综合考虑经济性与效率的换热网络多目标约束优化方法

换热网络优化中不仅要考虑能量回收的“量”,还要考虑能量回收过程中“质”的耗散问题。在换热网络最大能量回收的前提下,基于不可逆传热过程中的耗散理论,以代表能量回收品质的效率最高为目标,建立综合能量回收数量、品质并同时考虑换热网络经济性的多目标混合整数非线性规划（MOMINLP）模型。根据模型目标有主次之分的特点,基于ε约束法对模型进行分步优化并结合BARON软件进行精确求解,依次求解换热网络的最大能量回收量(MER)与最低年均总成本(TAC),再将所得结果乘以松弛系数ε_i作为缩小搜索区域的约束条件,获得能量与成本约束下效率的Pareto前沿。通过对经典10SP1案例进行计算求解,最终得到最大能量回收量下,费用松弛系数为1.05时费效比最小的优化方案,而且本文的多目标约束优化方法能够更快求得综合的最优解。最后通过T-Q图中的换热网络组合曲线对比不同优化方案的效率,将换热网络划分为内部换热部分与剩余流股部分,多目标约束优化方法能够降低内部换热不可逆损失,提高剩余流股的温度。     

(火积)理论及其在化工过程节能中的应用进展

(火积)和(火积)耗散极值原理的提出,为化工过程系统节能开辟了新的方向。阐述了(火积)的物理意义、(火积)是过程量等(火积)理论的最新研究成果,从(火积)在换热器设计、热力学过程中的不可逆性、换热网络综合等方面的应用情况综述了(火积)理论在化工过程系统节能中的最新应用进展。重点围绕(火积)耗散率与熵产率的异同点比较分析、(火积)耗散极值原理与换热网络综合结合等方面,阐述了(火积)理论的科学性。     

基于(火积)的SSOT装置换热网络能量利用效率的分析研究

(火积)的概念可以描述物体传递热量的能力,基于(火积)的能量利用效率可作为评价热量合理利用的依据。建立基于(火积)的换热网络的能量利用效率的数学模型,并提出相应的计算步骤,以最大能量回收为目标,通过对某单段单程加氢裂化(SSOT)实际生产装置进行换热网络能量利用效率的分析研究,验证(火积)传递效率的合理性。结果表明:分析SSOT装置的原始换热网络时,得出公用工程HU1、HU3、CU6、CU7的(火积)耗散率较大,分别为36.25%、35.36%、85.50%和68.97%,而基于的概念得到公用工程HU3、CU6、CU7的损率较大,分别为37.83%、17.98%和13.95%,则(火积)传递效率比效率分析换热网络的能量利用情况更加精确。选取最小传热温差ΔT_(min)=15 K后,(火积)传递效率从57.18%增加到76.45%,节约公用工程52.53%,效率从59.62%增加到83.31%,节约公用工程60.61%,进一步说明(火积)传递效率能够用来分析换热网络中的能量利用情况。     

A novel method based on entransy theory for setting energy targets of heat exchanger network

A T-Q diagram based on entransy theory is applied to graphical y and quantitatively describe the irreversibility of the heat transfer processes. The hot and cold composite curves can be obtained in the T-Q diagram. The entransy recovery and entransy dissipation that are affected by temperature differences can be obtained through the shaded area under the composite curves. The method for setting the energy target of the HENs in T-Q diagram based on entransy theory is proposed. A case study of the diesel oil hydrogenation unit is used to il ustrate the application of the method. The results show that three different heat transfer temperature differences is 10 K, 15 K and 20 K, and the entransy recovery is 5.498 × 107 kW·K, 5.377 × 107 kW·K, 5.257 × 107 kW·K, respectively. And the entransy transfer efficiency is 92.29％, 91.63％, 90.99％. Thus, the energy-saving potential of the HENs is obtained by setting the energy target based on the entransy transfer efficiency.     

基于经济目标和分解协调策略的换热网络最优设计

分析了换热网络在过程系统中的功能 ,从火用分析和火用经济学的角度提出了换热网络最优合成设计的实用火用经济目标函数 ,它包含了网络的流动火用损费 ,且可分解为各个换热单元的总费用之和 .在换热网络目标函数可分解性的基础上 ,本文又进一步提出了换热网络分解协调优化的研究策略 ,它是在各个匹配单元 (子系统 )和整个换热网络结构 (复杂系统 )之间进行优化协调 ,并获得换热网络的最优结构和各匹配单元的最优操作参数 .最后 ,通过一换热网络的最优合成 ,说明了该方法的应用前景     

基于经济目标和分解协调策略的换热网络最优设计

分析了换热网络在过程系统中的功能 ,从火用分析和火用经济学的角度提出了换热网络最优合成设计的实用火用经济目标函数 ,它包含了网络的流动火用损费 ,且可分解为各个换热单元的总费用之和 .在换热网络目标函数可分解性的基础上 ,本文又进一步提出了换热网络分解协调优化的研究策略 ,它是在各个匹配单元 (子系统 )和整个换热网络结构 (复杂系统 )之间进行优化协调 ,并获得换热网络的最优结构和各匹配单元的最优操作参数 .最后 ,通过一换热网络的最优合成 ,说明了该方法的应用前景     

有分流换热网络的弹性设计-基于温度波动情形

提出了基于温度波动的有分流换热网络的超结构模型和同步优化的弹性设计方法。首先对于起始温度在一定范围内波动的物流进行预处理。即分段处理。然后建立换热网络同步优化的数学模型,最后对分段物流进行合并,并通过能量松弛方法得取满意一定弹性要求的换热网络结构。     

换热器结垢与换热网络裕量设计方法研究进展

从结垢现象影响换热系统正常运行的角度出发,介绍了近几年换热网络裕量设计以及针对结垢问题不同学者研究出的换热网络优化设计。总结了在换热网络设计中对换热器清洗时序、清洗周期优化或者增加换热网络的裕量设计的不同换热网络设计最优方法,但这些方法都是在换热网络设计之初,考虑换热器结垢最严重的情况即换热网络在“最差”工况下进行的优化,因此优化得到的换热网络难以保证换热网络全运行周期的持续节能优化。本文结合现有换热网络设计方法的利弊,针对结垢过程的慢时变、持续特点,提出一种基于长周期持续节能的换热网络设计优化方法,在换热网络设计之初,定量分析结垢对网络结构的影响,以换热网络全周期累积总费用为目标函数,实现换热网络的最优综合。     

基于场协同原理的换热网络性能评价因子

换热网络问题严重的非凸、非线性使从数学角度发现此类问题的全局最优解变得十分困难。鉴于此,本文以场协同理论为基础,建立了一种从温差场均匀性角度描述换热网络结构性能的评价因子,以期简化换热网络综合过程,获得高效的换热网络结构。首先以单体换热器的温差均匀性因子为基础,比拟出适用于换热网络的温差均匀性因子,称之为换热网络性能评价因子。继之,选择3个不同的算例,在固定结构和固定面积两个角度下分析了评价因子的有效性。最后,计算结果表明：提出的基于权重的换热网络温差均匀性因子与网络结构的总换热量之间能够形成明显的对应关系,可以准确地描述换热网络结构性能。简而言之,温差均匀性因子的值越小,对应换热网络结构的性能越好。     

常减压换热网络的优化节能研究

应用自行开发的换热网络软件包,对吉化炼油厂常减压装置的换热网络进行了优化节能研究,通过换热网络的合成、分析、换热器优化设计及流程模拟,找出了原有换热网络存在的问题,提出了对原有换热网络优化改进的方案,并进行了优化设计。     

Margin design,online optimization,and control approach of a heat exchanger network with bypasses

During the life cycle operation of a heat exchanger network (HEN), factors such as equipment aging, gradually decrease heat transfer performance and increase energy consumption. Industrial HEN design currently fails to effectively solve these problems. To resolve this problem, we present an online optimization and control approach method for an HEN with bypasses. The approach is based on the principles of sustainable energy conservation during the life cycle. The area margin of the heat exchanger is gradually released via bypass adjustment, thereby resulting in energy conservation. First, bypasses are set on the HEN to enhance HEN control and enable optimal manipulation of the equipment. Then, the total cumulative cost increment of the HEN, including the increment of utility costs and equipment investment costs, is regarded as the objective function. The effects of the heat transfer efficiency of the heat exchanger and the effects of bypass adjustment are also taken into account. We solve the optimal design margin of the HEN, thereby providing an operational space for optimal control. Finally, using the margin optimization design of the HEN with bypasses as basis, we treat the cumulative costs of the HEN in a certain cycle as the objective function to solve the optimal opening dynamically. While, we present an optimal control structure, which is combined with existing conventional control loops. The HEN of a given crude distillation unit in a refinery is chosen as the research object. And, results illustrate the effectiveness and application prospects of the proposed method.     

超结构法分步综合热集成的质量交换网络

质量交换网络(MEN)和热交换网络(HEN)之间有较强的交互作用,传统的夹点技术很难考虑两个网络之间的相互作用。针对这一问题,采用基于分级超结构的数学规划法分步综合热集成的MEN。该方法首先分析了连接两个网络的关键参数,将其离散化处理后组合成多个备选方案,然后对每个备选方案采用分步策略。第一步,用超结构法以总年度费用(TAC)最小为目标综合MEN;第二步,从第一步的结果中抽提出HEN综合所需数据,通过求解基于HEN超结构的非线性规划(NLP)模型,得到优化的HEN总年度费用。加和两步中的TAC结果得到该方案下两个网络的总费用,通过比较所有备选方案下的总网络TAC,以总网络TAC最小的方案为最佳方案。与文献中例子比较,表明本方法具有更好的可行性和有效性。     

Synthesis of multipass heat exchanger networks based on pinch technology

The multipass heat exchanger is the most common type of heat transfer equipment used in heat exchanger networks (HENs) by the chemical process industries. There are many methods that have been proposed for the synthesis of HENs with multipass heat exchangers, which are mostly derived from the FT design method. In this paper, an alternative new method to synthesis multipass HENs is presented based on the classical pinch technology. In the multipass heat exchanger, both countercurrent and co-current flow are involved. For the co-current flow, composite curves and problem tables are modified, and compared with that of the countercurrent flow. A proper minimum temperature difference is also selected considering the energy-capital cost trade-offs, and then a multipass HEN is synthesized. Results of the case study demonstrate that the new approach meets operating requirements and minimizes the total cost successfully.     

SePTA—A new numerical tool for simultaneous targeting and design of heat exchanger networks

Pinch Analysis is an established insight-based methodology for design of energy-efficient processes. The Composite Curves (CCs) is a popular Pinch Analysis tool to target the minimum energy requirements. An alternative to the CCs is a numerical technique known as the Problem Table Algorithm (PTA). The PTA however, does not show individual hot and cold streams heat cascades and cannot be used for design of heat exchanger networks (HEN). This paper introduces the Segregated Problem Table Algorithm (SePTA) as a new numerical tool for simultaneous targeting and design of a HEN. SePTA shows profiles of heat cascade across temperature intervals for individual hot and cold streams, and can be used to simultaneously locate pinch points, calculate utility targets and perform SePTA Heat Allocation (SHA). The SHA can be represented on a new SePTA Network Diagram (SND) that graphically shows a heat exchanger network together with the amount of heat exchange on a temperature interval scale. This paper also shows that SePTA and SND can be a vital combination of numerical and graphical visualisation tools for targeting and design of complex HENs involving stream splitting, threshold problems and multiple pinches.     

Synthesis of non-isothermal heat integrated water networks in chemical processes

This paper presents a new approach for the simultaneous synthesis and optimization of heat integrated water networks. A new superstructure for heat exchanger network (HEN) synthesis is proposed. The procedure is based on mixed integer non-linear mathematical programming (MINLP). Four relevant examples are presented to illustrate various aspects of the proposed approach.     

Synthesis of flexible multi-stream heat exchanger networks based on stream pseudo-temperature with genetic/simulated annealing algorithms

The synthesis of flexible heat exchanger network (HEN) is generally regarded as an over-design of process units over a specified range of deviations in process parameters from their nominal values. The HEN obtained is more costly because of the over-design of HEN. The global solution to flexible design problems cannot be guaranteed because of the resulting non-differentiable, non-convex, max–min–max constraint of mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) models. In this paper a new simultaneous two-stage strategy for synthesizing flexible multi-stream HEN (FMSHEN), optimized by genetic/simulated annealing algorithm (GA/SA), is presented. First, based on the pseudo-temperature enthalpy (T–H) diagram method, a new nonlinear programming (NLP) formulation involving all of the vertices of the polyhedral uncertainty region in the space of process parameters is proposed, with the supposition that the feasible region defined by the reduced inequality constraints is convex. An over-design FMSHEN is obtained by optimizing the stream heat transfer temperature difference contribution. Secondly, the optimal structure of the over-design FMSHEN is retained and each heat exchanger area is modified in order to make the FMSHEN less costly. The total annual cost of MSHEN, obtained from the simulation of MSHEN according to the vertices of the polyhedral uncertain region, is regarded as an objective function, and GA/SA is adopted for optimizing the heat exchanger areas. The remarkable feature of the strategy is that the size and the complexity of the problem are reduced significantly and with more probability of locating the global solution. Finally, two examples are illustrated to demonstrate the performance of the strategy for the synthesis of flexible multi-stream heat exchanger networks.     

基于专家系统和遗传算法的换热网络的建模和优化

A new superstructure from of heat exchanger networks(HEN) is proposed based on expert system (ES). The new superstructure from is combined with the practical engineering.The different investment cost formula for different heat exchanger is also presented based on ES.The mathematical model for the simultaneous optimization of network configuration is established and solved by a genetic algorithm.This method can deal with larger scale HEN synthesis and the optimal HEN configuration is obtained automatically.Finally,a case study is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.     

基于参数k、z优化的换热网络温差贡献值设计方法

提出了一种可以降低换热网络运行费用的基于参数k、z优化的换热网络设计方法, 使得网络结构更加简化, 特别适用于流体传热系数有差异的换热网络合成问题。该优化设计方法将网络运行总费用作为目标函数, 以参数k、z的优化为基础, 通过网络约束确定参数的寻优区间, 经二维寻优得到最优参数k_opt和相似文献   

Design of flexible heat exchanger network for multi-period operation

Heat exchanger networks (HENs) increase heat recovery from industrial processes by matching hot and cold streams to exchange heat and reducing utility consumption. The design of HENs is a very complex task which generally involves mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP).This work evaluates and critically compares existing HEN design methods. It then presents a systematic methodology in the design of HENs under multiple periods of operation. The model presented in this work is a superstructure-based MINLP model which minimises the total annualised cost containing heat exchanger area cost and utility costs. The model is based on the superstructure by Yee and Grossmann [1990. Simultaneous optimisation models for heat integration—II, heat exchanger network synthesis. Computer & Chemical Engineering 14(10), 1165-1184], which was later formulated for multiple periods by Aaltola [2002. Simultaneous synthesis of flexible heat exchanger network. Applied Thermal Engineering 22, 907-918]. It includes a multi-period simultaneous MINLP model to design the HEN structure, and an NLP model to improve the solution and allow for non-isothermal mixing. Modifications to Aaltola's model include the use of maximum area per period in the area cost calculation of the MINLP objective function, and the removal of slack variables and weighed parameters from the existing NLP improvement model.The new model has been applied to one industrial case study, demonstrating that the new combined MINLP-NLP model can obtain better solutions by not relying on the average area assumption in the MINLP stage.     

Simultaneous integration of water and energy in heat‐integrated water allocation networks

This article proposes a new methodology for simultaneous integration of water and energy in heat‐integrated water allocation networks (WAHEN). A novel disjunctive model is first developed to determine an optimal water allocation network (WAN) where water and energy are integrated in one step. Based on the optimal WAN, a detailed heat exchanger network (HEN) to satisfy the utility target is then synthesized. Although the final network structure is obtained through two steps, the targets of freshwater and utility are optimized simultaneously. The proposed method has specific advantages. First of all, it can capture a tradeoff among freshwater usage, utility consumption, and direct heat transfer by nonisothermal mixing. Second, it can greatly reduce the complexity of subsequent HEN design. Finally, it is effective for simultaneous water and energy integration in large‐scale WAHEN systems. The advantages and applicability of this new method are illustrated by three examples from literature. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2202–2214, 2015