Shaking table tests on wall-type gravel and rubber drains as a liquefaction countermeasure in silty sand

In this paper, the seismic performance of wall-type gravel and rubber drains as a liquefaction countermeasure in silty sand has been addressed using a series of 1 g shaking table tests. In these tests, the liquefaction resistance of silty sand was studied by changing soil relative density, silt content, number of walls, and materials of drainage walls. In order to evaluate shear wave propagation, the generation and dissipation of pore water pressure (PWP), and the ground surface settlement, various accelerometers, displacement and PWP transducers were placed. The obtained results indicated that an increase in the relative density and the number of wall-type gravel and rubber drains in liquefiable silty sand reduces the settlement, liquefaction-induced deformations, as well as the excess PWP and eventually improves the liquefaction resistance. Totally, it can be noted that the reinforced silty sand with wall-type gravel drains revealed less excess PWP and settlement than that with wall-type rubber drains.     

砂砾土抗液化强度的小型土箱振动台试验研究

近来数次大地震中出现大量的砂砾土液化震害,饱和砂砾土的地震液化问题越来越引起重视。针对砂砾土的抗液化强度问题,开展了4种砾含量、3种相对密度情况下,饱和砂砾土的小型土箱振动台试验研究。为获得较为合理的抗液化强度结果修正了由加速度计倾斜产生的加速度时程漂移,并描述了土体中加速度和动孔压发展特性。饱和砂砾土的抗液化强度结果显示:含砾量和相对密度对饱和砂砾土的抗液化强度均有明显影响。饱和砂砾土的抗液化强度随着含砾量和相对密度的增加明显增大,增大的趋势越来越明显,且明显高于相近相对密度的饱和砂土的抗液化强度。     

Verification of effectiveness and design procedure of gravel drains for liquefaction remediation

The current design practice of using gravel drains as a liquefaction countermeasure involves the selection of the drain spacing and drain diameter to keep the peak excess pore water pressure ratio low. As it has mostly been verified through small-scale 1 g shaking tests, its validity for the field-scale prototype has yet to be well investigated. In this study, a series of centrifuge tests was conducted to gain insight into the stress-dependent behavior of loose sand deposits with a level surface improved by gravel drains. Meanwhile, the current design procedure was validated with experimental data. The results revealed that the effects of gravel drains in suppressing the excess pore pressures depend significantly on the depth of the drains. The current design procedure has failed to elucidate the depth-dependent behavior of sand deposits. One of the important features of the mechanical properties of the soil used for the design of gravel drains was revealed through laboratory tests in which the coefficient of volumetric compressibility, m_v, was found to be highly dependent on the stress level, while m_v was assumed to be fixed in the design procedure. It was also found that the water flow regime in gravel drains can be a turbulent flow. The Reynolds number in drains increases from the bottom to the top, and the permeability coefficient decreases accordingly, resulting in more significant well resistance than expected based on the current design procedure. In the present study, when stress level-dependent m_v and Reynolds number-dependent k_w were used as input soil parameters, the axisymmetric diffusion equation, with consideration given to the well resistance, satisfactorily predicted the excess pore pressures in sand with gravel drains.     

砾石排水桩与地面压重的抗液化效果

本文用等价非线性有效应力动力分析的二维有限元程序,对饱和砂层的液化特点及砾石排水桩与地面压重的抗液化效果进行了分析。理论分析结果与振动台砂箱试验的结果定性上符合。     

碎石桩加固不同密实度砂土宏观液化现象研究

通过进行不同密实度条件下未加固与碎石桩加固可液化地基的振动台模型试验,对不同密实度下模型地基的宏观液化现象作了对比和分析,得出:砂土密实度越大,抗液化能力越强;在加固土中碎石桩形成排水通道,所以同一密实度下的加固土液化现象比未加固土推迟,这意味着碎石桩起到了很好的抗液化效果。     

Design of horizontal drains for the mitigation of liquefaction risk

Drainage is one of the most popular protecting measures to mitigate ground liquefaction. Deploying the drains horizontally may be convenient where conventional vertical ones cannot be used, like beneath existing structures. The spacing among drains must be designed to limit the pore pressure build-up during shaking. The usual assumptions of radial consolidation around vertical drains, stemming from the assumption of an infinite number of drains, may not be appropriate for horizontal ones, since the latter are generally arranged in few rows at a shallow depth, especially if drainage at the ground level is possible as well. Hence, existing solutions for vertical “earthquake” drains have been modified in this work to take into account such different geometrical features. The resulting solution has been validated against numerical and experimental sets of data. Charts covering a wide range of geometrical layouts, soil properties, and seismic actions are finally proposed. They can be used to design the drain spacing that is needed so as not to exceed the target value of excess pore pressure in the ground.     

砾性土层液化的触发条件

天然沉积砾性土场地液化是一个超出现有认识与现有规范的新问题,其触发条件至关重要,从震害现场调查提炼出相关认识最为可靠,是后续研究的基础和导引。鉴于2008年汶川地震砾性土液化规模远超以往,以其调查结果为主,综合历史砾性土液化全部资料,提出砾性土层液化的触发条件。现有资料分析表明:0.15g应为触发天然沉积砾性土层液化的地表最低地震强度,大规模砾性土层液化发生则需要0.2g~0.4g(Ⅷ度区)的地震强度;松散和接近松散状态是天然砾性土层液化的基本条件,液化砾性土密实度可随地震强度增大而增高但仍以稍密状态为上限;液化砾性土含砾量可达85%及更大,并且不随地震强度减弱而降低;高剪切波速天然砾性土层会发生液化,砾性土与砂土密实程度的剪切波速分界线相差悬殊,砂土液化判别公式不适于砾性土层;上覆渗透性差非液化土层(帽子)的存在是地下砾性土层可发生液化的必要条件,可称为帽子效应,此厚度至少应为0.5 m;地下水位与帽子间不能有过厚的可排水层间隙也是下卧砾性土层可发生液化的必要条件,可称为间隙效应,此间隙上限可取为2.0 m;区别于砂土液化判别方法,砾性土液化判别需要埋藏条件方面的特殊要求,否则容易出现误判。     

液化地基碎石桩处理深度研究

目前碎石桩加固液化地基,其桩长一般穿透液化土层,本文通过地震时复合地基中超静定孔隙水压力的分布,认为在上部荷载和碎石桩排水作用的影响下,适当的预留一定厚度的液化土层也可达到消除液化的效果。     

穿斗式木构架结构与轻型木结构抗震性能振动台试验研究

通过1∶2比例穿斗式木构架结构和轻型木结构模型的振动台试验,对这两种结构的抗震性能进行了研究。结果表明：穿斗式木构架在峰值加速度在0~0.5g的地震激励下,柱顶水平加速度反应会减小,动力放大系数在0.46~0.57之间,柱顶位移会增大,在输入峰值加速度大于0.4g后,柱与础石之间会产生较大的滑移,卯榫节点也会产生较大变形,从而耗散大量的地震能量,使得该结构具有明显的减震效果;轻型木结构模型则在峰值加速度大于0.4g地震激励下,柱顶加速度动力放大系数大于1,且轻型木结构模型在峰值加速度0.5g地震激励下,仍处于弹性状态。     

Shaking table test on underwater slope failure induced by liquefaction

Sand liquefaction is a process in which the excess pore water pressure of saturated sand soils increases and the effective stress of saturated sand decreases under the action of vibration, resulting in the transition of sand soils from the solid state to the liquid state. In this paper, an underwater sand slope model containing the upper sand slope and the bottom non-liquefied clay layer was designed. The whole process of large deformation of flow liquefaction from the solid state to the liquid state was reproduced by the shaking table test and recorded by the high-definition particle image velocimetry (PIV) equipment. Four main influencing factors: the acceleration amplitude of the shaking table, the frequency of the shaking table, the relative density of the sand slope, and the slope ratio of height and width of the sand slope, were considered. During the test, the dynamic response characteristics of acceleration and excess pore water pressure (EPWP) within the underwater sand slope model were monitored and analyzed in the whole deformation process to reveal the mechanism of the sand liquefaction process and the law of development and provide data support for subsequent research.     

铅芯橡胶支座滞回特性的振动台试验研究

铅芯橡胶支座是一种常用的阻尼机构一体型隔震装置,其水平方向的滞回性能反映了该装置的耗能能力并影响整个隔震建筑的隔震效果,是隔震装置的一个关键指标.基于某铅芯橡胶支座基础隔震结构的模型振动台试验数据,对该隔震装置在不同地震加速度记录、不同地震强度、不同地震输入方向等各种工况下的滞回曲线进行了对比与分析,得到了一些有益的结论.     

排水刚性桩单桩抗液化性能的振动台试验研究

排水刚性桩是一种将竖向排水体与刚性桩相结合的新型桩基。为研究抗液化排水刚性桩的单桩抗液化作用效果,采用振动台试验对排水刚性桩在动力荷载作用下的排水效果、地基孔压响应、加速度响应以及在上覆荷载作用下桩顶的侧向永久位移等动力响应进行了研究,并与不设排水体的普通桩作了对比。结果表明:抗液化排水刚性桩是一种有效的抗液化措施。在排水刚性桩桩身1倍桩径范围内,土体的喷砂冒水现象得到有效控制,普通桩试样中喷砂冒水现象严重。距离桩身排水通道0.5倍桩径处,排水桩超孔压比峰值约为普通桩超孔压比峰值的50%,排水桩可以更快地消散地基内的超孔压,超孔压比从峰值减小为0.7时,排水刚性桩用时6 s,普通桩用时17 s。排水刚性桩距排水体0.5倍桩径处加速度峰值为0.2g,相同测点处普通桩加速度峰值为0.09g,与排水桩相比,减少约100%。随加载过程的持续,排水桩桩顶震荡幅值基本不表现,在惯性力作用下,振动荷载初始时间段内(3 s时间内),桩身发生轻微震荡。普通桩桩顶水平震荡幅值为0.6 cm,且震荡时间持续整个加载过程中(10 s),普通桩桩顶的侧向永久位移约为排水桩的3倍。     

剪切波速-相对密度联合试验与经验公式验证

汶川Ms8.0地震发生的数百公里大规模砾性土液化震害,引起了国内外学者对剪切波速液化判别技术适用性的高度重视。为合理评价波速测试手段应用于高含砾量、宽级配粗粒土液化判别的可靠性,发挥该技术在室内外土动力参数关联方面的独有优势,以相对密度与抗液化强度相关性为基础,通过自主研制大型波速量测系统,开展饱和砂土与砾性土剪切波速-相对密度联合室内试验,分析砾性土相对密度与波速指标内在关联性,对已有经验公式进行验证。研究结果表明:砾性土波速与相对密度呈良好线性关系,颗粒组排结构的不同是导致砾性土与砂土整体波速差异及数据离散度差别的主要原因;砾性土剪切波速对孔隙比变化灵敏度高于角砾砂,所提修正经验公式更适于描述砾性土波速随相对密度变化关系。     

黄土无衬砌隧道破坏机制振动台试验研究——隧道稳定性分析讲座之二

在参考相关文献以及做了一定数值模拟分析后进行了黄土无衬砌隧道的大型振动台试验的研究.振动台试验的研究结果表明:埋深越深峰值加速度越小,埋深浅的隧道和地下结构要加强抗震措施;隧道洞口部由于刚性变化较大峰值加速度相比沿隧道其它位置要大,在隧道洞口部一定范围内要提高抗震水准;隧道直墙中下部是最易破坏的部位,而隧道仰拱会出现拉...     

挤密碎石桩复合地基抗液化效果检验

本文给出了碎石桩处理可液化地基土孔隙水压力比计算公式,并结合工程实际,在考虑径向排水及垂向排水条件下,对孔隙水压力比进行了计算。结果表明,经碎石桩处理后,可液化地基土完全消除液化,同时对碎石桩处理地基土效果与施工参数之间关系进行了分析计算,计算结果对设计施工具有指导作用。     

Centrifuge modeling of hybrid foundation to mitigate liquefaction-induced effects on shallow foundation resting on liquefiable ground

A hybrid foundation is developed in this study to mitigate the liquefaction-induced effects on shallow foundations. The proposed hybrid foundation is a combination of a gravel drainage system and friction steel piles with spiral blades, framed under the footing. The motivation behind having a gravel drainage system, as an integral part of the hybrid foundation, is its ability to improve the liquefaction resistance of the ground in the most economical way. However, case histories and the development of recent research have highlighted that gravel drainage systems have exhibited poor performances and could not prevent ground liquefaction during strong ground motion. To counteract these shortcomings, friction steel piles are provided which are supposed to yield frictional resistance during earthquakes and are presumed to minimize the rocking/tilting behavior of the foundation-structure system even if the ground undergoes liquefaction. The evolution of excess pore water pressure, specifically in the vicinity of the foundation-structure system, dominatingly influences the settlement mechanism of shallow foundations. Centrifuge test results show that the presence of gravel drainage can minimize the post-liquefaction settlement of shallow foundations through the rapid dissipation of excess pore water pressure. Moreover, friction piles are able to minimize the tilting/differential settlement of shallow foundations. It is found that the proposed hybrid foundation provides the desired function of reducing the overall liquefaction-induced effects on shallow foundations resting on liquefiable grounds.     

碎石桩复合地基液化判别的工程方法

针对实际工程中较难解决的如何判别碎石桩复合地基桩间土液化问题,在现有的研究基础上,考虑碎石桩桩体应力集中和桩体排水效应,提出了瑞利波法复合地基液化判别,以期促进碎石桩复合地基液化判别的研究。     

建筑物下珊瑚砂地基动力响应振动台模型试验研究

随着岛礁建设的快速发展,珊瑚砂地基抗震安全尤为重要。为揭示珊瑚砂地基和建筑物地震响应特性,开展了地震动作用下不同密实度的可液化珊瑚砂地基上3层框架结构的振动台模型试验,对孔隙水压力、加速度、位移和动应变等动力响应进行测试和分析,并与可液化石英砂场地进行对比。结果表明,相同相对密实度和相近颗粒级配下,珊瑚砂场地相比石英砂场地更难以液化。两种砂场地液化程度均随埋深增大而减小,随与建筑物距离增大而增大。液化后的珊瑚砂场地模型地基相比石英砂场地仍然具有一定的剪切传递能力,这种差异随地基埋深的增加逐渐减弱。珊瑚砂场地液化后建筑物倾斜度、最终沉降和立柱动应变相比石英砂场地均较小。不同相对密实度的珊瑚砂与石英砂场地液化性能存在一定的差异。     

隔震橡胶支座楼梯间模型结构振动台试验研究

为检验梯段板下端设置隔震橡胶支座和聚四氟乙烯板滑动支座对现浇钢筋混凝土（RC）板式楼梯抗震性能的影响,以设置这两种支座的RC楼梯间框架结构单元为对象,对缩尺比例为1∶3的模型结构进行了振动台试验。通过输入不同的地震波,观察其破坏过程,分析其遭遇不同水准地震作用时模型结构的自振频率变化、加速度反应、位移反应和破坏机制等。试验结果表明：梯段板下端设置隔震橡胶支座的楼梯单元具有良好的抗震性能,罕遇地震作用下破坏主要集中在框架结构中,有效地释放了梯段板的斜撑效应,实现了楼梯子结构迟于主体结构发生严重破坏的设计目标;采用聚四氟乙烯板滑动支座时,在共振破坏试验中梯段板出现剧烈的竖向翘起、左右晃动现象;采用隔震橡胶支座时,梯段板竖向加速度有所减小,且共振破坏试验中未出现晃动现象。     

基于流动性的饱和砂砾土液化机理

砂砾土的地震液化至今仍存较大的争议,相应的液化机理解释主要沿用传统的砂土液化分析思路和方法。利用动态圆柱扭剪仪开展了100 mm直径、3组典型级配（含砾量分别为37%,45%和60%）的饱和砂砾土试样循环动三轴实验。基于实验得到的应力-应变率关系曲线,定义了反应饱和砂砾土流动性的平均流动系数和流动性水平。实验发现,初始动应力比对不同含砾量下的平均流动系数-孔压比关系曲线无影响;相对密度越大、含砾量越大,饱和砂砾土的流动性水平越低;有效固结压力对饱和砂砾土平均流动系数-孔压比关系曲线的影响与含砾量相关。推测饱和砂砾土在循环荷载下的流动性由其粗粒接触状态和数量决定;粗粒间的接触在高孔压状态下不能顺利解除是饱和砂砾土与饱和细粒土抗液化性能的本质区别。提出的基于流动性的饱和砂砾土液化机理较好地解释了以上现象。