食用油脂中3-MCPD脂肪酸酯和缩水甘油脂肪酸酯分析方法研究进展

随着对油脂中3–MCPD脂肪酸酯(ME)和缩水甘油脂肪酸酯(GE)研究和检测技术的不断更新,在精炼棕榈油中发现了ME存在,且在大多数食用油脂中发现了GE存在。ME和GE作为两类食用油脂加工过程中产生的污染物,对人体可能存在致癌性。目前对ME和GE的检测有直接方法和间接方法 2种,直接方法主要是对油样处理或不处理后直接用LC–MS、LC–MS/MS、LC–TOF–MS、GC–MS等进行检测;间接方法是将ME和GE醇解为3–MCPD和缩水甘油酯,苯硼酸或七氟丁酰咪唑衍生化后用GC–MS或GC–MS/MS检测。该文对现有的ME和GE检测方法的样品处理过程、仪器条件、结果等加以比较和分析探讨。     

废弃油脂脂肪酸甲酯制备二聚酸甲酯聚合工艺研究

以废弃油脂制备的脂肪酸甲酯为原料进行聚合反应,产物经分子蒸馏后得到单体酸甲酯(生物柴油)和二聚酸甲酯.研究了催化剂加入量、反应温度和反应时间等因素对聚合反应产品收率和质量的影响.结果表明,聚合反应适宜的工艺条件为:催化剂加入量为脂肪酸甲酯质量的10%,反应温度240℃,反应时间8 h.在此条件下,二聚酸甲酯产率达到74.0%,粗产品经提纯后二聚酸甲酯含量为90.7%.自制片状活性白土催化剂活性好,催化剂与产品容易分离,产品夹带损失少.     

食用油脂中反式脂肪酸研究进展

反式脂肪酸(Trans fatty acids,简称TFA)是含有反式构型双键的一类不饱和脂肪酸的总称,可以导致多种人类疾病的发生.本文对反式脂肪酸的来源、危害、各国限量标准、检测方法等方面做了综述,并对其以后研究方向作了展望.     

三种食用植物油中不饱和脂肪酸含量调查

对市售大豆油、花生油、菜籽油等常见食用植物油中不饱和脂肪酸含量进行调查,调查结果表明:80个大豆油、花生油和菜籽油三种食用植物油样品中,不饱和脂肪酸的含量不符合相应国家标准规定的样品分别占相应品种调查数量的6.38%、7.14%和47.37%,部分食用植物油中存在掺杂现象。在符合国家标准规定的67个食用植物油样品中,含量较高的不饱和脂肪酸组成为大豆油中的亚油酸,花生油中的油酸和菜籽油中的油酸,平均含量分别为51.54%、42.20%、38.87%。     

反式脂肪酸的产生及降低措施

反式脂肪酸能增加患心脏病、冠心病、乳腺癌的几率,同时还有抑制幼儿生长发育的负面作用.对反式脂肪酸的来源、各国的限制性规定,以及油脂加工过程中采用何种措施降低反式脂肪酸含量进行了论述.通过降低油脂脱臭温度和时间,选用填料脱臭塔可有效降低油脂脱臭过程中产生的反式脂肪酸;通过控制油脂氢化反应条件,选择Pt作催化剂或选择超临界流体反应器可降低油脂部分氢化产生的反式脂肪酸.另外,通过基因改良生产多不饱和脂肪含量低的油料,或采用交酯化反应也可生产低或零反式脂肪酸含量的产品.     

高碘酸氧化法测定油脂中1-单甘酯的含量

对用高碘酸氧化法测定油脂中 1- 单甘酯含量的方法进行了研究,并对测定结果进行数理统计分析,重点讨论了影响 1- 单甘酯含量测定结果的一些因素.     

Synthesis of aroma compounds by apples supplied with alcohols and methyl esters of fatty acids

Ester synthesis by apples supplied with alcohols (C2–C8) and methyl esters of short chain fatty acids (C4–C8) was studied using gas chromatographic analysis of the products. The substrates were supplied as vapours to whole fruits stored in 2% O₂ at 3°C. The alcohols were converted to the corresponding acetate ester; butanol, pentanol and hexanol were converted most rapidly. The methyl esters of short chain fatty acids (C_n) were converted to esters with an alkyl group (C_n-2, C_n-4) confirming the presence in whole fruits of an active β-oxidation pathway for fatty acids. Ester synthesis was stimulated when apples were supplied with methyl octanoate at different periods during long term storage in 2% O₂. Treatment of the fruit immediately postharvest did not enhance ethylene synthesis.     

Fatty acid esters of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol in edible oils.

A series of 25 virgin and refined edible oils, obtained from retailers, was analyzed for levels of free 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and 3-MCPD released from esters with higher fatty acids (bound 3-MCPD). Oils containing free 3-MCPD ranging from <3 microg kg-1 (LOD) to 24 microg kg-1. Surprisingly, bound 3-MCPD levels were much higher and varied between <100 (LOD) and 2462 microg kg-1. On average, virgin oils had relatively low levels of bound 3-MCPD, ranging from <100 (LOD) to <300 microg kg-1 (LOQ). Higher levels of bound 3-MCPD were found in oils from roasted oilseeds (337 microg kg-1) and in the majority of refined oils (<300-2462 microg kg-1), including refined olive oils. In general, it appears that the formation of bound 3-MCPD in oils is linked to preliminary heat treatment of oilseeds and to the process of oil refining. Analysis of unrefined, de-gummed, bleached, and deodorized rapeseed oil showed that the level of bound MCPD decreased during the refining process. However, additional heating of seed oils for 30 min at temperatures ranging from 100 to 280 degrees C, and heating at 230 degrees C (260 degrees C) for up to 8 h, led to an increase in bound 3-MCPD levels. On the other hand, heating of olive oil resulted in a decrease in bound 3-MCPD levels. For comparison, fat isolated from salami was analyzed for intact fatty acid esters of 3-MCPD. This fat contained bound 3-MCPD at a level of 1670 microg kg-1 and the fatty acid esters of 3-MCPD mainly consisted of 3-MCPD diesters; monoesters of 3-MCPD were present in smaller amounts. The major types of 3-MCPD diesters (about 85%) were mixed diesters of palmitic acid with C18 fatty acids (stearic, oleic, linoleic acids). These diesters were followed by 3-MCPD distearate (11%) and 3-MCPD dipalmitate (4%). Generally, very little 3-MCPD existed as the free compound (31 microg kg-1).     

Determination of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters in Brazilian vegetable oils and fats by an in-house validated method

An in-house validated GC-MS method preceded by acid-catalysed methanolysis was applied to 97 samples of vegetable oils and fats marketed in Brazil. The levels of the compounds ranged from not detected (limit of detection = 0.05 mg kg^?1) to 5.09 mg kg^?1, and the highest concentrations were observed in samples containing olive pomace oil and in products used for industrial applications, such as palm oil and its fractions (olein and stearin). The content of diesters and monoesters was also investigated by employing solid-phase extraction on silica cartridges, indicating that the majority of the compounds were present as diesters. This study provides the first occurrence data on these contaminants in Brazil and the results are comparable with those reported in other countries.     

食用油脂中p-茴香胺值的测定

对ISO中食用油脂的p-茴香胺值测定方法进行了验证,并对影响茴香胺值测定的影响因素进行了探讨。对几种食用油脂茴香胺值的测定结果进行统计分析表明,ISO法准确性、重复性好。在茴香胺值测定过程中应注意取样量、样品、试剂含水率等因素。另外,对于低含氧酸油脂,可以用正己烷代替ISO方法中的异辛烷试剂。     

Fatty acid esters of monochloropropanediol (MCPD) and glycidol in refined edible oils

Recently, fatty acid esters of monochloropropanediol (MCPD) and that of glycidol have been reported in refined edible oils. Since then a wealth of research has been published on the factors influencing the formation of these contaminants in foods. It can be noted that the predominant precursors in a given matrix will not necessarily be the same as in other matrices. Further, proven relationships in the past between precursors responsible for free MCPD or free glycidol formation will not necessarily be valid for their fatty acid-esterified counterparts. This review attempts to summarise the current status of the literature as it pertains to the reasons surrounding the manifestation of MCPD esters and glycidyl esters in oils and fats. Recent efforts to mitigate the levels of these contaminants were highlighted and put into the context of their respective reaction matrices. As more accurate occurrence data for MCPD esters and glycidyl esters in other foods are collected, more targeted mitigation experiments can be formulated with respect to the reaction matrices under investigation.     

食用油脂掺入异种油脂检测方法研究进展

目前我国食用油脂掺假现象仍很常见,严重影响人民身体健康,是油脂食品安全问题重中之重。该文就油脂掺假现象从感官检验、定性检验和定量检验三个方面,对目前国内外油脂掺假检测方法进展进行综述。     

食用油和脂防酸的介电特性

研究了食用油和脂肪酸的介电特性.油脂和脂肪酸的介电常数ε′在频率100Hz～500kHz之间显示了稳定性和最大值,从500kHz～1MHz显示了显著降低的趋势.脂肪酸的ε′随着双键的数量或分子链长度的增加而增加.油脂的ε′主要取决于C18不饱和脂肪酸的影响.结合偏最小二乘法(PLS)分析,介电分光图谱可以预测油脂中主要的脂肪酸成分.油脂的ε′随着温度增加而减少,随着水分含量的增加而增加.     

食用油脂鉴伪技术研究进展

近年来,地沟油事件多次引起人们对我国食品安全现状的担忧。由于缺乏有效的食用油脂中地沟油鉴别检测技术,制约着相关方面的食品安全监管和预警体系建设。由于地沟油通常是作为一种添加物掺入食用油脂中,更有甚者,地沟油渣直接冒充正常油脂流向餐桌,因此食用油脂鉴伪技术研究对地沟油的检测有较大借鉴作用。基于此,该文对近几年来食用油脂鉴伪技术研究进展进行综述。     

气相色谱法测定生物柴油中多种脂肪酸甲酯

研究了生物柴油中硬脂酸甲酯、油酸甲酯、亚油酸甲酯的气相色谱分析方法,确立了最佳分析条件.实验以水杨酸甲酯为内标,采用Hp-1大口径毛细管色谱柱,不分流进样,使生物柴油中多种脂肪酸甲酯得到良好分离,建立了一种简单、快速、准确的生物柴油测定方法.硬脂酸甲酯、油酸甲酯、亚油酸甲酯的平均回收率为95.00%～99.27%(n=5),相对标准偏差为0.64%～3.05%(n=5).     

Fatty acid methyl and ethyl esters as well as wax esters for evaluating the quality of olive oils

A promising correlation between chemical analysis and sensorial evaluation was confirmed: extra virgin olive oils with low contents of methyl and ethyl esters of fatty acids as well as straight chain wax esters were sensorially evaluated as being of high quality, whereas some with high contents were even devaluated as not being of extra virgin quality. Methanol and ethanol formed during fermentation in degrading olives are esterified, largely by transesterification with fatty acids from the triglycerides, and in this way transferred into the pressed oil. The presence of high contents of methyl and ethyl esters in degrading olives was confirmed. Wax esters from the skin of the olives are extracted at low yields, whereby the yield increases when the olives are soft and possibly degrading. High wax ester contents may, therefore, stand for mild oils, but also for deficient oils.     

如何限制油脂反式脂肪酸含量和摄入量

反式脂肪酸对人体有一定的负面作用,如引发冠心病、导致乳腺癌、影响必需脂肪酸的消化吸收等.反式脂肪酸存在于精炼油脂和氢化油脂中,为了减少油脂中反式脂肪酸的含量,应采用合适的设备、并控制油脂精炼过程中的脱臭条件,对于氢化油脂还需要控制氢化条件、选择合适的氢化油原料.通过低温、短时间的脱臭可以使精炼油脂中反式脂肪酸含量降到最低.另外,建议我国有关食品立法部门规定对反式脂肪酸加以标识,以正确引导消费.     

脱臭过程对油脂反式脂肪酸含量的影响

针对我国油脂企业的实际工业化生产现状,通过对国内油脂企业实际生产过程脱臭前后反式脂肪酸的分析,初步探讨了工业化生产中不同脱臭条件下油脂反式脂肪酸的形成,以期为有关油脂反式脂肪酸的深入研究及我国制定相应的反式脂肪酸限量标准提供基础数据。     

GC - MS定性分析食用油中的缩水甘油酯有害物

采用气相色谱-质谱( GC - MS)对国内多种食用油中的缩水甘油酯(GEs)进行了分析,确定了7种常见的缩水甘油酯.结果表明:不同食用油中普遍存在着含量相当的GEs,且GEs的相对组成与食用油中脂肪酸组成有一定的相关性.