高适应性面包酵母菌株的杂交选育

为了改善耐高糖酵母在不同含糖量面团中的发酵力,首先制备了2 4 0株耐高糖酵母单倍体,通过高麦芽糖发酵筛选培养基筛选出了2 8株麦芽糖发酵性能良好的单倍体菌株,通过测定这些单倍体在无糖面团中的发酵力,发现9株单倍体菌株的发酵力优于或等于其亲本,其中4株为a型,5株为α型。通过它们之间的杂交得到2 0 0株杂交株,在无糖、中糖、高糖面团中测定这些杂交株的发酵力,获得4株在不同含糖量(0～30 % )面团中都具有高发酵力的高适应性面包酵母杂交株。研究表明,来自同一亲本单倍体之间的杂交有可能改善面包酵母的某些特征。     

面包酵母发酵力测定方法的探讨

研究面包酵母面团发酵力的测定方法,讨论在不加糖面团和高糖面团中培养时间与酵母加量的关系,确定了最佳的测定条件,同时对市售8株商品面包酵母进行比较.     

面包酵母发酵力测定方法的探讨

探讨了面包酵母发酵力的测定方法。试验结果表明 ,采用发酵 0 .5h内面团的产气量 (mL)作为面包酵母发酵力的指标 ,能较好地反映面包酵母产品的质量 ;面团浮水法设备简单、重复性好 ,且与排水法之间有良好的相关关系 ,亦可作为面包酵母发酵力检测的方法。     

几种面包活性干酵母发酵不加糖面团性能的比较

对市场上的5种面包活性干酵母(ADY)进行了发酵性能测定。结果表明,不同面包酵母对低糖面团与不加糖面团发酵力存在差异,其中ADY1基本无差别,ADY2的差别较小(3.2%),而ADY4(11.9%)、ADY5(9.4%)的差别较大。通过对5种酵母麦芽糖发酵速度和葡萄糖阻遏程度的分析表明,干酵母ADY1、ADY2发酵麦芽糖速度较快,葡萄糖阻遏程度较小;而ADY4、ADY5发酵麦芽糖速度较慢,葡萄糖阻遏程度较高。可见,麦芽糖发酵速度快、葡萄糖阻遏程度小的酵母品种比较适合于不加糖面团的发酵。     

快速发酵面包酵母单倍体的筛选及发酵性能研究

以面包酵母BY-14为出发菌株制备单倍体,通过单倍体的分离和配型的鉴定(α/a),获得5株a型,7株α型。比较12株单倍体菌株的发酵性能,筛选出发酵性能及生物量与亲本基本相当、麦芽糖发酵力高及葡萄糖阻遏作用弱的17α和70a单倍体菌株。以亲本BY-14为对照,对这2株单倍体进行不加糖面团发酵力及耗糖曲线的测定,实验结果显示,2株单倍体在葡萄糖基本消耗殆尽后,迟滞期均较短,可以较快地转入麦芽糖的代谢,为后续分子育种提高麦芽糖的利用速度奠定良好基础。     

面包酵母发酵力测定方法的研究

探讨了面包酵母发酵力的测定方法。结果表明,标准排水法测得的产气量已不能正确反映现代商用面包酵母的发酵力,面团发酵0～2h的产气量与面包酵母发酵力呈正比,可作为衡量面包酵母发酵力的指标。活性干酵母用量在一定范围内,与发酵0.5～1.5h所失去CO的重量呈正2相关,相关系数R=0.9976以发酵0.5～1.5h的CO的2,所2失重量也可作为衡量面包酵母发酵力的指标。失重法无需专用设备,具有重复性好、操作简便易行、可以同时测定大量样品的优点,可作为实验室检测面包酵母发酵力的简易方法。     

面包酵母高糖发酵力与蔗糖酶活力关系的研究

本文研究了面包酵母高糖耐性与蔗糖酶活性的关系。通过对八株酵母菌株的蔗糖酶活性和高糖面团发酵力比较分析,其中ADY2蔗糖酶酶活最大,BY-6最小,分别为128.70 U/g干酵母和30.55 U/g干酵母,而在高糖面团中发酵力却是BY-6最大,ADY2最小,CO2的产生量分别为850 ccm和225 ccm,证实了较低蔗糖酶活性的面包酵母菌株具有在高糖面团中发酵力较高的特性。通过测定蔗糖酶酶活相差较大的株菌BY-6和ADY2在蔗糖模拟面团中的蔗糖消耗和葡萄糖积累曲线,结果表明ADY2不仅蔗糖消耗速度比BY-6快,且其积累葡萄糖的速度比BY-6快,同时所积累的最高葡萄糖量也比BY-6高,分别为5.89?10-2和4.50?10-2 g/mL。此外,即便是蔗糖酶酶活低且高糖面团发酵力大菌株BY-6在蔗糖模拟面团培养基中仍有较多葡萄糖积累,因此选育蔗糖酶水解生成葡萄糖速度与其利用葡萄糖速度一致或相差不大的菌株是我们选育耐高糖面包酵母菌株的一个控制靶点。     

面包酵母发酵力与面粉淀粉酶活力关系的研究

为了研究面包酵母不加糖面团发酵力与面粉中淀粉酶活力的关系,用5种不同品牌的标准粉和4个同一品牌不同生产日期的标准粉测定了一种活性干酵母的发酵力,并测定了这些面粉的淀粉酶活力。结果表明测定的发酵力最高的可以达到625 mL,最低的只有325 mL。而面粉最高的淀粉酶活力为18.5 U,最低的为2.7 U,并与发酵力的结果一致,表明面粉中的淀粉酶活力与测定的面包酵母不加糖面团发酵力结果呈正相关。     

敲除REG1同时过表达SNF1基因对工业面包酵母不加糖面团发酵的影响

研究了蛋白磷酸酶PP1调节亚基编码基因REG1缺失同时蛋白激酶基因SNF1过表达对工业面包酵母麦芽糖代谢和不加糖面团发酵的影响。比较分析REG1缺失同时SNF1过表达转化子BYKPS-R和亲本菌株BY14α、REG1缺失突变株BYK-R的MAL基因m RNA水平、麦芽糖酶和麦芽糖通透酶活力、麦芽糖代谢水平、不加糖面团发酵力,以及基本生长性能,结果表明,敲除REG1同时过表达SNF1能够显著提高麦芽糖代谢相关基因转录和酶活力,有效减弱葡萄糖阻遏,从而使面包酵母的麦芽糖消耗速率(葡萄糖被完全消耗完之前)较BY14α和BYK-R分别提高了18.59%和4.40%,不加糖面团发酵力分别提高了12.51%和3.22%。在REG1基因缺失的基础上,过表达SNF1可以进一步提高面包酵母的麦芽糖代谢和不加糖面团发酵水平,同时不影响面包酵母菌株生长性能,因此转化子BYKPS-R具备潜在的工业应用价值,同时该研究为快速发酵面包酵母菌株的选育奠定基础。     

酵母发酵力的简易测定方法及应用

介绍一种高、低糖酵母的简易测量方法,用此法测定几种市售酵母的发酵力,并与面团醒发速度作比较.结果表明:酵母发酵力越大,面团发酵速度越快,反之则面团发酵速度慢.     

快速发酵面包酵母菌株的选育

对出发菌株进行紫外-氯化锂复合诱变，通过初筛、复筛选育出高麦芽糖发酵力、低葡萄糖阻遏的面包酵母菌株BM-72，该菌株在不加糖、低糖面团中均表现出较好的发酵力，分别高于出发菌株19．4％和7．3％。     

不同酵母对冷冻面团发酵特性及馒头品质的影响

对市场上4种活性干酵母进行了无糖和低糖面团发酵活力及冷藏1周后发酵力的变化进行测定。结果表明:不同酵母在无糖面团和低糖面团中的发酵力存在差异,酵母Y2基本无差别,Y1、Y3和Y5发酵力都有不同程度的提高。冷藏7d后相对发酵力的测定表明:Y1、Y3和Y4在无糖面团中相对发酵力较高;Y2和Y3在低糖面团中的相对发酵力较高。通过无糖冷冻面团馒头感官评价及质构特性的测定,用酵母Y3来发酵的冷冻面团馒头品质较好。     

耐高糖面包酵母的研究

实验表明 ,蔗糖酶活力低的菌株 ,在高糖面团中发酵力较好 ;而麦芽糖适应性好的菌株 ,在无糖面团中起发速度较快。从 12株原始菌株中选出蔗糖酶活力最低 ,且麦芽糖适应性较好的BY 6菌进行DES诱变 ,以葡萄糖氧化酶 辣根过氧化物酶 邻联茴香胺偶联反应平板作为初筛平板 ,经蔗糖酶活力复筛得到 4株酶活力降低了的突变株。其中M 2 6菌蔗糖酶活力降低幅度最大 ,比BY 6菌降低了 2 7 0 4 % ,且麦芽糖适应性有所提高。经测定 ,4株突变株的发酵性能良好     

EFFECT OF YEAST ADAPTATION TO MALTOSE UTILIZATION ON SUGAR UPTAKE DURING THE FERMENTATION OF BREWER'S WORT

Yeast adaptation to maltose utilization diminishes the repressing effect of glucose on maltose uptake. Furthermore, it affects both the rates and profiles of maltose, glucose and maltotriose uptake during high cell density brewer's wort fermentation. Yeast cells pre-grown in maltose, as sole carbon source, and harvested while the sugar is still present in the growth medium, are better adapted to utilize maltose. The adapted cells are less sensitive to glucose inhibition, and the uptake of glucose is inhibited in the early stages of fermentation. Cells grown for longer periods and harvested following maltose depletion, lose their ability to preferentially utilize maltose. In addition, they become more sensitive to glucose repression, and are able to utilize glucose faster than the cells harvested when maltose is still present in the medium. During the process of adaptation, maltose controls the induction of its own transport systems and appears to affect the biosynthesis of the glucose transport systems.     

α-GLUCOSIDASE, α-GLUCOSIDE PERMEASE,MALTOSE FERMENTATION AND LEAVENING ABILITY OF BAKER'S YEAST

α-Glucosidase and α-glucoside permease are synthesized simultaneously in two different strains of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) when the cells are induced with maltose. α-Thioethyl D-glucopyranoside (α-TEG) inhibits the transport of maltose into the cells, and the transport of maltose and α-TEG appeared to be mediated by the same permease system. There is an obvious correlation between α-glucosidase, α-glucoside permease and maltose fermentation activities in the yeasts while no correlation between these and the leavening ability of the yeasts can be demonstrated. Apparently the glucose concentration in dough is high enough to inhibit the permease-mediated transport of maltose into the cells thus impairing leavening ability from the maltose fermenting system.     

CONTROL OF AMMONIUM UPTAKE FROM MALT EXTRACT MEDIUM BY SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

When glucose was used as the energy source in the assay, the perceived ammonium permease activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 1108 remained relatively unchanged in yeast samples taken throughout the main period of fermentation of a malt extract medium. This was in contrast to the earlier work on the fermentation of a defined glucose/salts medium where the specific ammonium permease activity rose rapidly as fermentation proceeded. The present data suggest that the level of ammonium permease activity of cells fermenting a malt extract medium was low due to nitrogen catabolite repression and that inhibition of the carrier system was important in determining the actual rate of uptake from the medium. When ammonium permease in cells from a malt extract medium was assayed using maltose, essentially similar results were obtained. However, the actual values were lower and the results suggested that at some points during the fermentation the ability of the cells to take up maltose during the assay was an important factor in determination of the perceived ammonium permease activity.     

Co-metabolism of citrate and maltose byLactobacillus brevis subsp.lindneri CB1 citrate-negative strain: effect on growth, end-products and sourdough fermentation

Growth, substrates and end-product formation of the maltose and citrate co-metabolization byLactobacillus brevis subsp.lindneri CB1 citrate-negative strain were initially studied in synthetic medium. Compared to maltose (19 g/l) fermentation, the co-metabolization of maltose (10 g/l) plus citrate (9 g/l) caused faster cell growth, increased the concentrations of lactic acid and especially of acetic acid (from 0.7 g/l to 2.9 g/l), produced succinic acid (0.5 g/l) and reduced ethanol synthesis. Highest activities of acetate kinase, the same of lactate dehydrogenase and a reduced alcohol dehydrogenase activity were detected in cytoplasmic extracts of cells growing on maltose plus citrate. The breakdown of citrate depended upon the continuous presence of maltose in the growth medium. Upon depletion of citrate, the cells continued through the normal maltose fermentation, having a diauxic metabolic curve as shown by impedance measurements. Concentrations of citrate from 3 g/l to 15 g/l led to increases of acetic acid from 1.25 g/l to 5.55 g/l. Since maltose was naturally present during sourdough fermentation, the addition of 9 g citrate per kg wheat dough enabled the co-metabolization of maltose and citrate byL. brevis subsp.lindneri CB1. Compared with traditional sourdough fermentation, faster cell growth, a higher acetic acid concentration and a reduced quotient of fermentation were obtained by co-metabolism.