiolysis products formed could be identified using GC/MS. The polyolefine materials (PE and PP) showed an increase of low volatile compounds after irradiation due to an oxidative decomposition of the polymer and typical polymer substances like oligomers and additives. Other packaging materials such as PET, PA and PS did not significantly change their amount of solvent extractable compounds after irradiation with 44 kGy. The PVC packaging material used in this study was not resistant to irradiation treatment at all. Because of the release of HCl during irradiation a large amount of volatile substances could be extracted from the PVC sheet. For consumer protection and also to meet general food packaging legislative requirements for irradiated packaging materials, it is necessary to evaluate the compositional changes in the polymers during irradiation, especially for irradiated polyolefines and PVC. Most attention should be paid to low volatile radiolysis products which are the most likely to migrate into a foodstuff or a pharmaceutical product. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Potential of migration of active compounds from protein‐based films with essential oils to a food and a food simulant

Migration tests at different temperatures and storage periods were performed to evaluate the release of active compounds from active whey protein films (WPFs) to a food and food simulants. Whey protein film incorporated with different levels of an optimized essential oils (EOs) blend (1%, 2%, 2.7%, and 5%, w/w) were prepared by casting. This blend contained EOs from rosemary and 2 species of cinnamon. Salami was packaged with WPF and stored during 180 days at 5°C. Temperature influenced significantly the migration of compounds (P<.1). It was observed that eucalyptol was the compound that presented the highest potential of migration into 95% ethanol (v/v). After contact of film with salami, it was observed that, in general, more than 50% of active compounds released from WPF to salami. It was observed that higher amounts of active compounds were released to salami than to fatty food simulant. Results suggested that the release of compounds depends on their affinity with the food/food simulant, temperature, their concentration in packaging, and composition of food. Active packaging may ensure the quality of food due the migration of compounds from EO with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity incorporated in the film to the foodstuff.     

食品接触材料中有害物质迁移的研究进展

目的 综述目前食品接触材料中几种常用材料(纸、塑料、油墨)迁移与检测的研究进展,并指出几种材料未来的发展趋势,促使我国食品行业向着更绿色、更安全的方向发展。方法 概述纸质、塑料、油墨的发展趋势和材料中有害物质的来源;对比几种材料的迁移规律及迁移模型;总结几类常见有害物质的检测方法。结论 绿色环保的生物基材料是食品接触材料未来的发展方向,同时也需重视可持续性生物基食品接触材料的化学安全性。因其产生的化学品对人体健康的影响不甚明朗,因此需多方面研究生物基食品接触材料中化学物质的存在和迁移到食品中的情况,并采取相应措施减少包装材料的使用,降低材料中有毒有害物质对人体和环境的威胁。     

Migration of Cyclic Monomer and Oligomers from Polyamide 6 and 66 Food Contact Materials into Food and Food Simulants: Direct Food Contact

Cyclic monomer and oligomers are the major migrating substances from polyamide (PA) food contact materials. An increase of caprolactam (+44%) and cyclic oligomer content (+27%, incl. caprolactam) in PA6 was observed by thermal treatment, here by extrusion of a PA6 film from a granulate. Migration experiments with a PA6 and a PA66 packaging film were carried out into food simulants according to directives 85/572/EEC and 82/711/EEC. Contact conditions (2 h/100°C) were chosen for a heat treatment of the food in the packaging, in this case production of scalded sausage. Aqueous and ethanolic food simulants clearly revealed to be the worst case for migration of cyclic PA6 and PA66 monomer and oligomers. Migration of cyclic oligomers into oil was one order of magnitude lower. No migration could be observed into isooctane (<8 µg dm^?2). The substitutes for oil, 95% ethanol and isooctane, were inapplicable for simulating migration of cyclic oligomers into oil. Caprolactam showed different migration behaviour compared with cyclic oligomers, migrating into oil and water to the same extent depending on contact conditions. Fifty percent of the extractable caprolactam migrated from a PA6 sausage casing into scalded sausage (4.2 mg kg^?1), residual 41% apparently were extracted by the boiling medium or during pretreatment (soaking) of the casing. Potential migration of caprolactam and cyclic oligomers from a PA6 tea bag was found to be 18% of the specific migration limit for caprolactam and 36% of the overall migration limit. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of composition on structure and barrier properties of active PET films for food packaging applications

A very attractive solution in food packaging technology is the functionalization of packaging materials by incorporating an active phase into polymeric matrices. Nowadays, the applications of active substances into flexible packaging are very limited due to difficulties in realizing performing films by common manufactory processes. This work is focused on the production and characterization of monolayer poly(ethylene terephtalate) (PET) active films at different concentrations of an oxygen scavenger by cast extrusion process. Rheological, thermal, morphological analyses and oxygen absorption measurements were carried out on the produced samples to investigate the structure of active PET films and to determine their scavenging properties. Overall migration analyses were performed on active films to asses their safety in use with foodstuff, and finally the produced films were used to package fresh banana slices for evaluating their capability in quality foods preservation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Migration of di‐(2‐ethylhexyl)adipate (DEHA) and acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) plasticizers from PVC film into the food stimulant of isooctane

Chemical migration from food packing is influenced by several factors such as nature of chemicals, complexity of food, temperature, packing material used and properties of the migrating substances. Chemical compounds that are incorporated within polymeric packaging materials may interact with food components during processing or storage and migrate into the food by jeopardizing the food safety. This migration is higher if food remains in contact with packing material for extended time. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film such as di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) and acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) are still widely used as a food packing material due to its flexibility, transparency and low water permeability. The present study covers the main migration phenomena of both plasticizers (di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) and acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC)) from PVC‐film into isooctane food stimulant using a direct gas chromatographic method. An exposure period of 48 h at 30 °C and 4 °C was used. The obtained results showed DEHA levels ranging of 7.2 mg/dm² while, no ATBC migration from PVC‐film was observed. Results are discussed in relation to EU legislation proposed upper limit for DEHA specific migration (18 mg/L or 3 mg/dm²) and overall migration limit (OM) of 10 mg/dm².     

出口内涂罐包装的游离酚GC-MS法迁移分析

针对内涂环氧酚醛罐的出口食品包装产品,分析了国内外对材料中酚类等有害物迁移研究的差异.采用气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)技术,研究了内涂环氧酚醛罐中游离酚的定性定量分析检测,并通过模拟产品不同使用环境和条件,研究了游离酚向食品中的定向迁移特性.结果表明,所提方法不仅能检测出样品中的游离酚,背景干扰较少,还可对相应的游离酚化合物进行定性定量同步检测,且操作简单,灵敏度较高.该方法可为进一步补充和完善环氧酚醛内涂罐卫生标准的分析方法提供参考.     

数字印刷油墨及食品接触包装材料的迁移研究进展

应用迁移的基本知识,分析了数字印刷油墨和食品接触包装材料在食品中的迁移及其研究现状,发现食品中的迁移已影响到人们的健康生活。数字印刷油墨和包装材料在食品中的迁移研究,还可为其他新型包装材料的开发提供参考。     

纸质食品包装材料上印刷油墨组分迁移的AAS和GC-MS研究

以面粉为真实食品,使其与某知名快餐食品包装袋上的油墨污染物以单面接触的方式进行迁移实验。AAS结果表明,食品包装袋上油墨污染物中的重金属污染物已经迁移到面粉的表面和内部,但迁移到食品表面和内部的重金属污染物则是微少的。GC-MS结果表明,此品牌食品包装袋上油墨污染物中的增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二丁酯,迁移到了面粉中。建立了印刷纸质食品包装材料上油墨污染物迁移的快速、准确分析表征方法。     

Sorption Phenomena in Packaged Foods: Factors Affecting Sorption Processes in Package–Product Systems

Sorption process can readily occur from many foods. The sorption behaviours result in loss of food quality and shelf life of the packaged foods by altering the aroma compound profile. Although the intensity of the aroma of a packaged foodstuff depends on the vapour pressure, the interaction of the volatile organic moieties with other food constituents and the aroma barrier characteristics of the package, the nature of the aroma is also imperative in determining the extent of sorption. Sorption properties are largely determined by packaging characteristics, flavour molecules properties, food matrix composition and environmental conditions. The chemical composition, chain stiffness, morphology, polarity and crystallinity of the polymer influence flavour absorption as much as the chemical composition, concentration and polarity of the flavour compounds, as well as the presence of other chemical constituents. External factors such as duration of storage, relative humidity, temperature and the presence of other food components can also affect the solubility of aroma compounds in packaged foods. Factors relating to both chemical and physical structure of flavour, food and packaging influence the degree of sorption and also the sorption pattern. Sorption from the packaged foods is of major concern in the selection and use of plastic packaging materials for food packaging. The present review highlights some of the major factors influencing the sorption process. The scientific principles related to sorption are reviewed and distinguished. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Novel Test Approach for Evaluating and Modelling Barrier Properties of Food Contact Materials Against Mineral Oil Contaminants

A method for testing the mineral oil barrier properties of packaging materials has been developed as a response for the concerns on contamination of food by mineral oil compounds. The aim was to provide an efficient tool to evaluate packaging materials with respect to this. The method is a modification of the so‐called cup test using model compounds comparable with mineral oil components with different length and configuration of the hydrocarbon chain. The model compounds are introduced in the gas phase as penetrants. The absorbed amounts, which have migrated through the barrier, are analysed from a food simulant or powdered sugar. The method has been validated for coated and non‐coated boards. Compared with folding boxboard without polymer coating, polyethylene terephthalate‐coated board reduces the amount of the C16 compound in food simulant after 7‐day tests by a factor of 30. An extended migration model describing sorption mechanisms to both food simulant and fibres in the packing material has been developed. The model simulations for folding boxboard indicate that fibres absorb a significant proportion of the compounds when molecular weight increases. This retards the migration significantly compared with the speed expected by diffusion mechanism only. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Silicon Migration from High‐barrier Coated Multilayer Polymeric Films to Selected Food Simulants after Microwave Processing Treatments

The use of microwave (MW) technology for in‐package food sterilization and pasteurization has the potential for widespread use in the food industry. Because the use of MW technology requires that food be processed inside its packaging, the interaction between food and its packaging during processing must be studied to ensure package integrity as well as consumer safety. In this study, two commercially available multilayer films developed for retort sterilization were evaluated for their suitability to MW processing. Film A was composed of oriented nylon//coated polyethylene terephthalate//cast polypropylene (CPP); film B consisted of oriented nylon//coated nylon//CPP with overall oxygen transmission rates <0.2 cc/m². day. Silicon (Si) was a major component in the coated polyethylene terephthalate layer and food‐contact CPP layer. This study evaluated the influence of MW processing on Si migration from films into selected food‐simulating liquids (FSLs; water and 3% acetic acid) using inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectroscopy, as compared with conventional thermal processing. This study also assessed migration of Si into FSL in terms of process temperature (70–123 °C) and time (18–34 min). A Fourier transform infrared spectrometer was used to evaluate the stability of the silicon–oxygen (Si–O) bonds in the metal‐oxide coated and food‐contact layer of the packaging film. Overall, there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the level of Si migration from films to FSL and the stability of Si–O–Si bonds during MW processing as compared with the conventional thermal processing. However, we found that the final processing temperature and time had a significant (p < 0.05) impact on Si migration into the FSL. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

陶瓷食品接触材料釉层中铅和镉迁移研究进展

目的综述陶瓷食品接触材料中重金属的来源及危害,国内外标准法规,铅镉迁移的影响因素及机理研究进展等,为解决我国陶瓷食品接触材料中存在的安全问题、提高我国食品包装安全性的综合监督管理水平、推动我国包装产业和食品产业的稳定发展提供参考。方法运用列举、排比及归纳等方法对国内外的研究现状和研究成果进行分析总结。结果在铅、镉溶出量相关法规方面,目前我国与欧美发达国家相比还存在差距;陶瓷釉层中重金属初始含量、釉料成分比例、烧制温度,食品的pH值、酒精度以及贮藏时间、贮藏温度等都会对重金属的迁移起到很大影响;国内外对陶瓷中重金属迁移机理相关的研究较少。结论我国在陶瓷制品重金属检测方法和限量标准等方面虽与国际逐渐接轨,但仍存在差距,在陶瓷制品微观结构对迁移机理的影响方面还有较大的研究空间。     

Potency evaluation of a dermaseptin S4 derivative for antimicrobial food packaging applications

Antimicrobial packaging is part of the broader area of active packaging, in which the package absorbs/releases different compounds during the product's storage and plays a major role in maintaining quality, extending shelf‐life and improving the product's safety. Antimicrobial packages are capable of inhibiting the detrimental effects of spoiling microorganisms in food products. There has been very great interest in antimicrobial packaging in recent years and many such packaging materials have been proposed, some of which containing synthetic additives and others natural additives. In the present study, antimicrobial materials containing the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) dermaseptin K₄K₂₀‐S4, which shows cytolytic activity in vitro against a broad spectrum of pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, protozoa, yeast and filamentous fungi, were investigated. The study was aimed at evaluating the potency of this AMP as an antimicrobial agent for antimicrobial food packaging in two forms: (a) an aqueous solution of AMP was applied onto a polyethylene shrink‐wrapping film; (b) the AMP was incorporated in a corn starch‐based coating and applied directly onto the foodstuff (fresh cucumbers). Of these two versions, the latter has shown a greater efficiency against moulds and aerobic bacteria, even at lower surface concentrations of AMP (4.5µg/dm² vs. 3.5–3.8µg/dm²) in the coating. While in the first version the AMP had slowed down the growth of microorganisms only slightly, incorporation of AMP into the coating caused a reduction in their concentration practically to zero. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

奶粉罐合规性管理分析

目的 对食品接触材料细分领域中的奶粉罐进行分析,给奶粉罐生产及应用企业合规性管理提供指导。方法 从奶粉罐罐身、顶底盖、塑料盖勺等组成材料进行分析,研究中国、欧盟、美国等食品接触材料法规现状及其对奶粉罐的安全要求,并给出合规性管理建议。结果 国内外食品接触材料法规在体系建设和标准要求等方面存在差异,GB 4806系列标准正在制修订中且管控要求更加严格,奶粉罐中高关注物质增加,给相关企业合规性管理带来了挑战。非靶向筛查技术在食品接触材料领域的研究和应用,为奶粉罐合规性管理提供了参考。结论 奶粉罐相关企业应密切关注国内外食品接触材料法规要求及变化,识别新标准及新关注物质给奶粉罐合规性管理带来的影响,结合食品安全符合性测试、符合性声明传递以及非靶向筛查技术等方法应用,提升奶粉罐合规性管理水平。     

Corrosion in Aluminium Cans with Grape Juice – Influence of Mechanical Damage

The consumption of canned food products from dented cans is not recommended by surveillance and consumer protection agencies due to the possibility of aluminium pick up, which may migrate from package to food/beverage. However, it is necessary to raise scientific data that will support any decision concerning the consumption of this kind of food, especially when the percentage of undernourished persons all over the world is considerable. Drawn and wall ironing–type aluminium cans with 330 ml of ready‐to‐drink grape juice, under three different controlled conditions of can damage as well as without damage, were evaluated for 1 year at 35°C. Aluminium migration, internal pressure and can internal surface appearance were periodically evaluated in order to monitor the package/beverage interaction. The results showed very small variation on the can internal surface appearance and pressure. Even after storage for 365 days, no can presented perforation, although the aluminium migration was increased. The highlight of this work is that after 1 year, for all the evaluated damage conditions, the ready‐to‐drink grape juice in aluminium cans could be considered adequate for human consumption in terms of metal migration from packaging. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

金属类食品接触材料和制品的安全性研究进展与相关法规

金属类食品接触材料及制品对人类健康的影响已引起了广泛的关注。本文介绍了金属类食品接触材料特定迁移物等影响材料安全性的物质,以及在金属类食品接触材料使用和加工过程中产生的不安全因素,综述了德国、意大利、日本、美国等发达国家的法规限制情况以及我国法规现状。     

Mass transport studies of different additives in polyamide and exfoliated nanocomposite polyamide films for food industry

The development of new food packaging films through the incorporation of nanoparticles, and the effect of the nanoparticles on the process of migration of the substances used in manufacturing the new films is expected to lead to an improvement in the shelf life of food and thus, consumer safety and health. In recent years, attention has focused on nanocomposites because these compounds often exhibit unexpected hybrid properties derived from synergistic reactions between nanoparticles and the polymeric matrix. The exfoliation of nanoclays in polyamide film provides a film with better barrier properties than that obtained through the intercalation of nanoclays. Migration of chemicals from food packaging into food may produce potential adverse health effects because of exposure to toxic compounds. The present study addressed the migration of caprolactam, 5‐Chloro‐2‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)phenol (triclosan) and trans,trans‐1,4‐diphenyl‐1,3‐butadiene (DPBD) from polyamide and polyamide‐nanoclays to different types of food simulants. The values for limit of detection (LOD) obtained for caprolactam, triclosan and DPBD was 0.5 mg/L, 0.02 mg/L and 0.01 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, instrumental precision was evaluated through repeatability injections, resulting in relative standard deviations lower than 3.08%. Diffusion coefficients were calculated according to a mathematical model based on Fick's Second Law, and the results were discussed in terms of the parameters that may have the greatest effect on migration. The presence of polymer nanoparticles was found to slow down the rate of migration of substances from the matrix polymer into the food up to six times. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

抗菌塑料包装的应用及安全评估研究进展

目的 介绍抗菌剂在塑料包装中的应用及国内外的研究进展,阐述抗菌剂在改善包装材料抗菌性能方面的作用机理及优缺点,并重点关注抗菌剂在塑料包装材料领域中的安全性评估。方法 总结国内外抗菌剂在塑料包装材料领域的研究现状,简单介绍抗菌剂分类和抗菌塑料的制备方法,并重点整理分析抗菌剂在塑料包装材料领域的应用和进展,讨论塑料中抗菌剂在安全方面的问题。结果 虽然塑料包装中的抗菌剂能够提高包装材料的抗菌性能,但同时也可能在与食品接触的过程中迁移到食品中;对抗菌塑料中抗菌成分的迁移机理进行了深入研究,有助于人们认识食品接触材料的安全性和更好地发展食品接触材料。结论 抗菌塑料包装在应用中既要为包装材料提供抗菌性,还需要保证其安全性。     

食品用金属包装中有害物质检测技术研究进展

食品接触材料中有害物质成分复杂、未知性强,通过对食品包装中有害物质进行迁移检测是食品评价安全的关键步骤。通常使用液-液萃取法、固相萃取法和辅助萃取法等对食品包装进行前处理,再通过高效液相色谱法、气相色谱-质谱法等对迁移到食品模拟物中的有害物质进行定量分析,从而评估食品包装的安全性。针对食品包装材料安全性研究还存在有害物质迁移机理不明确和检测方法不完善等问题,寻找高效前处理方式结合快速检测方法,且完善有害物质迁移机理建立迁移模型是以后的研究方向。