牦牛酪蛋白理化及功能特性的研究

研究了不同温度、pH值条件下牦牛酪蛋白的溶解度、表观黏度、疏水性以及乳化、发泡等功能特性.结果表明,在等电点范围之外,牦牛酪蛋白具有较理想的溶解性、乳化性、起泡性,其功能特性受pH值、温度影响较显著.     

羊乳酪蛋白的乳化性质和热稳定性研究

试验采用等电点沉淀法和高速离心法提取崂山奶山羊原料乳的酪蛋白,并对其等电点、SDS-PAGE图谱、乳化活力、乳化稳定性、浊度和热稳定性进行分析。结果表明:崂山奶山羊乳酪蛋白的等电点pH为4.10,分子量为20~40 kDa,包括α-酪蛋白、β-酪蛋白和κ-酪蛋,且β-酪蛋白含量最多。两种提取方法所得酪蛋白溶液的乳化性质和浊度具有极显著性差异(p0.01);酪蛋白的热稳定性随温度的升高而降低。相比于高速离心法,等电点沉淀法制备的酪蛋白电泳图谱条带清晰、纯度较高、热稳定性较好,且酪蛋白溶液的乳化性均一性好。     

pH值对酪蛋白-葡聚糖共聚物胶束结构和性质的影响

酪蛋白胶束是天然的纳米输送系统,通过美拉德反应获得的酪蛋白-葡聚糖共聚物可解决酪蛋白胶束在等电点pH值范围内溶解性和乳化性低的问题。采用荧光光谱和动态激光光散射等手段研究经超滤分离的酪蛋白-葡聚糖共聚物的聚集行为及其与pH值的关系。结果表明：酪蛋白-葡聚糖共聚物在酪蛋白质量浓度大于0.4 mg/mL时开始自组装形成胶束,形成胶束的结构具有pH值依赖性。相比于其他pH值条件,等电点附近共聚物胶束的结构最为致密且稳定性良好,空间位阻效应是维持其稳定的主要原因。乳化性质则表明,等电点附近的酪蛋白共聚物胶束的乳化活性和乳化稳定性分别提高了2.17 倍和3.33 倍。因此,酪蛋白-葡聚糖共聚物胶束对环境pH值的响应性可为其在营养素纳米载体领域的应用提供更加多样化的选择。     

帕米尔牦牛乳蛋白分离及α-乳白蛋白纯化研究

帕米尔牦牛分布在新疆克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州和喀什地区境内的帕米尔高原,帕米尔牦牛乳蛋白含量高,营养丰富,是当地牧民重要的食物来源。该研究利用等电点沉淀法对新疆帕米尔牦牛乳中大分子蛋白进行分离,得到乳清蛋白和酪蛋白,对其含量进行测定,并采用硫酸铵分级沉淀和离子交换层析等方法对α-乳白蛋白(α-lactalbumin,α-La)进行纯化。结果表明,帕米尔牦牛乳中总蛋白含量为(2.81±0.23) g/100mL,其中乳清蛋白和酪蛋白质量比为43∶57;帕米尔牦牛乳蛋白质包含α-La、β-乳球蛋白(β-lactoglobulin,β-Lg)、酪蛋白、血清白蛋白、乳铁蛋白和免疫球蛋白G等多种活性蛋白;另外,用饱和度为80%的硫酸铵可将α-La和β-Lg有效分离;再用DEAE-Sepharose离子交换层析进一步纯化,可除去β-Lg,得到高纯度的α-La。该研究可为新疆帕米尔牦牛产业发展及牦牛乳产品开发提供理论基础。     

环境因素对3种功能性蛋白物性的影响

大豆蛋白、乳清蛋白和酪蛋白均为具有良好功能特性的营养丰富的蛋白。在加工的过程中,加工条件带来的环境因素变化(如pH值、温度、离子强度)等,会使3种蛋白溶解性、凝胶性以及流变特性发生改变。因此,文章对不同环境因素对大豆蛋白、乳清蛋白以及酪蛋白的溶解性、凝胶性以及流变特性产生的影响展开研究,为后续更多的蛋白质添加剂的研究提供了基础。结果表明,相同pH值时,乳清蛋白溶解度最高,等电点与大豆蛋白相同pH值4~5,酪蛋白溶解度最低且等电点pH值3~4。凝胶性方面,酪蛋白在pH值5~9范围内以及NaCl浓度(0~2.1)mol/L范围内均不能成胶。盐浓度对大豆蛋白凝胶强度影响显著,对乳清蛋白影响不明显;改变pH值对大豆蛋白凝胶强度影响不明显,对乳清蛋白影响显著。流变特性方面,3种蛋白溶液均为剪切变稀流体。此研究结果通过研究3种蛋白特性,为向面团中外添蛋白奠定基础。     

高效液相色谱法分析中国荷斯坦奶牛乳蛋白多态性

采用高效液相色谱法检测牛乳中6种主要乳蛋白的多态性。奶样来自102头泌乳中国荷斯坦奶牛。研究发现,酪蛋白中αs2-酪蛋白存在A型和B型两种类型,β-酪蛋白存在A1,A2,B,C和F5种类型,κ-酪蛋白存在A/E型和B型两种类型,而αs1-酪蛋白仅有1种,未发现其多态性;乳清蛋白中,β-乳球蛋白存在多态性,有A,B和C3种类型,但未发现α-乳白蛋白的多态性。研究结果表明,在本试验条件下,中国荷斯坦奶牛乳中除αs1-酪蛋白和α-乳白蛋白外,αs2-酪蛋白、β-酪蛋白、κ-酪蛋白以及β-乳球蛋白均存在多态性,以β-酪蛋白类型最多。     

不同酸碱体系中绿豆蛋白功能及构象

探讨了不同酸碱体系中绿豆分离蛋白、清蛋白和球蛋白的构象和溶解度、乳化性、乳化稳定性。结果表明:绿豆分离蛋白、清蛋白和球蛋白在酸性体系中溶解度、乳化性和乳化稳定性较低,随着pH的升高其功能特性随之升高;绿豆分离蛋白的α-螺旋结构在接近等电点时较低,随着pH的升高,α-螺旋结构升高,β-折叠结构和无规则卷曲结构含量随pH的增大而降低;绿豆球蛋白在碱性体系中,β-折叠结构和无规则卷曲结构的含量呈现先降低后升高的趋势,β-转角结构的含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势;绿豆清蛋白在酸性条件下的α-螺旋结构含量、β-转角结构和无规则卷曲结构较高,随着pH值的升高,β-转角结构逐渐向的α-螺旋、β-折叠、无规则卷曲等结构变化;在不同酸碱体系中绿豆蛋白的空间构象不同,造成各条件下所暴露的基团不同,进而影响绿豆蛋白的功能特性。这为绿豆蛋白加工利用过程中功能特性变化规律研究提供可靠的理论依据。     

钙与乳蛋白的相互作用机制及对其功能特性的影响研究进展

钙作为人体骨骼生长和调节生理功能的重要物质,广泛存在于乳品中。钙与乳中蛋白质如αs-酪蛋白、β-酪蛋白、κ-酪蛋白、α-乳白蛋白和β-乳球蛋白等发生相互作用,影响乳蛋白的结构稳定性,进而使其热稳定性、乳化性、溶解性、起泡性和凝胶性发生改变。本文综述了钙与各种乳蛋白之间的相互作用机制以及对其功能特性的影响,对系统理解钙与乳蛋白的结合具有重要意义,为钙类功能性乳品的深入研究以及工业化生产提供理论依据。     

罗非鱼头蛋白质的提取及性质研究

以罗非鱼头为原料,采用加热浸提、酶法水解、酸/碱溶解-等电点沉淀法提取鱼蛋白,冷冻干燥得到4种鱼蛋白粉,分别记为热提鱼蛋白(HFP)、酶解鱼蛋白(EFP)、酸溶鱼蛋白(AFP)和碱溶鱼蛋白(ALFP),并探讨了4种鱼蛋白的营养特性、溶解性和乳化性。结果表明:ALFP和AFP的蛋白含量分别为89.97%和85.87%,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例达到49.72%和48.63%,而脂肪和灰分含量以及白度值均低于HFP和EFP,且差异显著(P<0.05)。溶解性和乳化性的研究显示,EFP和HFP在pH 2.0～10.0内溶解度均高于93%,但体系的乳化活性和稳定性较差;而AFP和ALFP的溶解度随pH值的变化非常明显,在pH 4.0～6.0内,体系的溶解性和乳化性极差,而在pH值低于4.0或高于6.0时,溶解度大大增强,乳化活性和乳化稳定性随之提高,且乳化活性和稳定性明显高于HFP和EFP。酸/碱溶解-等电点沉淀法可用于制备营养价值高,乳化特性相对较好的鱼分离蛋白。     

酪蛋白降解对牦牛乳硬质干酪苦味的影响

针对牦牛乳硬质干酪的苦味缺陷,分别以小牛皱胃酶、微生物凝乳酶和木瓜蛋白酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪为研究对象,利用尿素聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,研究牦牛乳硬质干酪pH 4.6水不溶性酪蛋白的降解程度,且对成熟过程中的牦牛乳硬质干酪苦味进行感官评价,探究牦牛乳硬质干酪pH 4.6水不溶性酪蛋白降解对其苦味的影响。结果表明：牦牛乳硬质干酪在成熟期间酪蛋白发生了明显的降解,且αs-酪蛋白均比β-酪蛋白降解速率快。经尿素聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离后,发现木瓜蛋白酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪pH 4.6水不溶性酪蛋白在Pre-αs-酪蛋白区域有较强的蛋白带。木瓜蛋白酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪pH 4.6水不溶性酪蛋白中αs-酪蛋白和β-酪蛋白降解程度均显著或极显著高于微生物凝乳酶和小牛皱胃酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,木瓜蛋白酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪的苦味值极显著高于微生物凝乳酶和小牛皱胃酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪的苦味值（P＜0.01）,通过主成分分析得出3 种凝乳酶制作牦牛乳硬质干酪的苦味值和未降解β-酪蛋白和αs-酪蛋白含量成极显著负相关。这为控制牦牛乳硬质干酪品质提供了理论参考。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the