纳米结构WC/12Co涂层精密磨削的磨削力研究

本文对金刚石砂轮平面磨削纳米结构WC／12Co涂层材料时得到的磨削力进行了试验研究，研究了涂层材料的磨削力与磨削工艺参数以及砂轮特性之间的关系。通过各项试验研究得出，用金刚石砂轮磨削纳米结构WC／12Co涂层时，磨削力与当量磨削厚度基本成一元线性关系，它随磨削深度、工件速度的增加而增加：当磨粒尺寸减小时。总磨削力增加，但单颗磨粒磨削力减小。材料以非弹性变形的材料去除方式为主。通过试验采集的数据，使用当量磨削厚度作为磨削基本参数建立了法向磨削力理论模型。     

超音速等离子喷涂WC/Co纳米结构涂层性能研究

采用超音速等离子喷涂设备分别制备了含纳米结构和普通结构的WC／Co涂层。研究了2种涂层的结合强度、显微硬度和摩擦磨损性能，并用扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)对涂层喂料(纳米WC／Co粉体)、涂层表面形貌和晶粒结构进行了分析。结果表明：含纳米结构涂层的性能优于普通的WC／Co喷涂涂层，纳米晶粒细晶强化是涂层性能提高的主要原因。     

纳米结构金属陶瓷(n-WC/Co)涂层材料精密磨削的试验研究

本文对纳米结构金属陶瓷（n-WC/Co）涂层材料在金刚石砂轮精密磨削过程中的磨削力进行了较详细的试验研究。对常规结构金属陶瓷(n-WC/Co）和n-WC/Co涂层材料的磨削力作了对比磨削试验,分析了磨削工艺参数如砂轮磨削深度,工件进给速度,金刚石砂轮结合剂类型和磨粒尺寸以及被磨试件材料特性等对磨削力的影响,结合被磨试件表面的扫描电镜（SEM）的观察,分析了n-WC/Co涂层材料磨削的材料去除机理,研究结果表明：在相同磨削条件下,纳米结构陶瓷涂层的磨削力始终高于常规结构陶瓷涂层的磨削力;在其它磨削条件相同的情况下,用金属结合剂砂轮磨削工件所需的磨削力要比树脂结合剂砂轮,陶瓷结合剂砂轮所需的磨削力大些,磨粒尺寸小的砂轮磨削工件所需的总磨削力要比磨粒尺寸在的砂轮所需的磨削力大些,磨削力随砂轮磨削深度,工件进给速度的增加而增大;一般情况下,n-WC/Co涂层材料精密磨削过程的材料去除机理中,占主导方式的是塑性成形的材料去除方式。     

激光制备镍基纳米WC/Co复合涂层的耐磨性研究

对不锈钢表面激光涂覆Ni基纳米WC／Co复合涂层的耐磨性进行了研究。结果表明,与热喷涂及喷焊Ni基WC／Co涂层相比,激光涂覆Ni基纳米WC／Co复合涂层的相对耐磨性明显较高。在选定的试验条件下,激光涂覆层的相对磨损体积分别为热喷涂及喷焊层的6．91％及15．46％,其原因是激光快速涂覆工艺及纳米WC／Co综合作用的结果。     

激光熔覆Ni基微-纳米WC金属陶瓷涂层组织及干滑动磨损性能

在45钢表面进行添加微一纳米WC颗粒的镍基自熔粉末激光熔覆处理.得到不同Ni基WC合金涂层.对熔覆层进行显微组织观察、硬度测定以及室温千摩擦磨损试验.结果表明,纳米品WC的加入能改善涂层的耐磨性能,在本试验条件下,当添加的纳米级WC和微米级WC各为15%时.涂层耐磨性能最佳;但纯纳米晶WC增强涂层耐磨性不佳,其主要磨损破坏方式随涂层中WC晶粒尺寸变化而有所变化.     

激光熔覆微-纳米WC复合涂层的干摩擦磨损性能

以微米和纳米12%Co-WC颗粒为增强相,自熔合金粉末Ni60B为粘结剂,采用激光熔覆的方法在45钢表面制备出微-纳米WC增强Ni基合金复合涂层;在MM200磨损试验机上与硬质合金磨轮进行了不同载荷和距离的干磨损试验.并利用SEM、TEM、X-射线、显微硬度计等手段分析熔覆涂层在磨损前和磨损后的显微组织和硬度,研究了各涂层在此干摩擦条件下的磨损机理.结果表明,纳米晶WC的加入能改善涂层的耐磨性能,当纳米级WC和微米级WC各为15%时,涂层耐磨性能最佳,但纯纳米晶WC增强涂层耐磨性不佳,其主要磨损破坏方式随涂层中WC晶粒尺寸变化而有所变化.     

喷涂工艺参数对热喷涂纳米镍铬碳化钨涂层微动磨损性能的影响

以纳米NiCr/WC复合粉末(其中70%的WC与30%的NiCr)(文中含量均为质量分数)为原料,采用活性燃烧超音速火焰喷涂技术制备了纳米NiCr/WC复合涂层。利用SRV高温磨损试验机进行微动磨损试验,结果显示,在其它工艺参数相同的条件下,纳米涂层在喷涂距离为200 mm条件下的耐磨性能最差,在喷涂距离为160 mm条件下的耐磨性能最好;纳米涂层在送粉率为5 rpm条件下的耐磨性能最差,在送粉率为15 rpm条件下的耐磨性能最好。此外,与综合性能优良的渗碳轴承钢20CrNi2Mo相比,所有的纳米涂层的耐磨损性能都明显优于相同温度条件下的轴承钢的耐磨损性能。     

回火工艺对Ni—Co—P／WC复合沉积层组织和性能的影响

在优化的Ni－Co－P三元合金化学沉积基础上,添加一定量的WC颗粒,获得Ni－Co－P／WC复合沉积层。研究了不同的回火工艺对复合沉积层组织结构、显微硬度、冲刷腐蚀性能及耐磨性能的影响。结果表明;WC颗粒的加入可有效强化沉积层,提高其耐磨性能。     

纳米结构陶瓷涂层精密磨削的材料去除机理及磨削加工技术

随着纳米结构陶瓷涂层的开发和应用，其后续精密加工技术已受到人们的关注。纳米结构陶瓷涂层的高硬度和高耐磨性使其成为难加工材料，采用金刚石磨料磨削加工有可能成为其最主要的加工方法。本文首先讨论了纳米结构陶瓷涂层精密磨削的非弹性变形和脆性去除的材料去除机理，然后对可用来加工纳米结构陶瓷涂层的超精密金刚石砂轮磨削、ELID磨削、延性域磨削、超高速磨削、精细磨削等磨削加工技术进行了分析，分析了它们的材料去除机理和技术特点。在此基础上，本文指出了相关的有待进一步研究的课题。     

AC-HVAF喷涂纳米结构WC-12Co耐磨涂层的微观结构和性能

本文采用含纳米WC颗粒的WC-12Co粉末,通过空气助燃超音速火焰喷涂系统（AC-HVAF）制备了耐磨涂层。研究了涂层相组成、微观结构、涂层硬度、断裂韧性和耐磨损性能。X射线衍射分析结果表明WC为涂层主相,未发现其他失碳分解产物。涂层孔隙率低于1%,晶粒尺寸为80-100nm,涂层磨光表面硬度平均值1940.3 HV0.3, 横截面平均硬度高达1662.1 HV0.3。使用WC硬质球为摩擦副,载荷1.5kg,工件转速1198r/min干磨条件下,纳米结构涂层的平均失重比微米结构涂层降低40%,且纳米结构涂层摩擦系数为0.26-0.28（微米结构涂层：0.25-0.4）,因此纳米结构涂层具有更加优异的耐磨性能。     

Wear-resistance and hardness: Are they directly related for nanostructured hard materials?

The major challenge in the field of cemented carbides and other hard materials is to obtain their better combination of hardness, wear-resistance and fracture toughness. It is well known that the dependence of abrasion wear on fracture toughness for WC–Co cemented carbides is represented by a relatively narrow band and it is hardly possible to “break away” out from it by the use of conventional approaches based on varying the WC mean grain size and Co content. Also, it is well known that the wear-resistance of conventional cemented carbides depends mainly on their hardness. The major objective of this paper is to establish what will happen with the wear-resistance of hard materials as a result of their nanostructuring when the hardness is nearly the same as for conventional WC–Co cemented carbides. The results obtained provide clear evidence that, if one enters the region of nanostructured materials with the mean grain size of less than 10 nm, traditional wisdom indicating that the wear-resistance is directly related to the hardness appears not to be valid. In some cases of such nanostructured materials, it can be possible to achieve the dramatically improved wear-resistance compared to that of conventional WC–Co cemented carbides at nearly the same level of hardness and fracture toughness. The abovementioned is based on considering hard nanomaterials of the following four types: (1) WC–Co cemented carbides with nanograin reinforced binder, (2) near-nano WC–Co cemented carbides, (3) cemented carbides of the W–C–Cr–Si–Fe system for hard-facing having a nanostructured Fe-based binder, and (4) CVD hard materials consisting of nanostructured W₂C grains embedded in a tungsten metal binder.     

HVOF喷涂纳米结构WC-12Co涂层的组织结构分析

纳米结构WC-12Co涂层的研究目前已受到了广泛重视,对其组织结构及影响因素的研究有利于提高涂层性能.采用HVOF工艺制备了纳米结构、多峰结构及普通微米结构3种WC-12Co金属陶瓷复合涂层,并采用SEM、XRD等对粉末及涂层的显微形貌、组织结构进行了分析;探讨了粉末在喷涂过程中的氧化脱碳机理,并指出了与之相关的影响因素.结果表明:纳米结构WC-12Co涂层结构致密,孔隙率低,与基体结合状态良好;纳米粉末在喷涂过程中比微米粉末氧化失碳严重,并发生了不同的纳米晶粒的长大;纳米粉末在喷涂过程中的氧化脱碳程度不仅与喷涂工艺有关,还在很大程度上取决于粉末本身的结构特性.     

Grinding of nanostructured ceramic coatings: surface observations and material removal mechanisms

Surface grinding of thermally sprayed nanostructured WC/12Co and Al₂O₃/13TiO₂ (n-WC/12Co and n-Al₂O₃/13TiO₂) coatings has been undertaken with diamond wheels and under various grinding conditions. This paper investigates the effects of the grinding parameters such as depth of cut, feedrate, wheel grit size and bond materials on grinding forces, surface finish and surface topography. Different from their consolidated counterparts, the coatings have large quantities of defects inherited from thermal spray process, which greatly influence the grinding process and ground coatings. The competing phenomenon between the effects on surface finish from both the thermal spray process and the grinding process is studied. Different surface topographies are observed and their relationship with grinding conditions and material properties is investigated. Furthermore, the material removal mechanisms in grinding are explored. The effects of grinding parameters, material properties and the defects from thermal spray process on material removal mechanisms are discussed.     

Multimodal coatings: A new concept in thermal spraying

Recently, considerable emphasis has been placed on HVOF thermal spraying of nanostructured WC/Co with the intention of achieving high hardness combined with excellent wear resistance. However, depositing dense coatings and simultaneously preventing decarburization has remained a challenge. We have approached the problem by developing a novel feedstock material that consists of a mixture of coarse and fine particles of WC/Co. Particles of different sizes have a different response in the combustion flame. The resultant coating is dense and has no decarburized phases. The abrasion wear resistance is at least 50% better than that of a pure coarse-grained WC/Co coating.     

Effect of flame conditions on abrasive wear performance of HVOF sprayed nanostructured WC-12Co coatings

Nanostructured WC-12Co coatings were deposited by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying with an agglomerated powder. The effect of flame conditions on the microstructure of the nanostructured coatings was investigated. The wear properties of the coatings were characterized using a dry rubber-wheel wear test. The results show that the nanostructured WC-Co coatings consist of WC, W2C, W and an amorphous binder phase. The microstructure of the coating is significantly influenced by the ratio of oxygen flow to fuel flow. Under the lower ratio of oxygen/fuel flow, the nanostructured coating presents a relative dense microstructure and severe decarburization of WC phase occurs during spraying. With increasing ratio of oxygen/fuel flow, the bonding of WC particles in the coating becomes loose resulting from the original structure of feedstock and the decarburization of WC becomes less owing to limited heating to the powder. Both the decarburization of WC particles in spraying and the bonding among WC particles in the coatings affect the wear performance. The examination of the worn surfaces of the nanostructured coatings reveals that the dominant wear mechanisms would be spalling from the interface of WCCo splats when spray particles undergo a limited melting. While the melting state of the spray particles is improved,the dominant wear mechanisms become the plastic deformation and plowing of the matrix and spalling of WC particles from the matrix.     

陶瓷/金属复合耐磨涂层的微观结构与磨损性能分析

采用大气等离子喷涂技术在铸铁基体表面制备WC／NiCrAl和WC／NiCrBSi涂层试样，并从微观结构、显微硬度和磨损性能等方面测试涂层性能。结果显示，在磨损性能方面，以NiCrBSi为粘结金属的涂层优于以NiCrAl为粘结金属的涂层；WC含量高的涂层优于WC含量低的涂层。并探讨了涂层的磨损机理和磨损性能的变化规律，从而为耐磨涂层的设计提供指导。     

Structure and cavitation erosion behavior of HVOF sprayed multi-dimensional WC–10Co4Cr coating

A new kind of multi-dimensional WC–10Co4Cr coating which is composed of nano, submicron, micron WC grains and CoCr alloy, was developed by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying. Porosity, microhardness, fracture toughness and cavitation erosion resistance of the multi-dimensional coating were investigated in comparison with the bimodal and nanostructured WC–10Co4Cr coatings. Moreover, the cavitation erosion behavior and mechanism of the multi-dimensional coating were explored. Results show that HVOF sprayed multi-dimensional WC–10Co4Cr coating possesses low porosity (≤0.32%) and high fracture toughness without obvious nano WC decarburization during spraying. Furthermore, it is discovered that the multi-dimensional WC–10Co4Cr coating exhibits the best cavitation erosion resistance which is enhanced by approximately 28% and 34%, respectively, compared with the nanostructured and bimodal coatings in fresh water. The superior cavitation resistance of multi-dimensional WC–10Co4Cr coating may originate from the unique micro–nano structure and excellent properties, which can effectively obstruct the formation and propagation of cavitation erosion cracks.