Konstitution und Eigenschaften von Tensiden

Constitution and Properties of Surfactants From the information available in the literature and author's own investigations, general rules regarding the optimum structure of anionic and non-ionic surfactants are derived. Especially, linear, branched and cyclic hydrocarbon rests with hydrophilic groups in various positions are considered. Furthermore, the change in properties of surfactants by the introduction of etheric oxygen in the alkyl rest is demonstrated.     

Der Einfluß von Tensiden auf physikalische Eigenschaften von Keratinfasern

Influence of Surfactants on the Physical Properties of Keratin Fibres It could be proved by stress-strain tests that keratin fibres are more easily stretched in aqueous solutions of various ionic surfactants than in pure water. This effect can be further intensified in solutions of acidic and alkaline pH values. The extent of weakening of the fibre is dependent upon the chain length of the surfactant and the degree of adsorption. These effects are fully reversible by rinsing with distilled water. However, a splitting of the cystine bonds occurs in strongly alkaline solutions. The damage on keratin fibres caused by aqueous solutions of ionic surfactants is explained by the opening of hydrophobic bonds.     

Synthese und Eigenschaften von Polyacetylen

Polyacetylene is important because it can be transferred into metallic conducting phases by treatment with strong oxidizing or reducing agents (“doping”). The influence of the reaction conditions, especially of the polymerization catalyst, are investigated. The polymers obtained under normal conditions are always crosslinked. The morphology is independent of the polymerization method and can be described as an aggregation of lamellar particles with typical dimensions of a few 100 Å. The polymer chains are oriented perpendicular to the surface and chain folding is observed. The crystal structures of cis and trans polyacetylene are given. The consequences of the morphology on the mechanism of doping and charge transport are discussed using general structural principles.     

Strukturabhängige Eigenschaften von Tensiden,untersucht an Reihen von 2-Alkylsulfaten,Phosphinoxiden und ω-H-Perfluorverbindungen

Structure-Dependent Properties of Detergents as Studied at 2-Alkylsulphates, Phosphine-oxides, and ω-H-Perfluoroalkyl Compounds CMC values from δ/lg c-curves were determined for the homologous series of 2-alkyl-branched alkylsulphates, dimethyl- an diethyl-phosphine-oxides and ω-H-perfluoroalkyl-sulfosuccinates. On this basis effective chainlengths were calculated and correlated with other properties as maximum of surface tension depression, wettability and foaming.     

Physikalisch-chemische Eigenschaften von Braunkohlenextrakten und abgetrennten Wachs- und Harzstoffen

Physico-chemical Properties of Brown-Coal Extracts and Separated Wax and Resin Substances The component composition and the physico-chemical properties of the raw montane wax Romonta as well as of three samples of the toluene extracts from the mine Turów, obtained at different extraction temperatures, were determined. The wax and resin substances were separated from the raw montane wax Romonta and from the toluene extract of brown-coal from the mine Turów, obtained at 100°C, and then characterized. The rheological properties of the extracts, the separated components and the four selected processing products of the raw montane waxes Romonta (means of hydrophobation Romonta 55, acid wax R, ester wax K-60, partly saponified ester wax REW II) were determined by the rotation viscosity metre Rheotest 2. The viscosity measurements were carried out at higher temperatures than the dropping point of the investigated substance, in case of extracts rich on resin also at lower temperatures. A significant influence of the sort of coal and the extraction temperature on the component composition of the obtained extracts as well as on the properties of the separated wax and resin substances was established. Furthermore a different rheological behaviour of the wax substances and wax containing extracts in comparison to the resin components of brown-coal bitumen was observed. Concerning the extracts of brown-coal from the mine Turów it was found out that the viscosity slowly increases in case of an increase of the resin content up to 50%, but at higher resin content it increases very quickly.     

Physikalische und mechanische Eigenschaften von Polyester-Polyamid-bikonstituenten Fasern

In a pilot plant biconstitusent fibres with poly(ethylene terephthalate) as main component and poly(caproamid) as second component were produced. Their microstructure, their behaviour during melting and crystallization, some dynamic-mechanic and mechano-textile properties as well as some electrostatic, hygroscopic and dyeing properties were determined. The biconstituent fibres have a low capability for electrifying and tend to show a “pilling”-effect. Their dyeing abilities open possibilities for interesting dyeing effects. An aim of the investigation was to clear some changes in the physical and mechanical properties of the biconstituent fibres from the view of their fibrille-matrix-structure and from the mutual effect between the two components at the interphase.     

Physikalische und rheologische Eigenschaften von umgeesterten Fetten

The Physical and Rheological Parameters of Transesterificated Fats The model mixtures of triacylglycerols containing the various ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were prepared by noncontroling basic catalyzed interesterification. According to the ratio of palmitic acid and stearic acid three types of mixtures varying in the content of trisaturated triacylglycerols: a) tripalmitylglycerol, b) monopalmityldistearylglycerol, c) tristearylglycerol were prepared. The physical and rheological properties of transesterificated and nontransesterificated mixtures (especially the melting point, the solidification point, the solid fat content and the yield value – Haighton) were compared. These parameters were correlated in dependence on the ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and especially on the ratio of the content of palmitic acid and stearic acid which seemed to be of a great value in intended system.     

Die Unschädlichkeit von Tensiden und Waschmitteln bei einmaliger und chronischer Einnahme

Harmlessness of Surfactants and Washing Agents in One-Time Application and Chronic Intake Occassionally it occurs that small children ingest washing agents. Therefore, the harmlessness of these products must be guaranteed by the manufacturers. The harmlessness has been proved in laboratory tests carried out under conditions of massive and chronic intake. The agreeable results were confirmed by data provided by the anti-poisoning centres.     

Eigenschaften und struktur von polymeren metallchelaten acylierter amidrazone

The poly(terephthaloyloxamidrazone) (PTO) produced from terephthaloylchloride and oxalamidrazone forms with a number of metals polymerchelates with excellent flame-retardant properties. The report deals with the composition, the thermal behaviour, and the physico-chemical properties of such polymer chelates. Spectroscopic and magnetic measurements give indications of the structure of the completely insoluble PTO-chelates. For the further structural analysis of the chelate type present also X-ray, spectroscopic, and magnetic investigations of crystalline chelates of low-molecular model substances of PTO are used.     

Darstellung und Eigenschaften von Fettsäurepolyglykolestersulfaten

Production and Properties of Fatty Acid Polyglycol Ester Sulfates Fatty alcohol oxethylates, produced by reaction of fatty alcohols from hydrogenated fatty acid methyl esters with ethylene oxide, are the basic material for an important class of anionic tensides, the fatty alcohol ether sulfates. The fatty acid polyglycol ester sulfates are a very interesting alternative to the fatty alcohol ether sulfates. The former are available by saving hydrogenation, in principle directly by fatty acid oxethylation or interesterification of fatty acids with polyglycols, followed by sulfatation. We report about the production of fatty acid ester sulfates by sulfatation of the fatty acid polyglycol monoesters by sulfurtrioxide or chlorosulfonic acid. By means of the results of physicochemical measurements and process trials it is discussed how far fatty acid polyglycol monoester sulfates are suited as alternative tenside raw material fatty alcohol ether sulfates.     

Isolierung und Eigenschaften von Keratin-Fraktionen aus der Epidermis

Isolation and Properties of Keratin Fractions from Epidermis The behaviour of isolated alkaline fractions from epidermis, Stratum corneum or callus of human or animal origin were investigated. The main fraction (pH 5.5-fraction) is a protein that can occur in various states of aggregation. All the fractions investigated are identical, as evidenced by electrophoresis on polyacryl amide gel and by immuno-chemical tests. Since freshly taken callus shows the same electrophoretic pattern and, as found by the author, callus proteins that migrated during electrophoresis were immuno-chemically identical with proteins of the isolated fractions, obviously the alkaline fractions had mostly retained their native structure. This is also supported by observations with conjugated antibodies. Using the above technique, the authors studied the initial stage of process of keratinization in embryonal epidermis of the rat.     

Eigenschaften und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von Montanharz

Properties and Application Feasibilities of Montan Resin In raw montan wax raffination the process of resin extraction is the first stage. In this process a large amount of montan resin is obtained, which is a waste product without corresponding application possibilities. The common combustion of montan resin with fuel oil is certainly no ideal solution of the problem. Therefore the physical and chemical properties of montan resin were determined and investigations of the use of montan resin in practice were carried out. The softening point, the characteristic values and the IR-spectrum of the obtained montan resin were determined, furthermore elementary analysis and X-ray structural analysis. To obtain from montan resin products with altered properties, the following laboratory experiments were carried out: heating, air blowing, condensation with furfurol, nitration and saponification. The aerial oxidized products showed only a little increased softening point, with furfurol condensed montan resins were deep black coloured and brittle, the nitrogen content of the obtained nitrocompounds was very low. If saponified montan resin is applicated as air entraining agent in air beton positive results were obtained.