功能梯度材料：回顾与展望

本文阐述了功能梯度材料的种类、主要制备方法以及国内外研究进展和应用，对该领域的几个重要点问题进行了讨论。此外，提出了一种新的梯度材料制备方法－等离子喷焊法，分析了该法的特点。     

TiC-Ni梯度功能材料的SHS研究

利用自蔓高温燃烧合成反应结合准热等静压技术（ＳＨＳ／ＰＨＩＰ）制备了致密性良好的ＴｉＣ－Ｎｉ系梯度功能的材料,产物的成份分析显示Ｎｉ元素沿厚度方向相对连续而平滑地过渡,明显不同于反应前的阶跃式分布,随着Ｎｉ含量的增加,燃烧温度的降低,梯度层中ＴｉＣ颗粒尺寸逐渐减少,各梯度层的硬度,相对密度也随Ｎｉ含量的添加而变化。     

梯度功能材料

梯度功能材料是一种新型的复合材料,其特点是界面的成分和组织连续变化,使材料的热应力大为缓和。本文叙述了梯度功能材料的进展以及在航天、核能源、生物医学工程、电子工程等领域的应用和制备方法。     

功能梯度材料:回顾与展望

本文阐述了功能梯度材料的种类、主要制备方法以及国内外研究进展和应用，对该领域的几个重要热点问题进行了讨论。此外，提出了一种新的梯度材料制备方法——等离子喷焊法，分析了该法的特点。     

梯度功能材料板热弹性分析模型

建立了梯度功能材料板的热弹性分析模型。考虑到梯度功能材料的材料性能沿板厚变化,参照复合料层合板将其沿板厚分为若干层,当层数足够多时,各层材料性能可视为常值。通过引入温度沿板厚折线假设和在位移场中考虑截面翘曲,显著改善了这类问题解的精度。算例显示了文中模型的精度和已有分析方法的不足,讨论了分层数的选取。     

功能梯度梁在热冲击下的动态响应

基于Timoshenko梁理论研究了功能梯度材料(FGM)梁在一维热冲击载荷作用下的瞬态动力响应.采用Laplace变换将功能梯度材料中的一维热传导方程转化为拉氏域中的常微分方程进行求解,再进行反变换得到温度场.然后采用微分求积法(DQM)对位移形式的动力学方程及初边值条件进行DQ离散,数值求解离散后的动力学方程,得到了梁在热冲击下的动态位移和应力响应.分析了材料组份指数和几何参数对梁的动力响应的影响,并考察了DQM法对此类问题的有效性.     

梯度功能材料热弹性应力的研究进展

介绍了近年来国外有关梯度功能材料热弹性应力问题的最新研究进展，评述了所采用的研究方法的特点。     

Ni—ZrP2精细功能梯度材料的设计,制备和分析

基于我们以前发表的精细复合Ｎｉ－ＺｒＯ２的热渗流现象，采用薄层迭层法，设计和制备了２８种不同成分分布曲线的Ｎｉ－ＺｒＯ２ＦＦＧＭ；并用电子探针和扫描电子声显微镜分析了其成分布、应力分布和组织结构；最后得到一种成分分布为Ｙ「１．４０」（Ｘ）的Ｎｉ－ＺｒＯ２ＦＦＧＭ，它具有较显著的应力缓和效果，较高的结构完整性和致密度，本文为Ｎｉ－ＺｒＦＦＧＭ的优化设计制备和研究其成分发布及应力分布提供了一种崭新而有     

功能梯度材料的发展及展望

系统地论述了功能梯度材料的概念、设计方法、制备工艺、性能评价及其应用领域。着重于相关的热应力缓解、热弹（塑）性力学、三相微观力学模型等理论的阐述和分析，并对功能梯度材料的发展及应用前景作了展望。     

梯度功能压电复合材料球壳的热弹性近似解

针对梯度功能压电复合材料球壳热弹性响应提出了简单而精确的近似解。借鉴纤维复合材料层合结构的研究方法，将梯度功能压电复合材料球壳沿径向分为若干层，各层视为均匀材料，从而导出力-电-温度多场耦合近似解。只要层数足够大，解将收敛于精确解。该方法的另一个优点在于解的方法对材料性能的变化方式（函数）没有要求，具有普适性。这对其它非均匀材料结构的分析具有推广、应用价值。     

Transient thermal stress analysis of an edge crack in a functionally graded material

An edge crack in a strip of a functionally graded material (FGM) is studied under transient thermal loading conditions. The FGM is assumed having constant Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio, but the thermal properties of the material vary along the thickness direction of the strip. Thus the material is elastically homogeneous but thermally nonhomogeneous. This kind of FGMs include some ceramic/ceramic FGMs such as TiC/SiC, MoSi₂/Al₂O₃ and MoSi₂/SiC, and also some ceramic/metal FGMs such as zirconia/nickel and zirconia/steel. A multi-layered material model is used to solve the temperature field. By using the Laplace transform and an asymptotic analysis, an analytical first order temperature solution for short times is obtained. Thermal stress intensity factors (TSIFs) are calculated for a TiC/SiC FGM with various volume fraction profiles of the constituent materials. It is found that the TSIF could be reduced if the thermally shocked cracked edge of the FGM strip is pure TiC, whereas the TSIF is increased if the thermally shocked edge is pure SiC.     

圆板状SiC/C功能梯度材料残余热应力特征有限元分析

功能梯度材料残余热应力的大小及分布对其性能有效发挥及长期稳定使用有着较大的负面影响,为了尽可能充分发挥材料性能,增加材料的使用寿命,需尽可能减小残余应力以及使其合理分布.本文采用ANSYS有限元分析软件对不同叠层工艺参数的等离子体第一壁候选材料--SiC/C功能梯度材料(FGM)的残余热应力进行了数值模拟,获得了使热应力有效缓和的较适宜的工艺参数,对实际研发制备目标材料也可提供一些理论参照.相关结果表明,适量增加梯度叠层数及中间梯度层厚度可逐步有效缓和残余热应力,同时,针对本文今后应用的仍以炭材料为主体的炭基陶瓷保护层复合SiC/C FGM而言,纯SiC层厚度应取较小值,而叠层成分分布指数应取0.8～1.0为宜.     

Dynamic characteristics of functionally graded material sandwich plates in thermal environments

The dynamic instability of functionally graded material (FGM) sandwich plates under an arbitrary periodic load in a thermal environment is studied. The sandwich plate is made up of two layers of FGM face sheets and one layer of homogeneous metal core. The properties of a FGM layer vary continuously across the thickness according to a simple power law. A set of differential equations of Mathieu type is formed to determine the dynamic instability regions based on Bolotin's method. The dynamic stability of the FGM sandwich plates is sensitive to the temperature rise, volume fraction index, thickness ratio, and static and dynamic load factor.     

ZrO2陶瓷-金属梯度热障涂层的显微结构特征

利用等离子喷涂技术制备了ZrO2陶瓷和NiCrAl金属的梯度热障涂层，利用扫描电镜（SEM）、能谱仪（EDS）和电子探针（EPMA）研究了涂层的显微结构和化学成分分布特征。实验发现：梯度过渡层的显微结构明显不同，以金属为主要组分的过渡层主要为层状结构，以陶瓷为主要组分的过渡层层状特征不明显；过渡层化学元素分布不均匀，其中Zr和Mg分布特征相同，Zr与Ni分布位置互补，Cr、Al主要以氧化物形式位于晶粒边界处。     

Features of fatigue crack growth due to repeated thermal shock

Abstract Thermal shock loading, such as that which occurs when a hot material is sprayed with cold water, produces a very high stress level near the exposed surface that eventually may lead to the development of cracks. Further growth of the cracks under repeated thermal shock is a very complex phenomenon due to the transient nature of the highly non-linear thermal stresses and the strong influence of the environment. There are cases in industry where cracks created by thermal shocks have arrested and stopped, and others where the cracks have progressed. Understanding this difference in behaviour is very important to the operators of pressure plant. This paper describes an experimental examination of crack growth in pressure vessel steel specimens exposed to repeated thermal shock. A test-rig that achieves large-scale thermal shocks through the repeated water quenching of heated flat plate specimens is used. The effect of steady-state loads on the growth is also analysed. Environmental effects due to the aqueous nature of the testing environment are found to be a major contributor to the crack growth kinetics.     

纳米ZrO2热障涂层热震性能研究

为了研究纳米热障涂层的热震性能,采用等离子喷涂工艺制备了纳米Y2O3-ZrO2(YSZ)热障涂层,并测试了涂层的热震性能.借助扫描电镜和X射线衍射等手段分析了涂层的物相构成和组织结构.结果表明,涂层中保留未完全熔融的小尺寸颗粒,且存在大量的孔径＜1 μm的微孔,该结构对提高涂层的热震性能极为有利.纳米涂层抗热震性能显著优于常规热障涂层,从室温至1 000℃,经800次热循环,涂层无明显的脱落现象.     

基于耦合扩展多尺度有限元方法的功能梯度材料热应力分析

以高效模拟功能梯度材料(FGM)微观非均质性对整体热力学性能的影响为研究目的,通过随机形态描述函数(RMDF)法和体积分数的指数分布建立FGM二维微结构,在此基础上,发展了FGM热应力分析的耦合扩展多尺度有限元方法(CEMsFEM)。该方法基于扩展多尺度有限元方法(EMsFEM)的基本思想,对温度场和位移场构造数值基函数,以把微观非均质材料性质带到宏观响应中。同时为了考虑泊松效应导致的不同方向间的耦合作用,在位移场数值基函数中增加了耦合附加项。通过数值基函数建立宏微观单元信息的映射关系,在宏观尺度求解有效方程,节约计算量。为了更好地考虑微观载荷的影响,把结构的真实响应分解为宏观响应和微观扰动,进一步推导出修正的宏观载荷向量。通过不同体积分数分布的FGM在不同载荷工况下的热应力分析算例验证了本文中方法的正确性和有效性,最后讨论了微结构的尺寸效应对结构热力学响应的影响。     

A probabilistic approach for thermal shock fatigue life of glass

This paper presents a probabilistic approach for predicting fatigue life of glass subjected to near‐ΔT_C (critical temperature difference) thermal shock which exhibits little subcritical crack extension. First, thermal shock fatigue life N_f was derived as a function of temperature difference ΔT, fracture probability F and Biot's modulus β from the slow crack growth concept in conjunction with the Weibull distribution model. Next, thermal shock fatigue tests as well as flexural tests were performed for borosilicate glass to measure ΔT_C and N_f versus ΔT. The parameters associated with slow crack growth were then determined from the experimental results while the heat transfer coefficient h or β was obtained with the aid of finite element analysis. Thirdly, the thermal shock fatigue diagram (ΔT?N_f curves) was depicted for various values of β. Finally, crack length was simulated on the basis of the present approach.     

Thermal effect on free vibration of ring-stiffened rotating functionally graded conical shell with clamped ends

An approximate solution is presented to investigate the effects of thermal load on the frequency of ring-stiffened rotating functionally graded conical shell. Material properties and the temperature field are assumed to be graded and varied in the thickness direction. The shell is reinforced by equal interval rings. The equations of motion are derived by the Hamilton's principle. Approximate analytical solutions are assumed to satisfy clamped boundary conditions, and then Fourier decomposition and Galerkin method are applied to achieve relations of frequencies. To validate, the comparisons are made with a number of particular cases in literature and with the FEM solutions.     

Thermal shock and thermal fatigue study of ceramic materials on a newly developed ascending thermal shock test equipment

A test equipment was designed to study thermal shock and thermal fatigue of ceramic materials subjected to fast heating (ascending). The equipment was designed to generate thermal stress in a test specimen by heating one surface of it by an oxy-hydrogen flame while cooling the opposite surface. The sample cracked when thermal stress exceeded its mechanical strength. The in situ crack formation was detected by an acoustic emission system coupled to the set up. The hot zone temperature was measured by an infra red pyrometer. The equipment was also designed to run thermal fatigue test cycles in automatic mode between two selected temperatures. The temperature and thermal stress distribution in the test specimen were modelled using finite element software. The effect of temperature distribution of the top and bottom surfaces on thermal stresses was studied. It was observed that the thermal stress is very sensitive to the temperature distribution on the top surface and maximum near the periphery of the top surface. This was in agreement with the experimental results in which the cracks were originated from the periphery of top surface. It was also observed that the failure temperature was higher for thicker samples.