Schaummessungen an Reinigungslösungen für Melkanlagen

Foam Measurements on Cleansing Solutions Used for Dairy Plants Foaming properties, such as foaming ability and maximum foam formation under conditions used in the practice have been determined for cleansing solutions employed in dairy plants, both according to DIN 53 902 test as well as in a tube milking plant. Both procedures yielded analogous results; both are basically suited for classification of the cleansing solution and they take into account the requirements to be fulfilled in the practice. Based on foaming behaviour, marked differences are observed between poorly foaming or non-foaming products and the strongly foaming ones. Generally, the latter foam at 50° C in the presence of 0.1% raw milk to such a great extent that the function of the vacuum pump in a tube milking plant is considerably impaired.     

Sekundäres Alkansulfonat Eigenschaften und Einsatzmöglichkeiten in kosmetischen Präparaten

Secondary Alkanesulfonate – Properties and Applications in Cosmetic Preparation Large amounts of secondary alkanesulfonate are used since several years in the production of cleansing and washing agents. Laboratory and practical tests have shown that this new surfactant, produced commercially, can be used in cosmetic preparations as well. Secondary alkanesulfonate in combination with other surfactants such as alkylethersulfates, exhibit special properties when used for the production of cleansing agents for hair and skin. Further interesting effects are achieved by incorporating secondary alkanesulfonate into soaps and emulsifier mixtures. The commercial production of secondary alkanesulfonate by a continuous process is described briefly. A prognosis on the future market for cosmetic body cleansing agents is given.     

Numerische Berechnung physikalischer Schäumungsprozesse auf unterschiedlichen Größenskalen

A simulation method for numerical calculation of physical foaming processes is presented. A micro‐scale model is used to predict the time‐dependent change in foam volume by describing the growth of a single foam bubble as a function of given process conditions. In order to visualize the three‐dimensional foam expansion at the macro scale, the calculated growth dynamics is integrated into a simulation model based on the finite volume method. The calculation procedure is validated using discontinuous and continuous foam experiments.     

Schaumstabilisierung und Schauminhibierung

Foam Stabilization and Foam Inhibition After a general review on the field of foam stabilization and foam inhibition in the sector of washing, rinsing and cleansing agents, the recent developments in the field of foam inhibition are treated. According to these recently acquired knowledges, it is possible to regulate the foam formation by varying the temperature, however, independent of the hardness of water. Besides the chemical natures also the mechanisms of foam stabilization and foam inhibition are dealt with.     

酰胺醚羧酸盐研究进展

介绍了羧甲基化法合成酰胺醚羧酸盐(AMEC)的方法,重点论述了AMEC的洗涤、发泡、助泡、柔软、调理、低毒和低刺激等优良性能以及应用等。指出了AMEC在合成、性能和应用方面的未来研究的方向。引用文献21篇。     

Beiträge zum maschinellen Geschirrspülen 1. Mitteilung: Entfetten von Glasoberflächen unter den Bedingungen des maschinellen Geschirrspülens

Contributions on Mechanical Dish Washing 1: Defatting of Glass Surfaces Under the Conditions of Mechanical Dish Washing Tracer technique was used to study the dissolution of a film of butter fat or lard from glass surface during the conditions used in mechanical dish washing. Washing temperature was found to be the determining factor in the removal of fat residue. The major amount of the fat can be dissolved only at temperatures above its melting point, and, sufficient amounts of the cleansing agent ensure its stable emulsification, thus preventing the redeposition on the glass. Hot prewashing reduces the requirement of cleansing agent, since the quantity of cleansing increases linearly with the fat level of the goods to be washed. Polyethylene, because of its higher affinity to fat, is more difficult to defat than glass.     

Über Ursachen und Beschaffenheit der an Milchtanks nach der Sprühreinigung anhaftenden Rückstände

Causes and Nature of the Sedimentation which Sticks to the Milk Tanks after Spray Cleaning The extent of coating formation on the milk tanks was studied with the help of a fully automated apparatus under spray cleaning conditions. It was found that more coating is formed on the surface when the spraying is done with a mixture of steam and cleansing solution than when the cleansing solution is sprayed alone with the pressure of a pump. The coating is formed due to the reaction between the residual orthophosphate of the cleansing solution sticking to the sides and the calcium in the rinsing water. Under the high temperature conditions, the sediments, which are relatively rich in calcium, are formed whose composition gradually approaches that of hydroxyl apatit. Magnesium, sodium, carbonate and silicate contribute only negligibly to the formation of coating.     

建筑物外墙保温用泡沫玻璃锦砖的研制

介绍了泡沫玻璃锦砖的生产和使用方法.泡沫玻璃用于外墙外保温不仅品质优良,而且经久耐用.所研制的泡沫玻璃锦砖,是具有致密玻璃装饰层的泡沫玻璃,可用水泥砂浆直接粘贴于建筑物外墙,使保温和装饰一并完成.     

Untersuchungen und Betrachtungen zur Anwendung von Kunststoffen für Lebensmittel XII: Zur Auswanderung monomerer Weichmacher aus PVC-Milchschläuchen in Reinigungslösungen

Investigations and Observations on the Application of Plastics in Foods XII: Migration of Monomeric Plasticizers from PVC Tubes into Cleansing Solutions The transfer of a few monomeric plasticizers from PVC milk tubes into cleansing solutions can be quantitatively detected by means of the analytical procedure given. It could be thus established that cleansing solutions of various compositions differ from each other in their extracting action on soft PVC. Milk tubes whose internal surface becomes brittle due to unsuitable cleansing agents can not be adequately cleaned because of the rough surface. Thus the quality of the milk flowing through them is impaired.     

Silikon als Rohstoff für Schäumer und Entschäumer

Silicone as Raw Material for Foaming and Anti-Foaming Agents The remarkable significance of methyl polysiloxanes in the field of anti-foaming agents is based on two fundamental principles, namely, low intermolecular interactions (low surface tension), and the unique variability of the polymer system which permits that by variation of molecular weight, molecular weight distribution as well as the nature and number of end groups, these agents can be made to fit into a particular type of application. The above properties have also led to the use of modified methyl siloxanes as foam stabilizers. In the latter case, a further factor enhancing the efficacy by the introduction of a solubilizing group in the modified siloxane is made use of. Examples for the same are polyether modified methyl polysiloxanes as foam stabilizers in polyurethane foams, and anionactive methyl siloxanes containing sulfate groups as foaming agents in fire extinguishing systems.     

Kunststoffe in der Milchwirtschaft — eine kritische Studie,V. Mitteilung: Zur Reinigung und Desinfektion von Kunststoffoberflächen 2. Teil: Hygienische Beschaffenheit von Kunststoffoberflächen und ihre Folgen

Plastics in the Milk Industry — A Critical Study, V. Communication: Cleansing and Disinfection of Plastic Surfaces 2nd Part: Hygienic State of Plastic Surfaces and Their Consequences Plastic articles, meant for repeated use in direct contact with food-stuffs can permanently establish themselves, only if success is achieved in maintaining plastic appliances and parts clean and germ-free without much difficulty. Because in some respects the properties of the plastics deviate from those of hitherto employed materials of construction, the former set specific requirements on cleansing agents and cleansing processes. The cleansing solutions for the plastics must be physico-chemically more effective, in order to overcome the strong adhesion of fatty impurities. Since it is basically doubtful, whether polyolefines without adverse effects can at all be employed for repeated use in direct contact with fat-containing milk products, intensive trials should be made with plastics having lower affinity for fat.     

Beiträge zur Schaumreinigung fester Oberflächen 2. Mitteilung: Schaumeigenschaften und Wirksamkeit

Foam Cleaning of Solid Surfaces 2. Foam Properties and Effectiveness Cleaning foams are very stable. Although the foam gives up almost the entire amount of liquid entrained in the lamella within 20 min, the original volume is retained. The highly alkaline solution released wets the soiled surface of the tile, swells the dried up protein rest and dissolves the same, which is subsequently removed by rinsing with water. The effectiveness of foam cleaning can be increased by up to 10% using longer periods of action of the foam on the soiled surface. Mechanical and heat treatment are of limited value in foam cleaning.     

大孔二氧化硅膜上纳米碳纤维层结构化催化剂载体的制备

1 INTRODUCTION Fast gas-liquid phase reactions over solid cata- lysts easily cause concentration gradient in reactors and catalysts because of relatively slow diffusion as well as the frequent occurrence of low concentration when gasses are dissolved. Such concentration gradi- ent caused by the limitation of mass transfer influ- ences the reaction rate as well as selectivity. Conven- tional strategies for gas-liquid-solid phase catalytic reactions comprise slurry reactors and trickle bed r…     

Study on the cell structure and compressive behavior of biodegradable poly(ε‐caprolactone) foam

Biodegradable poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) foams with a series of controlled structures were prepared by using chemical foaming method. The cell morphology was detected by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The compressive behavior of the foams was investigated by uniaxial compression test. The effect of density and structural parameters on the foam compressive behavior was analyzed. It was found that the relative compressive modulus has a power law relationship with relative density. Increasing of both the cell wall thickness and the cell density lead to higher compressive modulus of the foam; however, the cell size has no distinct effect on compressive behavior. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Chemische und physikalische Vorgänge bei der Herstellung von Polyurethan-Weichschaumstoffen

The kinetics of foam formation are observed by IR-spectroscopy. The formation of polyurethane and polyurea occurs simultaneously, the transition from the dissolved to the crystalline urea being chronologically measurable. The difference between hotcure and cold-cure (HR) foam is explained. NCO-linking reactions cannot be detected by IR-spectroscopy. Using a foam with a density of 26 kg/m³, a quantitative study of foam formation was made, using chemical methods of analysis. Gas yield and time of curing are determined.     

Lipid/surfactant compounds as a new tool to optimize skin-care properties of personal-cleansing products

Surfactants are commonly used in personal-care products to increase cleansing performance and to create pleasing foam. However, surfactants can also damage the skin by removing skin lipids and causing corneocytes to swell, resulting in increased skin roughness and transepidermal water loss. Newly established methods help to quantify these effects in controlled consumer studies. In addition, in vitro experiments with skin cell cultures show the potential inflammatory action of surfactants, which in the in vivo situation may provoke skin irritation. These detrimental effects are even enhanced by frequent treatment with surfactant-based personal-care products. Together with the use of mild surfactant combinations, the addition of surfactant-compatible lipid compounds has proved a convenient way of not only counteracting the negative side effects of surfactants but also exerting positive skin effects. In a controlled consumer study, analysis of skin lipids after skin cleansing revealed the lipid-layer strengthening efficacy of lipid/surfactant mixtures that can be solubilized in the personal-care formulation or disperses as waxy particles. As a result, skin roughness after cleansing treatment, as measured by fast optical in vivo topometry of the skin, is improved, and consumers perceive that their skin is smooth and cared for.     

Beiträge zum maschinellen Geschirrspülen 4. Mitteilung: Entfernen komplexer Anschmutzungen von Glasoberflächen

Contributions on Mechanical Dish Washing 4: Removal of Complex Soils from Glass Surfaces Under practical conditions, the soil on household crockery is composed of a mixture of fat, starch and protein residue. These diverse components mutually affect their adherence, and, consequently the ability of the cleansing liquid to remove them. Removal of starch is improved in the presence of casein residues; conversely, casein is more easily removed from glass in the presence of starch. Starch residues inhibit the removal of fat, however, this negative effect is compensated, if casein residues are simultaneously present. An attempt is made to explain the interactions between the individual components of the soil.     

Beiträge zum maschinellen Geschirrspülen 2. Mitteilung: Entfernen von Stärkerückständen von Glasoberflächen

Contributions on Mechanical Dish Washing 2: Removal of Starch Residues from Glass Surfaces The use of ¹⁴C-labelled tobacco starch as indicator of potato starch enabled to study the removal of starch residues from glass surface by mechanical dish washing. It was found that the amount of starch applied could be reduced to as much as 11.5% during prewashing with cold tap water. The use of prewashing water at 45°C improves the swelling of dried starch residues. In contrast to removal of fat, the removal of starch residues requires a washing temperature of at least 55°C. However, even after an optimum combination of washing temperature, washing time and amount of cleansing agent, higher proportions of starch residues are retained on the glass surface than fat residue. At a maximum washing temperature of at least 50°C, the amount of starch residue remaining on the cleaned glass surface is greatly independent of the amount of starch applied to the glass surface.     

月桂酸单乙醇酰胺硫酸酯盐的合成与性能

通过一系列反应合成了月桂酸单乙醇酰胺硫酸酯盐(以下简称C12MSN),测定了在303 K下的表面化学性质及泡沫、去污、润湿等应用性能,研究了C12MSN与酯基Gemin i型季铵盐(以下简称Ⅱ-12-3)溶液复配体系的性质。结果显示,C12MSN的临界胶束浓度是2.79×10-3mol/L,其表面张力为25.42 mN/m,泡沫性好。发现n(C12MSN)∶n(Ⅱ-12-3)=7∶3复配时有较好的协同效应。     

Preparation and properties of composites based on melamine‐formaldehyde foam and nano‐Fe3O4

In this work, a novel melamine‐formaldehyde‐Fe₃O₄ foam was prepared from a mixture containing melamine‐ethanolamine‐formaldehyde resin, melamine‐glycol‐formaldehyde resin and carboxylated Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles by microwave foaming method. The two resins were characterized by ¹³C‐NMR, respectively. The structures of foams, mechanical and fire‐retardant properties were experimentally characterized separately by scanning electron microscopy, universal testing machine, limit oxygen index, thermogravimetry‐differential thermal analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectra. The effects of the resin viscosity, emulsifier, nucleating agent, curing agent, silicone oil, microwave heating time and blowing agent on the structure of foam were investigated. Results showed that the properties of foam were decided by not only the molecular structure but also structure of foam, and the carboxylated Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles can improve the toughness and flame retardant properties of magnetic foam obviously from both aspects. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2688–2697, 2013