天然代脂品 市场新宠儿

<正> 我国的肥胖症人群比率正在迅速增长,据悉,这种文明病已为我国带来7,000多万名病患者,而在城市地区的肥胖症比例更超过17%。相比于20世纪80年代,中小学生超重案例只有10%,10年后,该比例已上升至20%。现在人们对营养和健康认识日益加深,增强了消费者对低脂低热食品的需求。健康专家已经证实过量的摄入脂肪,尤其是饱和脂肪的摄入,是导致文明病的主要元凶。 美国心脏协会推荐,如每日从脂肪摄取的热量减少至总热量摄入量的30%,同时增加复合碳水化合物的摄入量,能有效降低罹患心脏病的可能性。 目前,代脂品已成为食品加工业常用的食品脂肪取代方案,而且不断推陈出     

Detection of foreign fat in milk fat II. Quantitative evaluation of foreign fat mixtures

Summary Based on gas chromatographic analysis of triacylglycerol composition of 755 different milk fat samples, formulae were derived from statistical evaluations. They allow quantitative detection of greatly differing foreign fat additions to milk fat by insertig defined triacylglycerol contents of a fat to be analyzed. Further, any combination of different foreign fats, consisting. e.g., of a mixture of medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols can be detected by using this method. For the widely varying foreign fat mixtures, limits of detection between 2–5% were established. For 23 different additions (3–15%) of individual vegetable foreign fats or animal depot fats, as well as for 33 foreign fat mixtures (4–7% addition) added to unknown milk fats from varying feeding periods, absolute mean deviations of 0.7–0.8% were found.

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Fremdfettnachweis in Milchfett II. Quantitative Bestimmung von Fremdfettgemischen

Zusammenfassung Basierend auf der gaschromatographisch bestimmten Triglyceridzusammensetzung von 755 verschiedenen Milchfettproben sind mit statistischen Auswertungen Triglyceridformeln abgeleitet worden, die durch das Einsetzen bestimmter Triglyceridanteile eines zu prüfenden Fettes den quantitativen Nachweis verschiedenster Fremdfettzusätze zum Milchfett zulassen. Darüber hinaus können mit der Methode auch beliebige Kombinationen verschiedener Fremdfette, die z. B. aus einer Mischung von mittel- und langkettigen Triglyceriden bestehen, nachgewiesen werden. Für die verschiedensten Fremdfettgemische ergaben sich Nachweisgrenzen von 2–5%. Bei 23 unterschiedlichen Zusätzen (3–15%) einzelner pflanzlicher Fremdfette oder von tierischen Depotfetten sowie von 33 Fremdfettgemischen (4–7% Zusatz) zu unbekannten Milchfetten aus verschiedensten Fütterungsperioden wurden absolute mittlere Abweichungen von 0,7–0,8% festgestellt.

     

脂肪替代品在低脂肉制品中的研究进展

由于低脂肉制品可有效降低脂肪的摄入,且能预防高脂膳食所引起的各种慢性疾病,相关研究领域逐渐成为近年来的研究热点.本文基于国内外低脂肉制品的发展现状,从脂肪替代物、脂肪模拟物和复合型脂肪替代物三个方面综述了各自对低脂肉制品组成成分、组织结构、抗氧化性及感官评价等指标影响的最新研究进展,并就肉制品中脂肪替代物的发展方向进行了展望.     

脂肪测定仪测定香肠中脂肪含量的研究

采用脂肪测定仪测定香肠中脂肪的含量,结果表明,所测样品中脂肪的含量为8.2%,该方法简单、准确度高,适用于香肠中脂肪含量的测定。     

自动脂肪测定仪在大豆脂肪测定中的应用

取不同品种的大豆样品,经粉碎后分别用自动脂肪测定仪(FAFA)及索氏脂肪抽提器对照测定其脂肪含量。结果表明,大豆样品经Perten3100实验磨粉碎,用FAFA进行脂肪含量测定,浸泡时间30min,抽提时间60min,取得了与国标方法相同的结果,而且缩短了工作时间,提高了工作效率。     

碳水化合物型模拟脂肪

简要介绍了脂肪替代品的发展及模拟脂肪，并概述了各种来源的碳水化合物型模拟脂肪的组成、特点及应用范围等，总结了碳水化合物型模拟脂肪的营养功能。     

Interactions of milk fat and milk fat fractions with confectionery fats

The objectives of this study were to provide a better understanding of the effects of triacylglycerol (TAG) and non-TAG components (minor lipids) of milk fat on phase and crystallization behavior of binary mixtures of palm kernel oil (PKO) and the physical properties of corresponding compound coatings. Binary mixtures of a fractionated PKO with the different milk fats were examined for melting profiles, crystallization kinetics, and crystalline microstructures, and polymorphic changes during storage. Compound coatings were made with equivalent binary fat mixtures and measured for hardness and bloom formation. Milk fat and milk fat fractions affected crystallization rates of fractionated PKO, depending on the melting point of the fat. High-melting components resulted in more rapid crystallization, whereas the original milk fat and low-melting components inhibited crystallization. The crystal structure (e.g., number, size, shape) of the PKO crystals was influenced significantly by the addition of milk fat fractions and was influenced by the presence or absence of the minor lipids in milk fat. Milk fat and milk fat fractions had a softening effect on fractionated PKO, which was apparent in the binary mixtures as well as the compound coatings. In general, as the solid fat content (at 25 degrees C) of the binary mixtures increased, the hardness of the respective coatings increased. This also was related to an increased rate of bloom formation during storage.     

淀粉为基质的脂肪替代品对无脂冰淇淋特性的影响

研究了淀粉为基质的脂肪替代品对无脂冰淇淋的膨胀率、抗融化能力、硬度、粘弹性和感官指标的影响,结果表明,脂肪替代品能明显增加冰淇淋的膨胀率并改善其抗融化性,当无脂冰淇淋中脂肪替代品的含量达到3%时,其融化率与中脂冰淇淋接近。脂肪替代品还能明显增加无脂冰淇淋的硬度、G'和G"。用模糊数学的方法评价了无脂冰淇淋的感官指标,发现无脂冰淇淋中脂肪替代品的最佳添加量为3%。脂肪替代品能明显改善无脂冰淇淋的感官品质。     

Controlling fat bloom formation in chocolate – Impact of milk fat on microstructure and fat phase crystallisation

The partial replacement of cocoa butter (CB) with milk fat (MF) strongly influences micro-scale topographic evolution and fat phase crystallisation in milk chocolate. Adding MF reduces the incidence of large surface crystals and the number and diameter of amorphous, welled CB deposits (‘cones’), with a concurrent decrease in initial surface roughness (p < 0.05) and rate of surface coarsening. Presence of MF also slows the solidification of the cones into disorganised crystalline masses. Finally, MF reduces the initial solid fat content, and slows the rate of change in whiteness index, as well as the form V to VI polymorphic transition. Fat crystal growth is accelerated by repeated temperature-cycling (26–29 °C) compared to isothermal conditioning (26 °C). However, cone hardening occurs more rapidly when isothermally-stored. Irrespective of fat composition and storage conditions, fat crystal growth, welling and ultimately fat bloom begin only at specific locations on the chocolate surface, suggesting that chocolate’s microstructural heterogeneity is responsible for distinct surface fat crystallisation pathways.     

Inulin as fat substitute in low fat, dry fermented sausages

Low fat, dry fermented sausages were prepared with a fat content close to 50% and 25% of the original amount. The batch with the smallest proportion of fat was less tender, less springy and was gummier than the batch with the highest proportion. However, it was still considered acceptable by the panel of judges. The 25% batch was supplemented with different amounts of soluble dietetic fibre (inulin) as both a powder and in aqueous solution. Ripening was followed by physico-chemical and microbiological analysis. Sensory analysis and texture profile analysis were performed to evaluate the effect of the inulin addition. Results obtained indicated an overall improvement in the sensory properties due to a softer texture and tenderness, springiness and adhesiveness similar to the conventional high fat sausage. Thus, with the addition of inulin a low calorie product (30% of the original), enriched with soluble dietetic fibre (10% approximatively) can be obtained.     

New human milk fat substitutes from butterfat to improve fat absorption

A new human milk fat substitute (HMFS) was produced from butterfat. A 2-week’s feeding experiment was performed using three groups of rats with 10 wt.% fat in their feed; the fat was either (1) butterfat-based HMFS + long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), (2) the reference oil + LCPUFA, or (3) the reference oil without LCPUFA. The apparent fat absorption after intake of butterfat-based HMFS (95.9% ± 1.8%) was significantly higher than the other two groups, indicating that much less calcium soap was formed after feeding butterfat-based HMFS. Calcium contents in urines and faeces from the two groups fed LCPUFA in their diet were lower than those without supplementation of LCPUFA, suggesting that LCPUFA could improve calcium absorption by reducing the calcium excretion. It can thus be concluded that the butterfat-based HMFS improves fat absorption, and supplementation of LCPUFA in the formula improves calcium absorption.     

Transfer of dietary zinc and fat to milk--evaluation of milk fat quality, milk fat precursors, and mastitis indicators

The present study demonstrated that the zinc concentration in bovine milk and blood plasma is significantly affected by the intake of saturated fat supplements. Sixteen Holstein cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 4 periods of 12 d, and 4 dietary treatments were conducted. A total mixed ration based on corn silage, grass-clover silages, and pelleted sugar beet pulp was used on all treatments. A high de novo milk fat diet was formulated by adding rapeseed meal and molasses in the total mixed ration [39 mg of Zn/kg of dry matter (DM)], and a low de novo diet by adding saturated fat, fat-rich rapeseed cake, and corn (34 mg of Zn/kg of DM). Dietary Zn levels were increased by addition of ZnO to 83 and 80 mg of Zn/kg of DM. Treatments did not affect daily DM intake, or yield of energy-corrected milk, milk fat, or milk protein. The high de novo diet significantly increased milk fat percentage and milk content of fatty acids with chain length from C6 to C16, and decreased content of C18 and C18:1. Treatments did not influence milk free fatty acids at 4°C at 0 or 28 h after milking. The average diameter of milk fat globules was significantly greater in milk from cows offered low de novo diets. Furthermore, the low de novo diet significantly increased the concentration of nonesterified fatty acids and d-β-hydroxybutyrate in blood plasma, the latter was also increased in milk. Treatments did not affect the enzyme activity of lactate dehydrogenase and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase in milk or the activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase in blood plasma. The low de novo diet significantly increased plasma Zn and milk Zn content, whereas dietary Zn level did not in itself influence these parameters. This indicates that the transfer of fat from diet to milk might facilitate transfer of Zn from diet to milk.     

绵羊脂与山羊脂品质特性差异分析

旨在为羊脂的精深加工提供参考,以绵羊脂和山羊脂为研究对象,分析了两种羊脂理化性质、营养品质与风味特性的差异。两种羊脂的理化性质按国标方法测定,脂肪酸组成及胆固醇的含量由气相色谱测定,甘油三酯组成由超高效液相色谱联用Q-Exactive HFX高分辨轨道阱质谱仪测定,挥发性风味物质采用顶空-固相微萃取结合全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法测定。结果表明：绵羊脂与山羊脂均检测出22种脂肪酸,主要脂肪酸均为C16∶0、C18∶1n-9c和C18∶0,饱和脂肪酸含量分别为38.69、54.39 g/100 g;两种羊脂均检测出30种甘油三酯,绵羊脂中三饱和、单不饱和、单饱和与三不饱和脂肪酸甘油三酯含量分别占总甘油三酯含量的2.66%、26.76%、36.89%和33.69%,山羊脂的分别为15.87%、45.59%、26.47%和12.07%;绵羊脂与山羊脂鉴定出挥发性化合物共95种,含量分别为122.11、32.68μg/g,关键风味化合物34种,其中癸醛、6-甲基-2-庚酮、乙酸戊酯、2-正丁基呋喃仅在绵羊脂中被检测出,3-甲基-2-戊酮仅在山羊脂中被检测出,主成分分析表明两种羊脂可完全分离,...     

The taste of fat

For many years, fat in meats have been considered to convey quality although variations in the amounts of fat were often poorly correlated with eating qualities. The contribution of fat to taste is equally controversial, because a specific 'fat taste' perception had not been characterized. The innate attraction for fats may be due to one or more of orosensory, post-ingestive and metabolic signals. This literature review suggests that taste of lipids, particularly of oxidized PUFAs and their esters, may derive from a specific fatty acid perception mechanism in human lingual papillae. Interactions of the CD36 scavenger system with the many compounds derived from fats in cooked and processed meats offer an explanation for the variety of flavors and off-flavors found in meats. The genetic variations in the presence of receptor proteins could be one of the factors related to the differences in fat preferences in different countries and between genders.     

淀粉为基质的脂肪替代品

阐述了以淀粉为基质的脂肪替代品形成凝胶的机理和产生类似脂肪口感的原因;描述了以淀粉为基质的脂肪替代品的性质及应用。