A qualitative method of assessing the available nitrogen,potassium and phosphorus in the soil

A technique for the bioassay of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil using a filamentous alga Hormidium flaccidum as the plant indicator, is described, and in preliminary tests used qualitatively to evaluate the available nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus in soil which had been used in field crop or glasshouse trials. Qualitatively, the prediction accuracy for phosphorus and nitrogen was correct for 77% of the total samples assayed for each element, while for potassium 89% of the results were correctly predicted. Most of the incorrect predictions were falsely indicating an adequate amount of nutrient in the soil. Causes of this are discussed.     

Effects of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium on amino acid composition and on relationships between nitrogen and amino acids in wheat and oat grain

During two seasons, pot experiments in which increasing applications of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were given to wheat and oats produced grain with widely varying N contents. The total amino acid composition of the grain was mainly dependent on N content of grain. Phosphorus and potassium affected the amino acid composition of wheat and oat grain only indirectly through their effects on nitrogen concentration. In wheat increasing grain N% was accompanied by a decrease in the amount (as g per 16 g N) of lysine, threonine, methionine, cystine and an increase in glutamic acid, proline, phenylalanine, and serine contents. Lysine, methionine, and cystine in oats decreased with increasing grain N content, but arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and phenylalanine increased. Changes were less pronounced with oats than with wheat, and concentrations of most essential amino acids were higher in oats. When expressed as % dry matter all amino acids increased with increasing N concentration. Linear regression equations were calculated and significant correlations were found in both crops between concentrations of most amino acids and N content in grain. Some correlations between amino acids in the grain are also given. Correlations between amino acids and nitrogen within a variety were similar despite widely differing yields.     

Simultaneous determination of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in plant material by automatic methods

Existing methods, using autoanalyser and flame photometer equipment have been adapted and combined. Using one acid digest of plant material, three determinations, for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassiums are carried out simultaneously and automatically. Seventy samples per hour can be assayed. Time and mental fatigue in calculating results are reduced by using a two-way table produced as a computer print-out.     

Effect of nitrogen,phosphorus, potassium,magnesium and liming on the composition of tomato fruit

Some aspects of the composition of tomato fruit from a 3²NK × 2³PMgCa factorial nutritional trial have been studied for four seasons. Increasing applications of potassic fertilisers significantly increased the titratable, total and combined acidities, potassium content, refractive index and specific conductivity of the expressed fruit juices. The effects of nitrogen were not so pronounced and, with respect to acidity, potassium content and specific conductivity, were influenced by the level of potassium applied. The potassium content and the acidity of the fruit juices were closely correlated. Nitrogen applications significantly depressed the sugar content of the fruit, but potassium and phosphorus had little effect. Phosphorus reduced the acidity, potassium content and specific conductivity, particularly at low potassium levels. Magnesium and lime had little effect on tomato fruit composition.     

氮、磷浓度对小球藻生长及油脂积累的影响

含油微藻是非常有前景的生产生物柴油的材料,其生物量和油脂含量是决定其经济可行性的重要指标。培养基组成对含油微藻的生长与油脂积累具有重要影响。实验以采自青岛海域的一株海水小球藻为研究对象,在摇瓶中考察培养基氮源、磷源浓度对小球藻生长及其油脂积累的影响。结果表明:在一定范围内,增加氮源浓度能提高小球藻生长速率,但磷源对小球藻生长影响不明显;随着氮、磷源浓度的降低,小球藻总脂和中性脂含量均逐渐增大,氮源起的作用更加显著,在0.220mmol/L的低氮胁迫下获得了最高的细胞总脂含量,总脂占细胞干重的33.5%±0.3%。氮源浓度为0.441mmol/L时,小球藻的油脂产率最高,为(10.58±0.29)mg·L-1·d-1。培养基中低磷浓度有利于小球藻的油脂积累,但差别不明显。     

Relationships between prostaglandin concentrations,a single nucleotide polymorphism in HSD17B12, and reproductive performance in dairy cows

Prostaglandins are involved in multiple processes important for fertility, with previous work in mice highlighting a potential role for the HSD17B12 gene in prostaglandin biosynthesis. This study aimed to determine the associations among circulating prostaglandin concentrations, a missense SNP in the HSD17B12 gene predicted to disrupt protein function, and fertility traits in first-lactation Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. We used a study population of approximately 500 animals specifically bred to have either a positive (POS, +5%) or negative (NEG, ?5%) genetic merit for fertility (FertBV). Genotypes of a previously identified SNP (rs109711583) in HSD17B12 were determined, with 116 animals genotyped as AA, 215 genotyped as AG, and 153 genotyped as GG. Plasma concentrations of prostaglandin E₂ and the PGF_2α metabolite PGFM were determined at 3 time points (12 mo of age, 4 d postpartum, and 5 wk postpartum during first lactation) in a selection of animals with AA and GG genotypes from both the POS and NEG FertBV groups (n = 33–40 in each genotype for each FertBV group). Binary reproductive traits (yes or no) examined included submission for artificial breeding in the first 3 or 6 wk of the seasonal breeding period; conception to first service; conception during the first 6 wk of the breeding period; and pregnant at the end of the breeding period. Uterine health at 6 wk after calving was examined by evaluating the percentage of polymorphonuclear leukocytes following uterine cytology and by scoring vaginal discharge based on the presence of purulent material. The 3-wk submission rate was increased in animals that carried the G allele of the missense SNP in HSD17B12, but no differences were present among genotypes for 6-wk submission rate. The trait was additive, with each increase of the G allele increasing the 3-wk submission rate by 6 to 7%. We did not observe any consistent associations between SNP alleles and circulating PGE₂ concentrations; however, a complex 3-way interaction among time, fertility group, and SNP allele was present for PGFM concentrations. Plasma concentrations of PGE₂ were increased approximately 40% at 5 wk postpartum in animals that were submitted for breeding within 3 or 6 wk of the start of the breeding season, and in those that conceived during the first 6 wk of breeding, compared with those that did not. Plasma concentrations of PGFM were decreased approximately 20% in those animals that conceived to their first service and tended to be decreased in animals that were pregnant at the end of the breeding period, compared with those that were not. In summary, associations were observed between the SNP in HSD17B12 and submission rate by d 21 of the breeding season, as well as between circulating prostaglandin concentrations and fertility traits, but the SNP was not consistently linked to changes in prostaglandin concentrations. Thus, the association between submission rate by d 21 of the breeding season and the SNP in HSD17B12 were unlikely driven by changes in prostaglandins.     

Characterization of nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium mass balances of dairy farms in New York State

A whole-farm nutrient mass balance (NMB) is a useful measure of the nutrient status of a dairy farm. Research is needed to define and determine a feasible NMB range for dairy farm systems in New York State (NY). The objectives of this study were to (1) document the distribution of N, P, and K mass balances of 102 NY dairy farms (including 75 small, 15 medium, and 12 large farms); (2) establish initial NMB benchmarks based on what 75% of the farms achieved; (3) determine the maximum animal density that allows an example NY dairy farm to balance cow P excretions and crop P removal without exporting crops or manure; and (4) identify opportunities to improve NMB over time. Nutrient mass balances of the 102 farms ranged from −39 to 237 kg of N/ha for N without including N₂ fixation (N1), from −14 to 259 kg of N/ha when N₂ fixation was included (N2), from −7 to 51 kg of P/ha, and from −46 to 148 kg of K/ha. Seventy-five percent of the farms were operating at NMB less than 118 kg of N/ha for N1, 146 kg of N/ha for N2, 13 kg of P/ha, and 41 kg of K/ha (75% benchmarks). Farms with the highest nutrient use efficiencies (lowest NMB per unit of milk produced) operated with less than 8.8 kg of N/Mg of milk for N1, 11.8 kg of N/Mg of milk for N2, 1.1 kg of P/Mg of milk, and 3.0 kg of K/Mg of milk. The biggest contributor to the NMB was the amount of imported nutrients, primarily feed purchases. The example farm assessment (assuming no export of crops or manure) suggested that, when 70% of the feed is produced on the farm and P in feed rations does not exceed 4 g of P/kg of DM, cow P excretion and crop P removal were balanced at a maximum animal density of 2.4 animal units (AU)/ha (~0.97 AU/acre). Dairy farms operating with animal densities <2.4 AU/ha typically had NMB below the 75% benchmark, whereas most dairies with more than 2.4 AU/ha needed to export manure or crops to meet the 75% benchmark. Opportunities to reduce NMB on many farms, independent of size and without changes in animal density, are possible by more tightly managing fertilizer and feed imports, increasing the percentage of farm-produced nutrients, implementing precision feeding, and exporting crops or manure.     

Olive oil composition as a function of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium plant nutrition

BACKGROUND: Macronutrients play fundamental roles in processes affecting olive oil productivity and are expected to influence oil composition. A necessary step in optimal nutrient application management for olives is an understanding of the relationship between olive tree nutritional status and oil quality parameters. We studied the independent effects of N, P and K concentrations in irrigation solution on the oil quality of ‘Barnea’ olives by applying a wide range of macronutrient concentrations under highly controlled conditions. RESULTS: Oil composition was significantly influenced by P and N levels, while K levels had only a minor effect. Unsaturation levels were unaffected by the treatments but, within the unsaturated fatty acids, the levels of PUFA increased compared to those of MUFA. Specifically, levels of the MUFA C18:1, polyphenol content and peroxide values decreased while levels of the PUFA C18:3 increased in response to higher doses of N and P. CONCLUSION: Decreased MUFA and polyphenol levels coupled with increased omega‐3 levels demonstrated a potential negative influence on oil profile alongside increased nutritional benefits. The sum effects on oil yield and composition should be considered in designing of nutrient application management strategies for olive orchards. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Efficiency of use of imported nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and potential for reducing phosphorus imports on Idaho dairy farms

Eight commercial dairies from south central Idaho were surveyed to estimate the whole-farm surpluses of N, P, and K and to investigate the possibility of reducing P excretions through dietary manipulation. Nitrogen, P, and K imports and exports were monitored in a 12-mo period, and samples from the diets, feeds, feces, urine, and manure were collected at regular farm visits. Soils from manure-amended fields were sampled in the spring and fall. In all cases, the largest import of N, P, and K to the dairy was with purchased feeds. Major nutrient export items were milk and manure and forages, in the case of a dairy with a large land base (dairy F). Whole-farm N surplus varied from 90 to 599 t/yr (91 to 222 kg/yr per cow). The efficiency of use of imported N varied from 25 to 64%, with dairy F having the greatest efficiency of imported N use. Phosphorus and K surpluses were also significant (average of 29 and 182 t/yr and 12 and 76 kg per cow per year, respectively). During the study period, dairy F was a net exporter of K. The average efficiency of use of imported P and K was 66 and 58%, respectively. Soil P levels in the 30-cm layer were above state threshold standards, most likely from overapplication of manure. Soil nitrate-N concentrations were also high, but K concentrations were within the accepted range. Average P content of the lactating cow diets at the start of the study was 0.49% and was reduced to 0.38%. The estimated reduction in imported P due to the reduced dietary P levels was from 5.7 to 61.4 t/yr per farm, or on average 12 kg per cow per year. This study demonstrated that in addition to exports with milk and manure, export of nutrients with forages produced on the farm (dairy F) is a major factor in reducing whole-farm N, P, and K surpluses.     

氮磷钾化肥配合施用对无核白葡萄品质与产量的影响

通过大田施肥试验研究了尿素、过磷酸钙、硫酸钾不同施用水平对无核白葡萄产量与品质的影响.结果表明,氮磷钾合理配施可有利于维持葡萄树体营养生长和生殖生长的平衡,适宜配比可增加葡萄坐果数与单果重,提高产量;并增加葡萄果实中Vc、可溶性固形物和有机酸含量,改善果实品质.整体而言,葡萄生长季的栽培过程中氮磷钾(N:P2O5:K2O)的追施比例为1:0.5～0.8:1时,表现出最佳的经济效益和最高的产量.     

氮磷钾肥施用对油菜产量及养分吸收利用的影响

为油菜科学施肥提供依据,利用当前推广的6个油菜品种秦优11号（QY11）、中农油2008（ZNY2008）、中油杂11号（ZYZ11）、湘油17（XY17）、浙油601（ZY601）和沪油杂1号（HYZ1）,在大田试验条件下研究了氮、磷、钾肥施用对油菜产量及氮、磷、钾素吸收利用的影响,并比较了不同品种对施肥响应的差异。结果显示,相同施肥处理下不同品种籽粒产量差异显著,不施N（PKB）、不施P（NKB）、不施K（NPB）及NPK全施（NPKB）处理下品种间最大差异分别为385、244、759和720kg/hm2,变异系数分别为18．1％、25．5％、16．4％和11．0％。氮、磷、钾施用可显著提高各品种产量和相应养分积累量,NPKB处理相比PKB、NKB及NPB处理分别增产1101～2012、1681～2459和293～1567kg/hm2,N、P、K积累量分别增加63．0～113．2、17．2～23．8和94．1～166．3kg/hm2。不同品种氮、磷、钾肥利用率也存在显著差异。同一品种对氮、磷、钾的响应一致,其中秦优11号对氮、磷、钾肥施用的敏感程度均大于其它品种,湘油17耐低氮、低磷和低钾的能力均高于其它品种。     

钾对烟草根际氮细菌、氮古菌群落及氮代谢的影响

为提高烟草栽培品质,采用高通量测序技术和分光光度法探讨了不同施钾水平对根际氮细菌、氮古菌和氮代谢的影响。结果表明:旺长期,烟草根际反硝化作用菌和硝酸还原菌与施钾水平呈负相关,且当N:K₂O=1:2.1时,氮素有效性较高,相比对照提高了20.9%,利于烟草生长。晚成熟的上部叶总氮、烟碱含量升高,糖含量降低,烟叶质量受到影响,但在N:K₂O=1:3.5~4.2时总氮含量显著降低,此时根际脲酶活性同样显著降低。揭示出施钾水平不仅会直接影响烟草根际氮细菌、氮古菌的群落结构,还会影响土壤氮素有效性、土壤酶活,进而影响氮营养的供应和烟草品质。建议前期适量施肥,并在打顶后追施钾肥,改变根际钾环境,提高烟草品质。      

碳、氮和磷对松乳菇生长及矿质营养的影响

选用L9(34)正交表,设置了碳源、氮源和磷量的三因素三水平试验,以探索适于松乳菇生长和矿质营养吸收的最佳培养基。结果表明:9种培养基对松乳菇生长和矿质养分含量均有明显影响。三因素中,对菌丝体生长、K、Ca吸收影响最大的是碳源,对Fe、Mn吸收影响最大的是氮源,对P、Mg、Zn吸收影响最大的是P量。碳源中,可溶性淀粉效果最佳,可使生物量增加32.20%,P、K、Zn含量分别增加16.94%、182.81%,59.09%;氮源中,酒石酸铵最利于菌丝体生长,尿素最利于P、K吸收,谷氨酸最利于Mg、Fe、Mn吸收;P量中,0.5 g/L KH2PO4最适于菌丝体生长和对P、K、Mg、Zn的吸收。促进松乳菇生长和矿质营养吸收的优化组合是:可溶性淀粉18.0 g/L+酒石酸铵0.5 g/L+KH2PO40.5 g/L。     

氮磷营养盐对赤潮异弯藻增殖的影响

介绍了氯化铵和尿素及磷酸二氢钠对赤潮异弯藻增殖影响的情况。一次性培养试验表明，选用的氮和磷均对该微藻增殖产生极显著影响。氮源不同，微藻生长存在差异，氮源可能还会影响磷的利用。     

不同磷钾处理下套作大豆干物质积累及钾肥利用率的动态变化

在磷钾供应条件下,以贡选1号为材料,研究了田间套作大豆干物质积累及钾肥利用率的动态变化。结果表明,套作大豆干物质积累量和钾素吸收量均随生育时期推进而持续增加,均符合＂S＂形曲线,可用Logistic方程y=k/（1＋ae-bx）拟合。干物质积累速率前期缓慢,随后迅速上升,出苗后79.3d达到高峰后缓慢下降,钾肥吸收速率与干物质积累速率趋势一致,但最大吸收速率出现时间（出苗后73.6d）早于干物质积累最大速率出现时间。钾肥利用率呈现先升高后降低的趋势,最高阶段利用率与最大吸收速率出现时间基本一致（出苗后75d～90d）。施用磷钾提高了钾素吸收速率、干物质积累速率、钾肥积累利用率和阶段利用率,但没有改变其变化趋势。     

Relationships between disease control,green leaf duration,grain quality and the production of alcohol from winter wheat

BACKGROUND: Since demand for distilling wheat is expected to increase rapidly as a result of the development of the bioethanol industry, efficient production will become of increasing importance. Achieving this will require an understanding of the agronomic factors that influence both grain yield and alcohol yield. Therefore five field experiments using the winter distilling wheat variety Glasgow were conducted over three seasons (2006–2007, 2007–2008 and 2008–2009) to study the relationships between foliar disease and alcohol yield. RESULTS: There was a significant relationship between alcohol yield and the severity of the disease septoria leaf blotch (Septoria tritici), which was present in the experiments from natural infection. Retention of green flag leaf area as affected by disease control following fungicide application was also shown to be important for achieving high alcohol yields. Measurements of grain quality showed that high thousand‐grain weight and low grain protein concentration were significantly related to increased alcohol yield. CONCLUSION: The experiments showed the importance of disease management to protect alcohol yields in the distilling wheat crop. Fungicides that provide greater disease control and improved green leaf retention are likely to be beneficial to alcohol yield. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

氮磷钾肥施用对甘蓝型春油菜产量及肥料利用效率的影响

利用大田试验研究氮、磷、钾肥对青海省互助县种植的甘蓝型春油菜产量、养分吸收量和肥料利用效率等指标的影响。结果表明,氮肥和磷肥对春油菜（甘蓝型杂交油菜青杂2号）籽粒产量的提高有显著作用,钾肥的影响相对较小;与不施肥对照相比,氮、磷、钾肥的施用可显著促进成熟期春油菜地上部N、P、K素累积量（P〈0.05）;不同肥料的春油菜农学利用率分别为5.3kg/kg N、5.6kg/kg P2O5和1.7kg/kg K2O;肥料表观利用率分别为N 33.6%、P2O57.8%和K2O 52.0%,N、P、K肥对油菜籽产量的偏生产力分别为28.0kg/kg N、46.7kg/kg P2O5和26kg/kg K2O。青海省互助县种植条件下,当春油菜产量水平在3 504kg/hm2时,NPK配施条件下每生产100kg籽粒需要吸收N、P2O5、K2O量分别为4.6kg、2.0kg和5.6kg,氮磷钾比为1∶0.43∶1.21。油菜生产实践中实现高产目标需同时关注地力培肥和平衡施肥两方面。     

Release of nitrogen,sulphur, phosphorus,calcium, magnesium,potassium and sodium from four tropical hays during their digestion in nylon bags in the rumen

The rate of release of N, S, P, Ca, Mg, K and Na from four milled tropical hays in nylon bags in the rumen of cattle over a 168 h period were measured. The hays were: Medicago sativa, Stylosanthes humilis, Chloris barbata and Heteropogon contortus. Three ways were used to express results: (a)element as % of element initially present; (b) element as % of dry matter initially present, and (c) element as its concentration in residual dry matter. The proportions of elements removed during digestion were positively related to initial concentration of the elements in the hays, with the exception of P in C. barbata hay. High proportions of Mg and K were released within 48 h in all hays. Only about 60% of N, P and Ca initially present was removed even after 168 h in the rumen. Amounts of elements remaining became constant for each element after 48 h and were for N, 6.0; Ca, 3.0; K, 1.0; P, 0.7; Na, 0.7; S, 0.5 and Mg, 0.3 g element kg^?1 DM initially present. Concentrations of elements in the residual dry matter after decreasing in the first 24 h, increased in the latter stages of digestion, even though cell wall digestion continued. The four hays released the seven elements differently. Generally, the elements in Medicago were most soluble and those in Heteropogon the least. However, the extent of solubilisation in Stylosanthes and in Chloris varied with the element concerned. In Heteropogon hay, which had low element concentrations initially, less than half of the N, S, P, Ca and Na were released even after 168 h digestion.     

Relationships between milk urea concentrations and nutritional management, production, and economic variables in Ontario dairy herds

The objectives of this study were to describe the relationships between milk urea concentrations and nutritional management, production, and economic variables in commercial dairy herds. Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) test-day milk urea data, production data, and information on ration nutrient composition and feeding management programs were collected over a 13-mo period from 53 commercial Ontario dairy herds. Economic variables included gross milk revenue, feed costs, and income over feed costs. Herd mean milk urea concentrations had a positive relationship with dietary levels of crude protein (CP), rumen degradable protein (RDP), and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) and a negative relationship with dietary levels of nonfiber carbohydrates (NFC), forage:concentrate (F:C) ratio, NFC:CP ratio, and NFC:RDP ratio. These findings are consistent with experimental studies that used chemical methods of milk urea analysis. Herd mean milk urea concentration was not associated with feeding management (e.g., total mixed rations, component feeding, feeding frequency, or synchrony of forage and concentrate feeding). Herd mean milk urea was not associated with either mean milk yield or linear score. Herd mean milk urea had a positive relationship with feed costs per cow per day but was not associated with gross milk revenue per cow per day. Herds with a high mean milk urea concentration tended to have lower income over feed costs per cow per day. High herd mean milk urea concentrations were associated with higher feed costs per kilogram of milk fat but lower gross milk revenue and lower income over feed costs per kilogram of milk fat. The results of this study demonstrate that DHI milk urea measurements produced by an infrared test method offer a useful tool for monitoring the efficiency of nitrogen utilization in commercial dairy herds. The results also suggest that diets may be balanced to achieve greater efficiency of nitrogen utilization, lower milk urea concentrations, and lower feed costs, while still achieving high milk production. This may lead to improved income over feed costs.     

Assessment of nitrogen status of soils for cereal crops: Effects of nitrogen fertiliser on growth,composition and yield of spring barley

The effects of fertiliser N on the growth rate and nitrogen and pigment concentrations of spring barley throughout growth were measured at two locations in north-east Scotland in consecutive years. Inorganic N in soil was also measured as were grain and straw yields at maturity. The results show that plant analysis, as early as 3 or 4 weeks after emergence of barley, was an effective assessment of soil N status.