纳米粒子的分散状态对聚丙烯结晶行为的影响

用普通熔融共混与低剪切应力场下聚合物/纳米粒子的分散共混方法制备出聚丙烯/无机纳米粒子复合材料,采用示差扫描量热法(DSC)与偏光显微镜(PFM)对试样的结晶行为进行研究发现:在填充粒子含量相同情况下,均匀分散的纳米粒子可以较大提高聚丙烯的结晶温度,结晶速率,使晶体尺寸减小,而普通熔融共混制备的试样中,纳米粒子虽然也一定程度增加了聚合物的结晶温度,却并不改变晶体的尺寸。结果表明,当制备聚合物/纳米粒子复合材料时,纳米粒子在基体中的分散程度极大地影响聚合物基体的结晶行为。     

静电纺丝法制备低渗流阈值聚酰亚胺/炭黑导电复合材料

原位聚合法得到聚酰胺酸(PAA)/炭黑(CB)聚合物溶液,通过静电纺丝、热亚胺化制备了聚酰亚胺(PI)/炭黑复合纳米纤维膜,经过热压加工工艺得到以炭黑为填料的聚酰亚胺基导电复合材料。扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)观察了复合材料的微观形貌,通过LCR数字电桥、拉伸测试和热重分析(TGA)研究了复合材料的电学性能、力学性能与热稳定性。实验表明,PI/CB导电复合材料的渗流阈值为6%(质量分数);在渗流阈值时,材料的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别为93.9 MPa和68.9%,10%热失重温度为575.8℃。聚酰亚胺/炭黑导电复合材料表现出优异的力学性能和热稳定性能。     

超声波对硅树脂/蒙脱土纳米复合材料热性能的影响

采用超声波技术,原位插层聚合法制备了甲基苯基硅树脂/有机蒙脱土(OMMT)纳米复合材料。X射线衍射(XRD),透射电镜(TEM)研究了复合材料内部结构以及超声波时间对蒙脱土分散性和复合材料热性能的影响。简单控制超声波时间15和30min,分别制备了不同OMMT质量分数的插层型和剥离型聚合物/蒙脱土纳米复合材料。加入OMMT,无论是插层型还是剥离型,复合材料的起始分解温度都有所下降,但热失重速率较平缓。插层型纳米复合材料耐热性能明显优于剥离型,温度500℃时,插层型热失重均小于纯硅树脂。当OMMT含量8%时,插层型PLS复合材料500℃的热失重均10%;而剥离型PLS复合材料500℃的热失重较大,超过15%。     

石墨烯/聚酰亚胺复合材料的制备与性能

以对苯二胺(PDA)和联苯四甲酸二酐(BPDA)为单体,合成了聚酰亚胺前驱体——聚酰胺酸溶液。采用溶液共混法将氧化石墨烯与聚酰胺酸复合,经制膜和热酰亚胺化反应制备了石墨烯/聚酰亚胺复合薄膜。用红外光谱(FT-IR)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对复合材料的结构和形态进行了分析。发现被还原的氧化石墨烯已经充分剥离并均匀分散在聚酰亚胺基体中,且与基体树脂结合紧密。力学性能测试表明,石墨烯的加入明显改善了聚酰亚胺的拉伸强度,当石墨烯含量为2%时,复合材料的拉伸强度提高了53%。热失重分析发现,复合薄膜的热稳定性也得到明显改善,相对于纯的聚酰亚胺,添加2%石墨烯的复合材料其热降解温度提高了10℃。     

紫外光老化TiO_2/聚丙烯复合材料的热降解行为

采用熔融共混法制备了金红石型TiO2/聚丙烯(PP)复合材料,利用热失重分析和红外光谱研究了紫外光照射对PP和纳米TiO2/PP复合材料热稳定性的影响。结果表明,金红石型纳米TiO2加入到PP后,复合材料的起始降解温度(To)较纯PP提高23℃,最大热降解温度(Tmd)保持不变,有效延缓热降解过程。紫外照射后,PP的起始降解温度(To)下降100℃,最大热降解速率(Rmd)提高了近5倍,热稳定性下降严重。红外光谱证实这是由于PP分子链的氧化、断裂所致。而TiO2/PP复合材料中紫外照射引起的To和Rmd改变很小,归因于纳米TiO2对紫外线的吸收作用,减少了对PP基体分子链的破坏。     

有机硅烷偶联剂对聚丙烯酸酯/纳米SiO_2复合材料性能的影响

同步采用无皂乳液聚合法和溶胶-凝胶法制备了聚丙烯酸酯/纳米SiO2复合材料,通过TEM、力学性能、DSC、TG和XRD等检测手段研究了不同有机硅烷偶联剂对聚丙烯酸酯/纳米SiO2复合材料性能的影响.结果表明,分别采用3-甲基丙烯酸氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷(MEMO)和乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷(VTMO)制备的纳米复合材料,力学性能随其用量的增加而同步增强增韧;TEM结果表明,采用MEMO和VTMO制备的聚丙烯酸酯/纳米SiO2复合材料中的纳米SiO2的粒径约20nm,且分布均匀;热性能结果表明,采用乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷(VTEO)制备的纳米复合材料的玻璃化温度(-8.1℃)和热裂解温度(350℃)最高;XRD结果表明,有机硅烷偶联剂的加入降低了纳米复合材料的结晶度.     

PVAc-nano-OMMT/PP-EVA复合材料的制备与性能

利用乳液聚合法引发醋酸乙烯酯(VAc)在有机蒙脱土(OMMT)中原位插层聚合, 与聚丙烯(PP)-乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)复合体系熔融共挤制备出PVAc-nano-OMMT/PP-EVA复合材料。X射线衍射(XRD)与透射电镜(TEM)测试结果表明, 在强剪切作用下, PVAc-nano-OMMT/PP-EVA形成了剥离型纳米复合材料结构; 热失重(TGA)测试结果显示PVAc-nano-OMMT/PP-EVA的起始分解温度明显高于PP-EVA和nano-OMMT/PP-EVA, PVAc-nano-OMMT的存在使材料的热性能得以改善; 在PVAc-nano-OMMT/PP-EVA共混物中, PVAc-nano-OMMT具有明显的增韧作用; 通过氧指数(LOI)和锥形量热(CONE)测试, PVAc-nano-OMMT/PP-EVA的氧指数为24.1%, 可较大幅度地降低材料燃烧的热释放程度、 有效燃烧热和烟释放过程, 阻燃性能提高。      

无机掺杂纳米粒子/天然乳胶纳米复合材料的制备及耐热老化性能研究

目前,有关纳米碳酸钙和纳米二氧化硅共同填充并协同增强天然乳胶(NRL)的研究鲜有报道。利用十二烷基三甲氧基硅烷(DDES)分别对纳米碳酸钙和纳米二氧化硅2种颗粒状无机纳米粒子进行表面改性,采用乳胶共混法制备改性无机纳米粒子/天然乳胶纳米复合材料,并对制备所得的复合材料进行不同时间的热氧老化。通过红外光谱(FTIR)、热重分析(TG)、接触角测定仪(CAMI)研究了改性前后纳米颗粒的结构和性能变化。采用橡胶加工分析仪(RPA)和扫描电镜(SEM)对天然乳胶复合材料的力学性能和微观结构进行了测试分析。结果表明:DDES的硅氧烷基团与颗粒状无机纳米粒子表面的羟基反应,在M-CaCO_3、M-SiO_2表面形成DDES接枝改性层,修饰后的纳米颗粒均匀地分散在天然乳胶中,并形成填料-乳胶交联网络结构;其中2种改性无机纳米粒子共同填充制备的CaCO_3/SiO_2/NRL样品性能较优,断面形貌均匀,储能模量(G')大;经70℃,480 h热氧老化后拉伸强度及撕裂强度保持率分别为81.45%、38.54%,表现出优异的耐热氧老化性能。     

剑麻纤维/纳米酚醛树脂复合材料的动态力学性能和热性能

分别采用碱、硅烷偶联剂(KH-550)对剑麻纤维(SF)进行表面处理,选用无机纳米SiO2改性的酚醛树脂(PF)作为基体树脂,通过模压成型工艺制备剑麻纤维/纳米酚醛树脂复合材料。分别采用动态力学分析(DMA)、热重分析(TG)研究纳米SiO2的加入及剑麻纤维处理方式对SF/PF复合材料动态力学、蠕变、应力松弛性和热性能的影响。结果表明,与未添加纳米SiO2的SF/PF复合材料相比,SF/纳米PF复合材料的储能模量达到4783MPa,提高了46.8%;与未改性SF/纳米PF复合材料相比,经过碱处理的SF/纳米PF复合材料玻璃化转变温度(Tg)达到261℃,提高了14℃;热失重研究结果表明,纳米SiO2的加入及剑麻纤维改性均能显著提高SF/PF复合材料的热分解温度。     

改性纳米碳酸钙填充天然胶乳的超微结构及热稳定性

采用环氧化天然胶乳改性纳米碳酸钙,并与天然胶乳通过共混制备复合材料,用扫描电镜和热重分析仪研究了复合材料的形态结构和热氧稳定性。未改性碳酸钙-天然胶乳复合材料热失重温度无明显变化,经环氧化天然胶乳处理的碳酸钙与天然胶乳所制备复合材料的热失重温度明显升高,其中碳酸钙填充量为4%时,复合材料的起始失重温度比对照样提高了约6...     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.