Influence of cryogenic thermal cycling treatment on the thermophysical properties of carbon/carbon composites between room temperature and 1900℃

Influence of cryogenic thermal cycling treatment(from-120℃ to 120℃ at 1.3 × 10~(-3) Pa) on the thermophysical properties including thermal conductivity(TC), thermal diffusivity(TD), specific heat(SH) and coefficient of thermal expansion(CTE) ranging from room temperature to 1900℃ of carbon/carbon(C/C)composites in x-y and z directions were studied. Test results showed that fiber/matrix interfacial debonding, fiber pull-out and microcracks occurred after the cryogenic thermal treatment and they increased significantly with the cycle number increasing, while cycled more than 30 times, the space of microdefects reduced obviously due to the accumulation of cyclic thermal stress. TC, TD, SH and CTE of the cryogenic thermal cycling treated C/C composites were first decreased and then increased in both directions(x-y and z directions) with the increase of thermal cycles. A model regarding the heat conduction in cryogenic thermal cycling treated C/C composites was proposed.     

Microstructures and tensile properties of laser cladded AerMet100 steel coating on 300 M steel

A layer of AerMet100 steel was coated on the surface of forged 300 M steel using laser cladding technique. The chemical compositions, microstructures, hardness and tensile properties of this AerMet100/300 M material were systematically investigated. Results show that the composition of the AerMet100 clad layer is macroscopically homogeneous, and a compositional transition zone with width of 150 μm is observed between the clad layer and heat affected zone. Microstructures in transition zone transform from the fine needle-like bainite in 300 M steel to the lath tempered martensite in AerMet100 clad layer. Microstructures in heat affected zone also gradually change from the thick plate bainite and blocky retained austenite (unstable heat affected zone) to fine needle-like bainite and film-like austenite (stable heat affected zone) due to different thermal cycle processes. Thick plate bainite together with blocky retained austenite in unstable heat affected zone reduce the strength and ductility of AerMet100/300 M material. However, the tensile specimens, consisting of clad layer and stable heat affected zone, show slightly inferior mechanical properties to 300 M steel. Ductile fracture exists in AerMet100 clad layer while quasi-cleavage fracture occurs in the stable heat affected zone.     

Oxidation behaviors of Co-Al-W-0.1B superalloys in a long-term isothermal exposure at 900 °C

Co-Al-W-0.1B superalloys have been isothermally oxidized at 900 °C for 1000, 5000 and 10000 h in order to investigate their oxidation behaviors. The oxide layers and morphologies were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive spectroscopy. After 1000 h exposure, a Co₃W/γ zone, an Al₂O₃ layer, a mixture of Co, Al, W oxides layer and a CoO layer are established on the substrate alloys. After extended oxidation, a discontinuous Al₂O₃ layer in Co-9Al-8W-0.1B and Co-9Al-9W-0.1B alloys leads to an additional mixed oxide layer on the substrate instead of the Co₃W/γ zone. The oxide layers that form on the Co-9Al-8W-0.1B and Co-9Al-9W-0.1B alloys are much thicker than those on the Co-9Al-11W-0.1B alloy, and continuously thicken during oxidation. The higher content of W is beneficial to improving the oxidation resistance as it facilitates a faster formation of Co₃W as well as Al₂O₃.     

Effects of alkali treatment and elevated temperature on the mechanical properties of bamboo fibre–polyester composites

Bamboo fibre reinforced composites are not fully utilised due to the limited understanding on their mechanical characteristics. In this paper, the effects of alkali treatment and elevated temperature on the mechanical properties of bamboo fibre reinforced polyester composites were investigated. Laminates were fabricated using untreated and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treated (4–8% by weight) randomly oriented bamboo fibres and tested at room and elevated temperature (40, 80 and 120 °C). An improvement in the mechanical properties of the composites was achieved with treatment of the bamboo fibres. An NaOH concentration of 6% was found optimum and resulted in the best mechanical properties. The bending, tensile and compressive strength as well as the stiffness of this composite are 7, 10, 81, and 25%, respectively higher than the untreated composites. When tested up to 80 °C, the flexural and tensile strength are enhanced but the bending stiffness and compressive strength decreased as these latter properties are governed by the behaviour of resin. At 40 and 80 °C, the bond between the untreated fibres and polyester is comparable to that of treated fibres and polyester which resulted in almost same mechanical properties. However, a significant decrease in all mechanical properties was observed for composites tested at 120 °C.     

Enhanced oxidation resistance of Mo-12Si-8.5B alloys with ZrB2 addition at 1300 °C

Mo-12Si-8.5B and Mo-12Si-8.5B-1.0wt%ZrB₂ alloys were fabricated using mechanical alloying, followed by hot-pressing. Both alloys exhibited uniform microstructure, with the Mo₃Si and Mo₅SiB₂ phases distributing dispersedly in the α-Mo matrix. Mo-12Si-8.5B-1.0wt%ZrB₂ showed a finer-grained microstructure than Mo-12Si-8.5B alloy owing to the addition of ZrB₂. The results of isothermal oxidation tests at 1300 °C in air revealed that Mo-12Si-8.5B and Mo-12Si-8.5B-1.0wt%ZrB₂ alloys initially suffered a transient stage with high mass loss due to the volatilization of MoO₃, and then achieved a steady stage owing to the formation of a protective borosilicate scale on the alloy surface. Especially, the transient stage of Mo-12Si-8.5B-1.0wt%ZrB₂ alloy was shortened to be less than 300 s, and the mass loss of this stage was reduced by at least 88% compared with that of Mo-12Si-8.5B alloy, indicating a significant improvement in the oxidation resistance. The addition of ZrB₂ not only resulted in a continuous borosilicate scale quickly covering the entire base alloy during the transient stage, but also improved the protectiveness of the borosilicate scale of the steady stage by bringing out a large number of ZrO₂/ZrSiO₄ particles embedded discontinuously in the borosilicate scale, which effectively restricted the inward diffusion of oxygen by acting as diffusion barriers and decreased the thickness of inner oxide layers in particular.     

Effect of Fe on the sintering and thermal properties of Mo–Cu composites

Effects of Fe on the sintering and thermal properties of Mo–Cu composites have been investigated. Mo–Cu–xFe composites are fabricated by powder metallurgy techniques with addition of various Fe contents ranging from 0.4 wt% to 2.2 wt%. The thermal properties and action mechanism of Fe to Mo–Cu composites are discussed. Results have indicated that the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and thermal conductivity (TC) of Mo–Cu composites are greatly affected by the addition of Fe contents. It has also been observed that the fabricated composite powders with Fe additions exhibit high sinterability. Also, the inclusion of Fe can active the sintering course in shorter times and decline the sintering temperature thus also improving the physical properties of composites. Furthermore, it is also concluded that the utilization of steel kettle and steel balls for milling the Mo–Cu powders is also beneficial to improve the physical and thermal properties of Mo–Cu alloy.     

Influence of coal tar pitch coating on the properties of micro and nano SiC incorporated carbon–ceramic composites

Carbon-micro or nano silicon carbide–boron carbide (C-micro or nanoSiC–B₄C) composites were prepared by heating the mixtures of green coke and carbon black as carbon source, boron carbide and silicon at temperature of 1,400 °C. Green coke reacts with silicon to give micron sized silicon carbide while the reaction between silicon and carbon black gives nano silicon carbide in the resulting carbon–ceramic composites. The green coke was coated with a suitable coal tar pitch material and used to develop carbon-(micro or nano) silicon carbide–boron carbide composites in a separate lot. The composites were characterized for various properties including oxidation resistance. It was observed that both types of composites made from uncoated as well as pitch-coated green coke exhibited good oxidation resistance at 800–1,200 °C. The density and bending strength of composites developed with pitch-coated green coke improved significantly due to the enhanced binding of the constituents by the pitch.     

Mechanical properties and oxidation behaviors of carbon/carbon composites with C–TaC–C multi-interlayer

To improve the mechanical properties and oxidation-resistance properties, a C–TaC–C multi-interlayer structure was introduced in carbon/carbon (C/C) composites by chemical vapor infiltration. Compared with conventional C/C composites, a higher fracture toughness and strength have been achieved by using the C–TaC–C multi-interlayer. In addition, the composites also exhibit a higher preliminary oxidation temperature and a lower mass loss at high temperatures. The oxidation rate of the composites increases with temperature increasing in the range of 700–1300 °C, reaching a maximum value at 1300 °C, then decreases in 1300–1400 °C. A hexagonal structure of Ta₂O₅ phase is obtained when being oxidized at 700–800 °C, and it transforms to an orthorhombic phase at temperatures above 900 °C. The structures of C–TaC–C multi-interlayer are intact without cracks or porosities after being oxidized at 700–800 °C. In 900–1300 °C, the composites are oxidized uniformly with the formation of pores. At temperatures above 1300 °C, there are oxidation and non-oxidation regions with the oxidation process being controlled by diffusion.     

Effect of β heat treatment temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of in situ titanium matrix composites

TiB and La₂O₃ reinforced titanium matrix composites were in situ prepared by casting and hot working. An effort was made to investigate relationship between β heat treatment temperature, microstructure and mechanical properties. Tensile tests were performed at room temperature, 600, 650 and 700 °C, respectively. Results indicated that composites treated at 10 °C above β transus points obtained fine grain microstructures and superior mechanical properties. When composites were treated at 20 °C above β transus points, the larger α colonies sizes led extremely decreased strength and the effect of reinforcements’ volume fraction on matrix of composites was reduced; dominant failure modes at high temperatures also differed from the fine microstructure.     

Effect of alumina coating and extrusion deformation on microstructures and thermal properties of short carbon fibre–Al composites

Short carbon fibres were coated with alumina by sol–gel process. Uncoated and alumina-coated short carbon fibre–Al composites were fabricated by gas pressure infiltration process. The effects of alumina coating and extrusion deformation on microstructures and thermal properties of the composites were studied. The results show that alumina coating is effective to improve the quality of the short carbon fibre preform as well as act as diffusion barrier to impede interfacial harmful chemical reactions between aluminium and short carbon fibres, which would increase the thermal properties of the composites. Extrusion deformation can orient the carbon fibres to the extrusion direction to improve their degree of orientation, meanwhile decreasing their aspect ratio. Extrusion deformation has a beneficial effect on the thermal conductivity of the composites. However, its effect on coefficient of thermal expansion of the composites is small because the effects of the improvement in degree of orientation and the decrease of aspect ratio tend to cancel each other somewhat.     

Effect of nitrile-functionalization and thermal cross-linking on the dielectric and mechanical properties of PEN/CNTs–CN composites

In this study, a novel series of composite films consisting of nitrile-functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs–CN) and poly(arylene ether nitriles) (PEN) were successfully fabricated by the tape-casting method. The –CN groups in PEN chains and the phthalonitrile groups on CNTs–CN formed the thermally stable triazine rings by thermal cross-linking reaction in the presence of diamino diphenyl sulfone, which was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The result indicated that the chemical cross-linking reaction occurred accompanied by the emergence of a new absorption peak at 1,361 cm^?1. Besides, the effect of cross-linking on the morphology, thermal stability, mechanical and dielectric properties of the PEN/CNTs–CN was investigated. The SEM images showed that the phase interface between surface modified CNTs and PEN matrix was indistinct, and the surface modified CNTs presented a better dispersion behavior in PEN matrix. The mechanical properties of the processed films were improved substantially compared with the unprocessed films. Furthermore, the glass-transition temperature (T _g ) of composite films processed at 320 °C for 4 h (about 245 °C) was higher than that of composite films before thermal treatment (about 205 °C). The 5 % weight loss temperature of the composite films (processed at 320 °C for 4 h) increased by about 110 °C compared with the composite films (unprocessed). More importantly, by thermal cross-linking, the dielectric constant (ε) of composite films with 8 wt% CNTs–CN loading was increased from 31.8 to 33.9, and dielectric loss (tan δ) was decreased from 0.90 to 0.61 at 1 kHz.     

Influence of thermal treatment on the structure,humidity sensitivity,electrical and magnetic properties of barium–tungsten ferrite

The purpose of this study was to analyze the methods and effects of introducing tungsten ions in a hexagonal barium ferrite structure by partial substitute of barium with tungsten. For this investigation we prepared a tungsten substitution on the barium hexaferrite Ba_0.5W_0.5Fe₁₂O₁₉ using sol–gel self-combustion technology. The powder was treated for 30 min, without atmosphere precautions, at 850 °C, 900 °C, 950 °C, 1000 °C and 1050 °C. Scanning electron microscopy has revealed the crystallite size and shape, and the X-ray diffraction was provided information related to the phase compositions. The investigation was focused on the variation of permittivity and electrical resistivity, in relation to the treatment temperature, frequency and humidity. We have also investigated the influence of thermal treatment on to Curie temperature and frequency characteristics of the relative permeability. Because barium–tungsten ferrite shows a porous structure, the measurements are strongly influenced by humidity conditions, and in this respect we analyzed the variations with humidity of permittivity and electrical resistivity.     

Influence of the elastic stress relaxation on the microstructures and mechanical properties of metal–matrix composites

Role of the residual stresses on the mechanical properties of metal–matrix composites is studied. It is shown that the stress relaxation can be responsible for the morphologies and spatial distribution of precipitates. Direct measurements of the residual stress is also emphasized and the influence of dislocations in the accommodation process and during interface crossing is exemplified.     

Influence of material and process parameters on microstructure evolution during the fabrication of carbon–carbon composites: a review

Journal of Materials Science - Carbon–carbon composites (CCCs) are a unique form of carbon fiber-reinforced materials that exhibit excellent thermomechanical properties under extreme...     

A comparative study on the electrical,thermal and mechanical properties of ethylene–octene copolymer based composites with carbon fillers

Conducting polymer composites (CPC) were prepared with an ethylene–octene copolymer (EOC) matrix and with either carbon fibers (CFs) or multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as fillers. Their electrical and thermal conductivities, mechanical properties and thermal stabilities were evaluated and compared. CF/EOC composites showed percolation behavior at a lower filler level (5 wt.%) than the MWCNT/EOC composites (10 wt.%) did. Alternating current (AC) conductivity and real part of permittivity (dielectric constant) of these composites were found to be frequency-dependent. Dimensions and electrical conductivities of individual fillers have a great influence on the conductivities of the composites. CF/EOC composites possessed higher conductivity than the MWCNT-composites at all concentrations, due to the higher length and diameter of the CF filler. Both electrical and thermal conductivities were observed to increase with increasing filler level. Tensile moduli and thermal stabilities of both (CF/EOC and MWCNT/EOC) composites increase with rising filler content. Improvements in conductivities and mechanical properties were achieved without any significant increase in the hardness of the composites; therefore, they can be potentially used in pressure/strain sensors. Thermoelectric behavior of the composites was also studied. Accordingly, CF and MWCNT fillers are versatile and playing also other roles in their composites than just being conducting fillers.     

Effects of high-temperature annealing on the microstructure and properties of C/SiC–ZrB2 composites

C/SiC–ZrB₂ composites prepared via precursor infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) were treated at high temperatures ranging from 1200 °C to 1800 °C. The mass loss rate of the composites increased with increasing annealing temperature and the flexural properties of the composites increased initially and then decreased reversely. Out of the four samples, the flexural strength and the modulus of the specimen treated at 1400 °C are maximal at 216.9 MPa and 35.5 GPa, suggesting the optimal annealing temperature for mechanical properties is 1400 °C. The fiber microstructure evolution during high-temperature annealing would not cause the decrease of fiber strength, and moderate annealing temperature enhanced the thermal stress whereas weakened the interface bonding, thus boosting the mechanical properties. However, once the annealing temperature exceeded 1600 °C, element diffusion and carbothermal reduction between ZrO₂ impurity and carbon fibers led to fiber erosion and a strong interface, jeopardizing the mechanical properties of the composites. The mass loss rate and linear recession rate of composites treated at 1800 °C are merely 0.0141 g/s and 0.0161 mm/s, respectively.     

Influence of thermal cycling on the martensitic transformation and shape memory effect of a Fe－16Mn－

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Mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of Ti-3Al-5Mo-4.5 V alloy with varied β phase stability

Evolution of deformation mechanisms and mechanical properties of Ti-3Al-5Mo-4.5 V alloy with different β phase stability have been systematically investigated. β phase stability alteration is achieved through quenching temperature variation from dual α + β field (700 °C) to single β field (880 °C). Tensile tests at ambient temperature show that apparent yield strength of the alloy experiences an abrupt decrease followed by a significant increase from 700 °C to 880 °C. Work hardening behavior is characterized by transition from the initial two-regime feature to the three-stage outlook. Concurrently, the maximum working hardening rate drops from 14000 MPa to 3000 MPa, which is concurrent with the shrinking volume fraction of primary α phase. Detailed discussion about the relationship between deformation mechanisms and β phase stability has been outlined.     

Effect of long-term high-temperature atmospheric exposure on damage progress and mechanical properties for carbon fiber/polycyanate 90° unidirectional composites

This study focuses on the effect of long-term exposure to high-temperature atmosphere on mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminate with polycyanate resin system. Transversely oriented unidirectional laminate of carbon fiber/polycyanate (T700SC/FSD-M-08178) CFRP was employed on isothermal aging at 180 °C in air up to 4000 h. Matrix crack extension during isothermal aging was observed by soft X-ray radiography. Tensile and compressive tests were conducted on both non-aged and aged (500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 h) specimens with an acoustic emission (AE) measurement in order to evaluate mechanical properties and damage behavior due to thermo-oxidative degradation. After tensile tests, the fracture surface observation with a scanning electron microscopic (SEM) apparatus was also carried out to characterize damage extension due to thermo-oxidative degradation. The results show that thermo-oxidation induced matrix cracks preferentially in perpendicular area along the fiber direction and the matrix crack propagated along the fiber direction. Due to the crack onset, tensile strength was sharply dropped, even though compression strength was slightly changed. From the AE measurement result, the failure mode change was detected for the tension test. Comparing the soft X-ray radiography result with the SEM observation result, the fracture for tension test did not occur at the maximum crack length location for the longer thermo-oxidative aged specimen.     

Elastic and anelastic properties of C/Mg–2wt.%Si composite during thermal cycling

Ultrasonic technique is employed to detect microstructural changes induced in a carbon fiber–magnesium matrix composite (Mg–2wt.%Si alloy matrix reinforced by long unidirectional carbon fibers with volume fraction of about 30%) during thermal cycling in the range of 100–360 K through measurements of its elastic and anelastic properties. Variations of the elastic modulus of the composite during thermal cycling is largely determined by elasticity of the carbon fibers stressed by the thermally expanded/contracted matrix. Anelastic properties of the composite are caused by dislocation motion in the matrix.