Al-xMg-3.1Zn铝合金的应力腐蚀开裂行为及其机制

通过慢应变速率拉伸实验和动态电解充氢实验分别研究了Al-x Mg-3.1Zn铝合金的应力腐蚀开裂行为及其氢脆行为。结合宏观断口和微观断口形貌分析研究了合金发生应力腐蚀开裂的进程。通过对合金应力腐蚀开裂的机制进行分析阐明了合金中Mg元素含量对合金应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响。结果表明:在该合金体系中存在应力腐蚀开裂,且合金的应力腐蚀敏感性随合金中Mg含量的降低而降低,这与合金的阳极溶解行为与氢脆行为随Mg元素含量降低而减弱有着直接的关系。在这当中,合金中晶界析出相的数量随Mg元素含量降低而减少起到了至关重要的作用。     

Interkristalline,Kornflächen- und Spannungsriß-Korrosion von ausgehärteten AlZnMg 1-Legierungen

Intercrystalline corrosion, grain-phase corrosion and stress-corrosion cracking of aged AlZnMg1 alloys Potentiostatic polarisation curves and stress corrosion crack propagation of a pure and a commercial AlZnMg1-alloy, both peakhardened either by warm or by double ageing, were investigated in airsaturated sodium halide and sulfate solutions at a temperature of 303 K. For this, propagation of crack tips was observed microphotographically under potentiostatic conditions and under constant stress using specimens precracked by fatique corrosion. The pure alloy contents (weight percent): Zn 4,4; Mg 1,26; Fe 0,05; Si 0,006; balance Al, the commercial alloy: Zn 5,05; Mg 1,2; Fe 0,23; Si 0,1; Mn 0,23; Cr 0,2; Cr 0,2; Ti 0,074; Zr 0,12; Cu 0,056; balance Al. In sodium halide solutions either grain boundary and grain attack or only grain attack occurs at a potential region more positive than the respective breakdown potential. At the more negative restpotential no attack can be observed. The influence of concentration of chloride ions on the velocity of discontinuous crack propagation in the pure alloy, which starts without any initiation stage, is different for both heat treatments. No crack propagation is observed in the commercial alloy and in any case in sulfate solutions. The obtained stress corrosion cracking results may be explained by hydrogen embrittlement of the area around the crack tip.     

Beitrag zum Spannungsrißkorrosions-Verhalten der AlZnMg-Legierungen

The stress corrosion cracking behaviour of aluminium-zinc-magnesium alloys The stress corrosion cracking of AlZnMg3 is a two-phase process where the preparation period may also take place without tensile stress. With decreasing pH, the service life is reduced, the reduction being confined to the preparation period. The same applies to anodic connection associated with heavy pitting corrosion where the fracture consists of stress corrosion cracking zones and transcrystalline force fracture. Even with cathodic connection, stress corrosion cracking is encountered. Since, in this case, the current density does not decrease prior to fracture, it must be assumed that the propagation of the crack may have nothing to do with the electro-chemical dissolution at the tip of the crack. Even minor quantities of water — e.g. in carbon tetrachloride — are sufficient to cause stress corrosion cracking, probably through adsorption of atomic hydrogen which has the effect of reducing the surface energy.     

Untersuchungen über die interkristalline Korrosion und Spannungsrißkorrosion einer reinen AlZnMg 2-Legierung in NaCl-Lösung

Investigations Concerning the Intercrystalline Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking of a Pure AIZnMg 2-Alloy in NaCl-Solution In a pure AIZnMg 2-alloy diversified fully step aged or overaged in one step intergranular corrosion (IG) and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in airsaturated 1 N NaCl-solution or in deaerated 0,1 N NaCl-solution at 303 K were investigated under potentiostatic control. The pure AlZnMg 2-alloy had the following composition (weight percent): Zn: 4.60; Mg: 2.00; Fe: 0.005; Si: 0.006; balance Al. In the two step aged AlZnMg 2-alloys the IG-sensitivity is lowered by an increase of the first step aging time, while SCC-susceptibility and the yield point are raised. As possible mechanism of SCC hydrogen embrittlement is suspectet. At potentials noble to IG-breakdownpotential an interaction of intergranular corrosion and SCC brings about crack velocities, which are to be regarded as a sum of the velocity of intergranular corrosion, which is virtually independent of tensile stress, and the velocity of crack propagation due to SCC. In the overaged AlZnMg 2-alloy IG-attack was observed although in this state of aging no precipitate free zone anodic to the matrix can be assumed. A model to explain this variation of intergranular corrosion, that proofs to be dependent of tensile stress, is represented.     

Tension-Compression Asymmetry Under Superplastic Flow in Magnesium Alloys

Superplastic magnesium alloys prepared by ingot metallurgy and powder metallurgy were processed and characterized. By performing uniaxial tension and compression tests of the extruded alloys along the longitudinal direction, it was found that both alloys were highly symmetric at low-strain rates within the superplastic regime. However, near the maximum strain rate within the superplastic regime, the symmetric flow disappeared. Specifically, the flow stress in early deformation under tension was slightly lower than that under compression, and the strain hardening under tension was higher than that under compression. The asymmetry was explained using the hypothesis that grain-boundary sliding under tension is easier than under compression. As indirect evidence for easier grain-boundary sliding under tension, it was shown that the coarsened intergranular precipitates tended to agglomerate on grain boundaries experiencing a tensile stress.     

Beobachtungen zur Ausbreitung von Spannungskorrosionsrissen in einer reinen AlZnMg3-Legierung

Observations concerning stress corrosion crack propagation in a pure AlZnMg3 alloy The propagation of stress corrosion cracks has been studied (by micro fotography) using potentionstatically polarized specimens notched on one side and held underconstant load in air saturated NaCl solution. According to the results obtained crack propagation is discontinuous; the stop points visible in the crack length-time-curve may be characterized as collisions between crack tips and grain boundary triple points. At ? 1100 mV the crack propagation velocity is higher than at ?mV provided the particular potential has been given from the very beginning. If, however, the potentials is varies from?1100 to ?1300 MV during the measurement the change in crack propagation velocity is negligable (the same applies to potential changes at the time of small crack length). The discontinuity in crack propagation may be explained by assuming hydrogen embrittlement or selective corrosin to occur at the crack tip.     

Einfluß der Mikrostruktur und des Elektroden-potentials auf die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit von Spannungskorrosionsrissen einer reinen AlZnMg3-Legierung in 1 M NaCl-Lösung

Influence of microstructure and electrode potential upon the velocity of stress corrosion cracks of a pure AlZnMg3-alloy in an 1 M NaCI-solution The influence of microstructure and electrode potential upon the stress corrosion crack velocity in a fully aged pure aluminium-zincmagnesium 3-alloy with two step ageing and quench interruption treatments was investigated in airsaturated 1 M sodium chloride solution at 303 K. For this, propagation of the crack tip was observed microphotographically under potentiostatic conditions and under constant load using specimens precracked by fatigue. The crack propagation at the corrosion potential is accelerated by denser matrix-precipitates, narrower precipitate free zone, the presence of great T-grain boundary precipitates and minor sensitivity to intercrystalline corrosion and occurs to judge from the look of the fracture surfaces without considerable metal dissolution. In contrast to the alloy, which shows no intercrystalline corrosion, the crack propagation in the alloy with intercrystalline corrosion is obviously faster above the breakdown potential than at the corrosion potential. The results suggest that the crack propagates essentially mechanically. As mechanisms are discussed a crack growth by anodic dissolution of grain boundary precipitates or of zinc- and magnesium-rich grain boundary regions and mechanical seperation of the intermediate regions and propagation by local hydrogen embrittlement of the crack tip.     

Effects of Si Addition and Long-Term Thermal Exposure on the Tensile Properties of a Ni–Mo–Cr Superalloy

The effect of long-term thermal exposure on the grain boundary carbides and the tensile behavior of two kinds of Ni–Mo–Cr superalloys with different silicon contents(0 and 0.46 wt%) was investigated. Experimental results showed granular M2C carbides formed at the grain boundaries after exposure for 100 h for the non-silicon alloy. Furthermore, these fine granular M2C carbides will transform into plate-like M6C carbides as exposure time increases. For the Si-containing alloys,only the granular M6C carbides formed at the grain boundaries during the whole exposure time. The coarsening of the grain boundary carbides occurred in both alloys with increasing exposure time. In addition, the coarsening kinetics of the grain boundary carbides for the non-silicon alloy is faster than that of the standard alloy. The tensile properties of both alloys are improved after exposure for 100 h due to the formation of nano-sized grain boundary carbides. The grain boundary carbides are coarsened more seriously for non-silicon alloys than that of Si-containing alloys, resulting in a more significant decrease in the tensile strength and elongation for the former case. Silicon additions can effectively inhibit the severe coarsening of the grain boundary carbides and thus avoid the obvious deterioration of the tensile properties after a long-term thermal exposure.     

Effect of alloying elements on fracture behavior of Fe-18Ni-2Ti-(8Co) alloys

Effect of alloying elements on fracture behavior of Fe-18Ni-2Ti-(8Co) alloys has been investigated in the light of grain boundary segregation of alloying elements. During isothermal aging at 540°C, hardness level in the cobalt-bearing alloy was higher than that in the cobalt-free alloy, which is attributed to the solid solution hardening of cobalt, and the bigger hardness difference after overaging was due to the relatively fine precipitates in the cobalt-bearing alloy. The grain boundary segregation behavior of the elements was similar in two alloys, regardless of the cobalt addition. In two alloys, the fracture behavior before and after the maximum tensile strength is mainly governed by two factors: titanium at the grain boundaries and over-aging. Up to the aging time corresponding to the maximum tensile strength, the intergranular fracture strength was roughly inversely proportional to the titanium level at the grain boundaries, and after the time the tensile strength decreased with restoring ductility. Nickel or cobalt was not effective on the grain boundary strengthening of the iron-based alloys.     

Strength-ductility Combination in Aluminum-lithium Alloy 2090 Containing Rare Earth Element

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AZ31B镁合金板材中晶界滑移的晶体塑性仿真

建立一种耦合滑移、动态再结晶以及晶界滑移的晶体塑性模型以仿真镁合金的高温变形行为及织构演化.首先,通过实验测量单轴拉伸、压缩后的织构以及显微组织演化,研究AZ31B镁合金在300°C的变形机制.结果发现,动态再结晶在应变小于0.2时起到细化晶粒的作用,之后晶界滑移在变形过程中起显著作用.此外,建立晶界滑移模型来评估由晶...     

Solute drag effects during the dynamic recrystallization of nickel

Solute drag effects during dynamic recrystallization were studied using five different nickel–sulfur alloys. The steady state stress for dynamic recrystallization, measured using hot compression tests, depends on the sulfur concentration. The experimental results are analyzed using a model that relates the steady state stress to the grain boundary mobility. At the lower temperatures, the mobilities are strongly reduced by a solute drag effect; above a transition temperature, the drag effect becomes negligible. The extent of sulfur segregation at grain boundaries during recrystallization was assessed using cryogenic tensile tests of microsamples removed from the hot compressed specimens. The fracture surfaces exhibit the characteristics of intergranular brittleness when hot compression is carried out within the “grain boundary segregation” temperature range; above the transition temperature, the fracture surfaces are purely ductile.     

Influence of External Interface Normal Stress on the Growth of Cu-Sn IMC During Aging

A U-shape clamp was designed to apply stress perpendicular to the interface of Cu/Sn/Cu solder joints, and its influence on the growth behavior of Cu-Sn intermetallic compound (IMC) during thermal aging at 150 °C was investigated. The results show that compared with the sample at general stress-free state, the growth rate of IMC under compression is faster, while that under tension is slower. Moreover, the interface between IMC and Sn is smoother under compressive stress, and the corresponding IMC grains are smaller and more uniform than that under tensile stress. According to the growth kinetic analysis, the growth of IMC under general, compressive and tensile states is all controlled by the combination of grain boundary diffusion and volume diffusion with a similar growth exponent (n ≈ 0.4). However, external stress can affect the Ostwald ripening process of grain growth, causing a change of grain size and grain boundary density in the IMC layer. As a result, the IMC growth behavior at the interface of the solder joint will be affected by the applied external normal stress.     

Microstructure and high temperature tensile properties of Al–Si–Cu–Mn–Fe alloys prepared by semi-solid thixoforming

The differences in the microstructure and elevated temperature tensile properties of gravity die cast, squeeze cast, and semi-solid thixoformed Al–Si–Cu–Mn–Fe alloys after thermal exposure at 300 °C were discussed. The results demonstrate that the elevated temperature tensile properties of semi-solid thixoformed alloys were significantly higher than those of gravity die cast and squeeze cast alloys, especially after thermal exposure for 100 h. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of semi-solid thixoformed alloys after thermal exposure at 300 °C for 0.5, 10 and 100 h were 181, 122 and 110 MPa, respectively. The UTS values of semi-solid thixoformed alloys were higher than those of heat resistant aluminum alloys used in commercial applications. The enhanced elevated temperature tensile properties of semi-solid thixoformed experimental alloys after thermal exposure can be attributed to the combined reinforcement of precipitation strengthening and grain boundary strengthening due to thermally stable intermetallic phases as well as suitable grain size.     

热处理对选区激光熔化GH3536合金晶界与拉伸行为的影响

采用选区激光熔化制备了GH3536合金,并分别进行固溶处理和热等静压处理,研究不同热处理手段对GH3536合金的组织形貌、晶界形态及室温拉伸行为的影响。结果表明:沉积态试样的组织由超细柱状亚晶粒与熔池界组成,存在气孔与微裂纹等缺陷;选区激光熔化试样分别经固溶处理和热等静压处理后,二者致密度均上升,组织转变为由交替分布的大小不等等轴晶粒组成,但热等静压的沿晶界析出M_(23)C_6相,形成锯齿状的弯曲晶界;沉积态试样的拉伸性能表现出各向异性的特点,固溶处理可消除拉伸性能的各向异性,但抗拉强度和屈服强度均有下降,延伸率明显上升。热等静压态试样与固溶态试样相类似,但其抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率均有进一步的提高;3种形态合金的断裂机制均为微孔聚集型的韧性断裂。     

挤压态AZ81镁合金的超塑性及变形机制

研究了挤压态AZ81镁合金的超塑变形行为及其变形机制.首先将AZ81镁合金进行热挤压处理,然后在不同的温度和初始应变速率下进行了超塑性拉伸试验,计算了应变速率敏感性指数.通过观察和比较不同温度下材料的稳态流变现象,分析了超塑变形机制随着温度的上升而发生变化的原因.挤压态AZ81的超塑性变形机制是晶界滑移,而孔洞的形核与断裂是变形的协调机制.     

Grain boundary segregation and fracture behavior of boron containing Fe-Mn-Ni-(Mo,w) age hardening alloys

The effects of boron addition on the grain boundary segregation and fracture behavior of tempered Fe-Mn-Ni-Mo and Fe-Ni-Mn-W steels were investigated. High segregation of Mn to prior austenitie grain boundaries resulted in severe grain boundary embrittlement in W-bearing alloys. Boron addition did not significantly affect the grain boundary segregation of other alloying elements. Nevertheless, improvement of tensile properties is observed in 16 ppm boron doped W-bearing steel. Segregation of boron itself to grain boundaries is believed to affect the grain boundary strength of this alloy. Lower Mn segregation in Mo containing steels resulted in the ductile fracture when tempered at 480°C.     

A COMPLEX DEFORMATION MECHANISM FOR SUPERPLASTIC DEFORMATION OF Mg ALLOY

本文选用大晶粒和微细晶粒两种镁合金,利用现代测试手段进行超塑性变形机制的研究.结果表明,在超塑性变形条件下,两种合金都显示以晶界滑动为主的,由扩散蠕变和位错滑移所协调的复合变形机制.作者提出一个包括三种变形机制在内的复合机制模型.在超塑性变形中,下层金属晶粒通过晶界滑动不断涌现到试样表面横向晶界发生宽化及空洞的地方,从而不断增加沿拉伸轴方向上的晶粒数.这是试样在拉伸变形中获得非常大的伸长量的原因.     

垂直晶界铜双晶的拉伸变形行为

利用数字图像相关法研究了垂直晶界铜双晶试样的拉伸变形行为,获得了拉伸过程中试样表面的全场变形分布。结果表明:试样整体变形呈"双颈缩"现象,试样表面的应变分布不均匀,晶界附近的应变水平低于晶粒内部的,试样总是在软取向的晶粒内首先发生塑性变形并断裂。借助扫描电镜(SEM)原位拉伸实验观察到在拉伸过程中滑移带不能穿过晶界。以上结果说明,铜双晶试样拉伸变形行为与组元晶粒的晶体取向和晶界的属性有关,软取向的晶粒更容易发生塑性变形,而大角度晶界在拉伸过程中具有强化效应,对晶粒的滑移变形有阻碍作用。     

等轴细晶Ti-45Al-7Nb合金的高温机械性能及变形机制

采用粉末冶金法制备了双相等轴细晶Ti-45Al-7Nb（原子分数）合金,研究了该合金在温度为900、950和1000 ℃以及应变速率为1×10^-3、1×10^-4和5×10^-5 s^-1条件下的高温力学性能,并讨论了相应的变形机理。结果表明,在高温或低应变率下,Ti-45Al-7Nb合金的极限拉伸强度逐渐降低,但伸长率显著增加。由于细小晶粒容易实现变形和协调,其伸长率明显高于粗晶粒合金。高温拉伸后,合金在裂缝处形成大量的空洞,并在裂缝前部形成大量垂直于拉伸方向的长裂纹。此外,晶界的滑动、晶粒的孪生和动态再结晶也导致了合金变形,从而提高了微观组织的延展性。