Sensory and physical quality characteristics of bread fortified with apple pomace using fuzzy mathematical model

Apple pomace, after different processing procedures, was added into wheat flour in bread production to improve the dietary fibre content of breads. A fuzzy mathematical model was used in the sensory assessment of bread to improve the reliability of final conclusion. The addition of both apple pomace (AP) and skimmed apple pomace (SAP) reduced the extensibility and improved the resistance of wheat dough compared to the control sample. Wheat dough fortified with apple pomace of differing particle sizes did not have significant effects on either farinograph properties or extensograph properties. Sensory assessment of bread based on fuzzy mathematical model indicated that optimum concentration of apple pomace, both AP and SAP, added into wheat dough was 3%. Such results may be of importance when considering the use of apple pomace in bread production so as to enhance the dietary fibre intake, and also improve the sensory properties of bread.     

Bread quality of frozen dough substituted with modified tapioca starches

Rheological properties of dough and bread quality of frozen dough-bread containing 18.4% of hydroxypropylated (HTS), acetylated (ATS), and phosphorylated cross-linked (PTS) tapioca starch with different degrees of modification and 1.6% of dried powdered gluten were compared to the same amount of native tapioca starch (NTS) or wheat flour-bread. Doughs substituted with native or modified tapioca starches had the same mixing tolerance as 100% wheat flour. The dough was frozen and stored for 1 week at −18°C, and thawed (one freeze-cycle). The amount of freezable water in the dough substituted with native or modified tapioca starches was not significantly different from that of wheat flour. Frozen dough-bread substituted with highly modified HTS (degree of substitution; DS 0.09–0.11) retarded bread staling, while lowly modified HTS (DS 0.06–0.07) or ATS (DS 0.02–0.04), and PTS (0.004–0.020% phosphoryl content) substitution fastened bread staling as compared with frozen dough-bread baked from wheat flour. The breadcrumbs containing HTS and ATS felt tacky, whereas the bread containing PTS was dry feel. HTS and ATS swelled and collapsed easily during heating, while PTS was difficult to swell and disperse as compared with NTS, therefore the gelatinization properties seemed to affect the texture of bread. Breadcrumb containing HTS showed small firmness during storage, and highly modified HTS-h (DS 0.1) was the smallest. This means highly hydroxypropylated tapioca starch significantly retards bread staling. Staling properties and texture of frozen dough-bread with various tapioca starches were the same as conventional bread baked with the same amount of tapioca starches. These results suggest that a one freeze–thaw cycle and a 1-week frozen period do not change characteristics of starch, gelatinization and retrogradation properties as compared with the conventional method, and the highly modified HTS-h is prominent anti-staling food-stuff in frozen dough.     

桑叶超微粉对小麦面团粉质特性及馒头品质的影响

用桑叶超微粉替代部分小麦粉（5%、10%、15%、20%、25%）制作馒头,研究了桑叶超微粉对小麦面团粉质特性和馒头品质的影响。结果表明：桑叶超微粉可提高面团吸水率,面团稳定性呈现先增加后降低的趋势;当取代比例超过15%时,面团的稳定时间显著降低、弱化度显著增加。馒头品质研究结果表明,随着桑叶超微粉添加量的增加,馒头的比容逐渐下降,高径比呈现先增加后降低的趋势,馒头硬度和黏着性增加。当桑叶超微粉添加量为15%时,桑叶馒头的颜色为青绿色,感官评价较高。老化实验结果表明,桑叶超微粉降低了馒头硬化速率,可有效延缓贮藏期间馒头的老化。综上,15%的桑叶超微粉馒头具有较高的感官整体接受性,品质最佳。     

八种木聚糖单酶对裸麦粉品质影响的评价研究

本文采用质构分析法、感官评价法、流变学法、糊化特性测定等方法,探讨了不同添加量的8种木聚糖单酶(xyl-A1、xyl-A2、xyl-A3、xyl-A4、xyl-A6、xyl-A7、xyl-HI、xyl-HII)对裸麦粉面包品质、裸麦粉面团流变特性、裸麦粉糊化特性的影响。结果表明：裸麦粉面包中8种木聚糖单酶xyl-A1、xyl-A2、xyl-A3、xyl-A4、xyl-A6、xyl-A7、xyl-HI、xyl-HII的适宜添加量分别为0.5mg/kg、5mg/kg、0.1mg/kg、0.5mg/kg、0.5mg/kg、2mg/kg、0.2mg/kg、0.1mg/kg。其中,添加木聚糖酶xyl-A2对裸麦粉面包的品质改善最好,其次是木聚糖酶xyl-A7。添加木聚糖酶xyl-A2能显著改善裸麦粉的稠度特性和拉伸特性;木聚糖酶xyl-A3可以改善裸麦粉面团的稠度特性,但对拉伸特性无明显影响;添加木聚糖酶xyl-A7、xyl-HI、xyl-HII也可改善裸麦粉面团的稠度特性,但对裸麦粉面团的拉伸特性有一定的负面影响。添加木聚糖酶在一定程度上可改善裸麦粉的糊化特性,增强裸麦粉的热稳定性,改善裸麦粉面团的老化速度。     

烘焙豆粉对烘焙产品的品质影响研究

采用粉质仪法和拉伸仪法及烘焙实验,研究了烘焙豆粉对小麦面团流变学特性和面包及蛋糕品质的影响.结果表明,在面包粉加6 %烘焙豆粉,蛋糕粉加10 %烘焙豆粉的用量下,添加烘焙豆粉后,面团的吸水率和延展度提高,耐揉指数、粉质质量指数、抗拉伸阻力及拉伸比例降低,面包和蛋糕的表皮颜色、质地及蛋糕的组织结构都有所改进.     

谷朊粉对高含量荞麦面团的影响及其作用机理

本文全面研究了不同添加量谷朊粉(5%、10%和15%)对高含量(50%小麦粉替代率)荞麦面团流变学特性及馒头品质的影响,并以添加10%谷朊粉的混合面团和参照组(纯小麦粉)面团为基础,通过扫描电镜,红外光谱及分析面团中的化学作用力等分析手段,进一步探讨了谷朊粉对改善混合面团流变学性质及馒头品质方面的作用机理。结果表明,添加10%的谷朊粉能够增加荞麦-小麦混合面团中二硫键的含量,改变面团中的化学作用力(离子键、氢键含量和疏水作用力),进而改变面团中面筋蛋白的构象,改善面团的微观结构,从而改善混合粉的糊化特性及面团的粉质和拉伸特性,提高馒头的比容和弹性,改善馒头芯的孔隙结构,但仍达不到参照组馒头的品质,表明添加高含量荞麦全粉不仅仅是稀释面筋蛋白。     

Effect of fortification of defatted soy flour on sensory and rheological properties of wheat bread

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of soy-fortified bread on the sensory and rheological properties. Ground defatted soy flour was blended with wheat flour at 3%, 7% and 12%. The organoleptic characteristics of soy-fortified wheat breads were carried out by taste panel. The effect of this fortification on the rheological properties of the resulting dough was investigated using farinograph and extensograph for quality assessment of the final product. The ash and protein contents of 3% and 7% wheat–soy bread blends increased compared with control. The results revealed that organoleptic characteristics score such as bendability, appearance, flavour and taste, crust texture and overall acceptability properties of bread containing 3% defatted soy flour was highest even though it is not significantly different. Therefore, we conclude that adding 3% or 7% defatted soy flour actually gives as good a loaf of bread as the 100% wheat bread with higher nutritional quality and acceptable consumer attitude with rheological and sensory characteristics.     

脱皮对紫糯小麦粉特性和面包焙烤品质的影响

研究了不同脱皮时间下制得紫糯小麦粉的理化特性和面团的流变特性,以及对面包焙烤品质和贮藏过程中老化程度的影响。紫糯小麦的脱皮时间分别设定为0、1、3、5、7 min,相当于约0%、1%、3%、5%、9%的皮层被去除。结果表明,随着紫糯小麦脱皮时间的延长,小麦粉的出粉率提高,蛋白质和灰分含量及面团的粉质和拉伸特性也发生改变。脱皮5 min后制得的紫糯小麦粉以15%比例添加到普通面包粉中,面包含水量显著增加,体积和质量呈增大趋势,并且面包结构变好,面包评分显著上升。此外,添加紫糯小麦粉的面包较长时间放置后仍然松软,能有效延迟贮藏期间面包的老化,在一定程度上延长了其货架期。     

百合粉添加量对面团特性及面包品质的影响

为拓宽百合的应用渠道,提高面包的营养价值,研究了百合粉添加量(0%,5%,10%,15%,20%)对面团的微观结构、糊化特性、流变学特性以及面包品质的影响。结果表明:随着百合粉添加量增大,混合粉的持油性先降低后增加,持水性显著增加(P<0.05)。添加了百合粉后,面团的糊化温度升高,回生值和峰值黏度下降,面团的弹性模量和黏性模量均呈上升趋势。百合粉的添加,破坏了面筋蛋白原本均匀致密的微观结构;使面包的硬度显著增大(P<0.05),弹性、内聚性、胶黏性、咀嚼性、回复性、比容和感官评分显著降低(P<0.05);改变了小麦面团的特性和面包的品质,在小麦粉中添加5%~10%的百合粉,能保证面包较高的感官品质。     

低血糖指数原料与谷朊粉复配对面团流变学特性的影响

将不同量的低血糖指数（glycemic index,GI）原料（魔芋精粉、微晶纤维素、高直链玉米淀粉）与谷朊粉复配添加到小麦面粉中并混合均匀,研究其对面团粉质特性及拉伸特性的影响。结果表明：魔芋精粉有助于提高混合粉的综合指标,改善混合粉的粉质特性和拉伸特性;微晶纤维素使面团的粉质指标和拉伸指标下降,降低了面团的品质,其添加量应该控制在9%以内;高直链淀粉的加入使混合粉的粉质特性变差,其添加量为6%～9%时,面团的拉伸特性较好;谷朊粉能改善面团的粉质特性和拉伸特性,但添加量不宜过多,应控制在4%～6%之间。     

Effect of addition of protein concentrates from natural and yeast fermented rice bran on the rheological and technological properties of wheat bread

The effect of substituting wheat flour with 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% protein concentrates from natural and yeast fermented rice bran on the rheological properties of their dough and bread properties was studied. Rheological properties of wheat dough were influenced by addition of rice bran protein concentrates. Overall acceptability score and specific loaf volume of 100% wheat bread were not significantly different from composite bread up to 10% rice bran protein substitution, and therefore, the optimised level of substitution was established. The optimised composite bread contained higher total amino acid content, radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing ability power (43.04–48.87 g/100 g, 182.77–201.65   mmol TEAC/100 g and 613.29–637.81 mmol TE/100 g) than control (33.86 g/100 g, 109.43 mmol TEAC/100 g and 540.13 mmol TE/100 g). Springiness, cohesiveness and resilience values of wheat bread were not significantly different from composite bread. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that composite bread had surfaces with embedded granules like protein deposits with small spores.     

板栗粉在面包中应用的研究

通过对面筋、粉质、拉伸、焙烤试验,研究比较板栗粉对面包焙烤质量的影响。结果表明板栗粉在5%的用量下,对面包品质具有较好的作用。     

液体大麦精在面包烘焙中的应用

研究了液体大麦精的不同添加量对面团流变学特性和面包烘焙品质的影响,并进行了面包的贮藏试验,得出了大麦精面包中大麦精的最适添加量.研究发现,液体大麦精的添加会改变面团的流变学性质,对面包的理化指标有所改善.经过感官品质分析可得出:液体大麦精的添加在一定程度上提高了面包的口感,改善了面包的风味和内部结构.同时,面包添加液体大麦精,延缓了面包的陈化速率,延长了面包的保质期.试验结果显示,大麦精面包中大麦精的最适添加量为蔗糖替代量的60%.     

板栗粉对面包面团流变学性能影响的研究

用布拉班德粉质仪和拉伸仪研究分析了板栗粉对面团流变学性质的影响。结果表明:板栗粉对面团流变学性质的影响随着其添加量及栗粉处理条件不同而不同,随着栗粉量添加比例的增加,混粉面团的形成时间、稳定时间有所减小,吸水率增加,弱化度增大,熟栗粉的影响要小于生栗粉。在 5%~6%左右添加量时混粉面团具有较好的综合粉质性能。     

发芽糯玉米粉对面包面团结构和特性的影响

本文研究了添加0%、10%、20%和30%（发芽糯玉米粉的含量）的发芽糯玉米粉到面包面粉中后,面团的淀粉颗粒结构、流变性、老化性和持水性的变化。结果表明：面团的结构和性质与添加发芽糯玉米粉的量有关,发芽糯玉米粉的添加引起面团结构的明显变化。其中B型淀粉含量增加,A型淀粉表面的凹陷越来越多。流变性和老化性变化在20%以上添加量时变化最明显,面团持水力、面团形成时间、稳定性和粉质指数随着发芽糯玉米粉的添加量的增加而降低,软化度和公差指数呈上升趋势。延伸度、拉伸阻力和能量值是呈总体下降趋势。老化性显著高于小麦面团,持水能力要比全部小麦粉的低。这些研究表明发芽糯玉米粉添加比例能够显著影响面团的结构和特性。     

黄秋葵粉对面团和面包质构特性的影响

为研究黄秋葵粉对面团和面包质构特性的影响,按不同添加量(1%~5%)将3种粒度(60、100、200 目)的黄秋葵粉分别添加到小麦粉中,制作面团和面包,对面团和面包质构(硬度、弹性、咀嚼性和回复性)特性进行测定。结果表明:随着黄秋葵粉添加量的增加,面团和面包的硬度和咀嚼性均提高,面团和面包的弹性和回复性均降低;黄秋葵粉的粉碎粒度对面团和面包的质构也有一定影响,在相同的添加量水平下,随着黄秋葵粉粒径的减小,面团的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性和回复性均降低,但变化并不明显;在相同的添加量水平下,黄秋葵粉的粒径变化对面包的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性和回复性有一定影响,但变化并不明显。该研究对开发黄秋葵面包具有一定的指导意义。     

Effect of heat-moisture treated maize starch on the properties of dough and bread

Twenty percent of wheat flour was substituted with heat-moisture treated maize starch (HMT-M) or native maize starch (N-M), and the dough properties and the bread qualities were studied. Bread was baked with optimum (farinogram water absorption (63.0–66.4%)), 70% and 75% of water at the presence or absence of shortening. Elasticity of the dough with HMT-M decreased as compared with that of N-M and the control (without any maize starches) as measured by farinograph. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and viscograph results showed that HMT-M hardly swelled and gelatinized in the dough. Specific volume of bread and softness of crumb baked with optimum water absorption decreased by the substitution of HMT-M. Bread quality containing HMT-M was improved at 70% water absorption as compared with optimum water absorption. By the addition of shortening, the specific volume of bread baked with HMT-M increased and the grain structure became finer. However, the firmness of crumb baked with HMT-M at the presence or absence of shortening was the same. As a result, HMT-M is still needed to study further for its application in breadmaking.     

薏米全粉的添加对小麦粉加工品质的影响

研究不同添加量（5%、10%、15%、20%和25%）的薏米全粉对小麦粉的粉质特性,拉伸特性、糊化特性以及对馒头的质构和感官评价的影响。结果表明：薏米全粉的添加增加了小麦粉中蛋白质、油脂和灰分的含量。与小麦粉面团相比,薏米全粉不影响小麦粉的形成时间和稳定时间,但在添加量高于15%时弱化度增加显著;添加薏米全粉的面团拉伸能量,延伸性总体上降低,最大拉伸阻力在45?min和135?min差异不显著,拉伸比增加显著。薏米粉的添加显著提高了馒头的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性,显著降低了回复性和内聚性,感官评定与质构硬度和咀嚼性结果一致。随着薏米全粉的添加,口感各个指标总体上降低,但是5%～10%的薏米全粉添加量对馒头感官评价影响不大,并且少量薏米所产生的气味更受人喜爱。结合上述因素,考虑到对面团流变特性、糊化特性和馒头品质的影响,小麦粉中添加10%的薏米全粉较为合适。     

Quality and antioxidant properties of bread containing turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) cultivated in South Korea

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) powder was used to substitute 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% of wheat flour for making turmeric wheat breads. Proximate composition, physical quality, functional components (curcumin and total phenols) and antioxidant properties of breads containing turmeric were analysed and compared with those of wheat bread. Hardness, crumb colour a and b values, curcumin content and total phenolic contents of breads significantly increased with the addition of turmeric powder. Water activity, specific volume and crumb colour L value of breads decreased with the addition of turmeric powder. Breads containing turmeric powder also showed good antioxidant activity as tested by the β-carotene-linoleate bleaching assay. A 4% substitution of wheat flour with turmeric powder showed acceptable sensory scores which were comparable to wheat bread. Breads containing turmeric powder can thus be developed as a health-promoting functional food.     

国产脂肪酶改良小麦粉品质的应用研究

通过面团流变学试验、蒸馒头试验、面包烘焙试验，探讨了国产脂肪酶对各类小麦粉品质的影响。试验表明，与对照组比较，在添加国产脂肪酶后，面团的流变学特性、面包品质、馒头品质都得到一定改善。烘焙实验结果表明，国产脂肪酶对面包制品的内部组织结构，面包柔软度等指标都有较好的改良作用。蒸馒头实验表明，国产脂肪酶能显著增大馒头的比容，改善馒头的内部组织结构和表皮光滑度。与进口脂肪酶进行了对比研究。筛选出含国产脂肪酶的复合馒头粉改良剂配方。