含交叉裂隙岩体力学性质数值模拟研究

岩体中裂隙的起裂、扩展及贯通是岩体破坏的重要原因,交叉裂隙是一种最为典型的基本裂隙网络组成单元,其在复杂应力场条件下的扩展贯通规律目前还缺乏深入的研究。本文采用RFPA2D对含交叉裂隙岩体破坏过程进行研究,探讨主裂纹与加载方向夹角变化、主裂纹与次裂纹的夹角变化对试件破坏模式及破坏力学性质的影响。模拟结果表明,主裂隙与加载方向垂直或者平行时,试件主要沿次裂隙发生剪切破坏;主裂隙与次裂隙夹角较小时,试件主要沿主裂隙发生剪切破坏。主裂隙角度一致时,大部分含交叉裂隙岩体的峰值强度低于含单一裂隙的岩体强度,主裂隙与加载方向夹角为45°时,岩体强度最低;岩体强度最高一般为主次裂隙夹角为0°或90°时;围压条件下,裂纹扩展方式较单轴压缩时更为复杂,很少出现由单条裂隙控制的破裂面,主要破裂面为主次裂隙首先贯通,且裂纹扩展时易产生较多的次生裂隙。数值模拟研究可以避免物理试验中的离散性,获得更为系统性的裂隙扩展贯通规律,对于解释岩体力学物理试验和解决工程问题都有重要的参考价值。     

含交叉裂隙节理岩体锚固效应及破坏模式

 用相似材料制作含交叉裂隙岩体无锚及加锚试件,以主次裂隙之间角度、锚固位置及锚杆与加载方向之间角度为变化参数制作32组试件,对试件进行单轴压缩试验,研究含交叉裂隙节理岩体的锚固效应及破坏模式。研究表明：在主、次裂隙位置不变的情况下,锚固位置在裂隙交叉点上方或下方时能得到锚固强度最大值,当锚固位置通过裂隙交叉点时,锚固强度不是最大值,但此时锚后试件峰值强度最稳定;大部分含交叉裂隙加锚岩体强度高于含单一裂隙加锚岩体;主、次裂隙夹角影响节理岩体加锚后力学性能,主、次裂隙夹角为30°左右时节理岩体锚固效果最好;锚杆增强了含交叉裂隙节理岩体抵抗裂隙扩展的能力,降低了含交叉裂隙节理岩体劈裂破坏出现的突然性。     

岩石不等长裂纹应力强度因子及起裂规律研究

天然岩体中含有数量众多的裂隙且绝大多数为不等长裂隙,而那些具有一定尺度和规模的主控裂隙对岩体稳定性起决定作用。为研究不等长裂纹相互作用规律及主控裂纹起裂规律,基于Kachanov法,推导了远场受力的两条拉剪不等长共线裂纹的尖端应力强度因子表达式并从理论上分析了裂纹间距对裂纹相互作用的影响;通过最大周向应力准则,计算了单轴受拉时不同裂纹倾角的主控裂纹起裂角,绘出理论断裂准则曲线;推算滑动裂纹的应力强度因子,对含不等长裂纹的类岩试件进行单轴压缩试验。结果表明:当裂纹间距大于等于小裂纹长度时,小裂纹对主控裂纹的起裂几乎无影响;主控裂纹起裂角只与裂纹角有关,单轴受拉时,起裂角随裂纹角增大而减小,单轴受压时,起裂角随裂纹角增大而增大;当裂纹倾角小于30°时,起裂临界荷载急剧增大。     

节理填充物对岩体起裂强度影响规律的试验研究

以水泥、泥浆、石膏三种材料作为填充物制作含单一裂纹的节理岩体试件,进行单轴压缩试验,并通过建立单轴压缩下闭合裂纹起裂强度的解析表达式和开展数值模拟对其进行深入的研究。研究表明：在单轴压缩下,基于摩擦系数理论数值模拟得到的试件起裂强度与室内试验测得的峰值强度基本吻合;填充物摩擦系数越大,节理岩体越难被破坏,且与无填充岩体相比含填充岩体的起裂强度大幅提高;含填充节理试件的峰值强度远大于无填充的节理试件,其中填充水泥的节理试件峰值强度最高,填充泥浆的最低;剪切破坏是泥浆作为填充物的试件的主要破坏形式,而水泥和石膏作为填充物的试件的破坏则是复合型;随着填充物强度的提高,节理岩体的破坏形式将从剪切破坏转变为张拉破坏。     

含水平裂隙的3D打印类岩石试件力学特性研究

为探究裂隙张开度对裂隙岩体力学特性的影响机制,利用3D砂型打印技术制备含水平裂隙的类岩石试件,考虑不同的裂隙张开度,对其进行单轴压缩试验;通过有限元数值模拟从应力分布的角度解释试验现象;结合数字图像相关方法进行非接触式全场变形观测,定量分析裂纹萌生、扩展以及贯通行为。研究结果表明：通过3D砂型打印技术制备的裂隙类岩石试件具有更接近于天然岩石的物理力学特性,且试验结果具有很好的可重复性,测试所得的力学参数变异系数小于0.046;含不同水平裂隙张开度的类岩石试件应力■应变曲线大致相似,峰值强度随着裂隙张开度的增加而逐渐减小,最后趋于稳定;裂隙张开度的增加导致试件起裂应力逐渐增大,但裂纹均起裂于裂隙中部,这与主应力最大值及其分布位置有关;数字图像相关方法可实现试件加载过程的应变全场测量,应变局部化带的渐进演化反映了裂纹起裂、扩展以及贯通行为;计算裂纹扩展路径周边的位移矢量分布,识别出张拉、剪切、拉剪3种位移场类型,发现裂隙张开度的改变不会影响试件破坏模式,均表现为拉剪混合破坏。研究有助于进一步加深裂隙岩体力学特性的认识,也为3D打印技术在岩石力学试验的应用提供参考。     

含多裂隙岩体裂隙扩展与贯通的室内试验研究

采用石膏配制类岩石材料,制作了含五裂隙的中尺寸试件进行室内单轴压缩试验。采用PMLAB DIC-3D系统进行试验过程的图像采集和试验后的数据分析,对最终裂隙扩展形式、裂隙宽度及起裂应力等方面开展研究,探讨了含多裂隙岩体在单轴加载条件下预制裂隙扩展和贯通规律。结果表明:所有试件在破坏时均产生主裂隙;预制裂隙的存在对新生裂隙的生成条件、宽度以及分布有很大的影响;虽然新生裂隙产生的先后次序规律并不明显,但是开裂荷载与对应峰值荷载的比值随着预制裂隙角度的增加而呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。     

裂隙倾角及数目对岩体强度和破坏模式的影响

为研究不同裂隙倾角和数目下低强度岩体强度和变形破坏特征,对含不同预制裂隙的类岩石材料试件进行常规单轴压缩试验。结果表明:(1)低强度岩体峰值强度随裂隙数目增加而减小,随裂隙倾角增大而增大,裂隙倾角0°的三裂隙试件单轴压缩强度最低;(2)除90°裂隙试件外,随裂隙数量增加,试件弹性模量减小,而轴向峰值应变先增大后减小;(3)随裂隙倾角增大,试件弹性模量和轴向峰值应变总体呈“凹型”变化,最小值发生在30°裂隙试件,且大倾角裂隙试件(α>45°)的轴向峰值应变对裂隙倾角敏感程度大于小倾角裂隙试件(α<45°);(4)随裂隙数目增加,低强度岩体的破坏模式变化趋势:脆性破坏→塑性破坏→塑性流动变形破坏。     

加锚多组有序裂隙类岩体单轴破断试验分析

为研究锚杆对多组有序裂隙岩体的作用机制,以水泥砂浆预制多组有序裂隙类岩体,采用玻璃纤维塑料筋材(GFRP)模拟锚杆,对预制的类岩体进行全长锚固,制作多组不同锚固条件下的试件。将预制试件在RMT-150伺服试验机进行单轴压缩破断试验。根据试验结果提出了主控裂纹的概念,认为主控裂纹的贯通导致了试件强度的弱化。分别从细观上研究了锚杆对多组有序裂隙类岩体主控裂纹的起裂、扩展和贯通影响机制;从宏观上研究锚杆对多组有序裂隙岩体峰值强度、残余强度以及抗变形能力的影响。研究发现:锚杆锚固后多组有序裂隙类岩体主控裂纹由纵向—倾斜—横向贯通为主的扩展、贯通模式转变为横向—纵向—倾斜的模式,主控裂纹路径更长且贯通过程受到锚杆锚固限制,具体表现为锚杆锚固改变了裂纹尖端的应力强度因子使得类岩体试件抗变形能力更大、试件的峰值强度和残余强度更高。但并非加锚密度越大,类岩体强度越高,适当的加锚密度才能获得更好的支护效果。     

水压作用含贯穿裂隙类岩石试件力学性能研究

裂隙水压的存在,会使节理岩体的力学特性发生变化,从而影响富水地区地下工程围岩的稳定性。因此,需要对含水岩体的力学性质进行研究。以类岩石材料模拟节理岩体,通过室内单轴压缩试验,研究在水压作用下节理岩体的力学特性和破坏规律。针对含贯穿裂隙试件的密封裂隙水压问题,本文设计了一套夹具,成功密封住试件表面处的裂隙水通道,以保证施加水压,进而研究含贯穿裂隙的类岩石试件在不同裂隙水压条件下的裂纹扩展路径和断裂模式。研究结果表明:裂隙水压的存在能够降低含贯穿裂隙试件的起裂应力和峰值强度,且在相同水压情况下,双裂隙试件比单裂隙试件所受破坏影响更大;同时,伴随着裂隙水压的增大,预制裂隙的起裂角度减小,裂纹扩展由反翼裂纹变为翼裂纹形式且起裂时的断裂由Ⅰ型张拉断裂转变为Ⅱ型剪切断裂为主。这对于在工程建设中解决所遇到的裂隙水压问题,具有重要的指导作用。     

含尖端相交裂隙岩石的破裂特征

依据相似理论选取与白砂岩性质相似的模拟材料,制作含尖端相交裂隙试样并进行单轴压缩试验,分析2条相交裂隙夹角α和α角的角平分线与水平方向的夹角β对白砂岩破坏模式、力学特性的影响。采用离散元软件PFC~(3D)对试样进行建模,模拟试样在单轴压缩下裂纹的扩展,得到了单轴压缩作用下试样的裂纹扩展特征和起裂应力变化规律。结果表明:1)随着α角的增大,试样峰值强度逐渐降低,预制裂隙内尖端裂纹发育水平逐渐提高;2)随着β角的增大,试样峰值强度逐渐提高,预制裂隙内尖端的裂纹发育水平逐渐降低;3)物理试验与数值模拟结果吻合较好,α角对起裂应力影响较大,随着α角的增大,起裂应力逐渐减小,起裂应力的大小几乎不受β角影响。     

Reinforcement of rock mass with cross-flaws using rock bolt

Rock bolting is one of the most effective and economical means of rock mass reinforcement. Existing studies of rock bolt reinforcement are mostly focused on rock masses without flaw, with a single flaw, or with parallel flaws. However in rock masses, cracks or flaws usually exist in the form of cross-flaws. In order to understand the impact of cross-flaws on rock bolt reinforcement and to further explore the differences of bolt reinforcement between rock mass with cross-flaws and rock mass with a single flaw, reinforced analog specimens with cross-flaws and with a single flaw were tested under uniaxial compressive condition. The experimental results show that the uniaxial compressive strength of the reinforced rock mass with cross-flaws in this research is higher than that of reinforced rock mass with a single flaw. This observation can be explained by the difference in the failure modes of reinforced specimens: the reinforced rock masses with a single flaw fail due to the formation of a shear crack while reinforced rock masses with cross-flaws fail as a result of a tensile fracture or interaction between tensile fracture and shear fracture.     

Fracture coalescence in rock-type materials under uniaxial and biaxial compression

Fracture coalescence, which plays an important role in the behavior of brittle materials, is investigated by loading pre-fractured specimens of gypsum, used as a rock model material, in uniaxial and biaxial compression. Several new phenomena and their dependence on geometry and other conditions are observed. The specimens have two pre-existing fractures or flaws that are arranged in different geometries, and that can be either open or closed. Two different test series are performed with these flaw geometries, one under uniaxial loading and one with biaxial loading in which confining stresses of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 MPa are applied. As the vertical (axial) load is increased, new cracks emanate from the flaws and eventually coalesce. Flaw slippage, wing crack initiation, secondary crack initiation, crack coalescence, and failure are observed. Two types of cracks occur: wing cracks, which are tensile cracks, and secondary cracks which initiate as shear cracks in a plane roughly co-planar with the flaw. The secondary cracks usually propagate as shear cracks in the same plane but, depending on the geometry, they also propagate out of plane as either tensile or shear cracks. The wing cracks initiate at the flaw tips for uniaxial or low confinement biaxial conditions but move to the middle of the flaw and disappear completely for higher confining stresses. Three types of coalescence, which depend on the geometry of the flaws and to some extent on stress conditions, occur; they can be distinguished by different combinations of wing cracks and secondary cracks. For closed flaw specimens, at least partial debonding and slippage of the flaws is required prior to initiation of a crack. In uniaxial compression coalescence and failure occur simultaneously, while failure in biaxial compression occurs after coalescence.     

充填柱状节理类岩石材料的试验研究

 考虑不同高径比及充填节理特征等对岩石强度变形特性等的影响,在实验室中进行相似材料的模型试验研究。分别对完整试件,“十”节理试件和“井”节理试件进行单轴压缩和剪切试验,得到如下结论：(1) 在压缩和剪切试验中,3组试件都表现出X状共轭斜面和单斜面剪切破坏,其破坏迹线总趋势相似;(2) 完整试件受尺寸效应影响明显,节理试件受结构弱化影响显著,并且受充填物影响,节理密度与强度之间的比例关系不突出;(3) 在2种节理试件中,弹性模量E和黏聚力c无明显变化,但内摩擦角受充填节理的影响较明显。     

Analysis of crack coalescence in rock-like materials containing three flaws—Part I: experimental approach

Fractures in the forms of joints and microcracks are commonly found in natural rocks, and their failure mechanism strongly depends on the crack coalescence pattern between pre-existing flaws. However, the crack coalescence pattern of rock specimens containing three or more flaws has not been studied comprehensively. In this paper, we investigate experimentally crack coalescence and peak strength of rock-like materials containing three parallel frictional flaws. Three flaws are arranged such that one pair of flaws lines collinearly and the third flaw forms either a non-overlapping pattern or an overlapping pattern with the first flaw. It is found that the mechanisms of crack coalescence depend on the flaw arrangement and the frictional coefficient μ on the flaw surface. Two “rules of failure” for the specimens containing three flaws are proposed. Rule No. 1: the pair of flaws with a lower value of coalescence stress will dominate the process of coalescence. Rule No. 2: mixed and tensile modes of coalescence are always the dominant modes if the coalescence stress of the two pairs of flaws is very close (say within 5%). In addition, it is found that the peak strength of the specimens does not depend on the initial crack density but on the actual number of pre-existing flaws involved in the coalescence. Comparisons of pattern of crack coalescence with the numerical approach are given in Part II of this study, and the two results agree well. The research reported here provides increased understanding of the fundamental nature of rock failure in uniaxial compression.     

Investigation of creep behaviours of gypsum specimens with flaws under different uniaxial loads

The aim of this study is to identify the influence of the dip angle of a pre-existing macrocrack on the lifetime and ultimate deformation of rock-like material. Prediction of lifetime has been studied for three groups of specimens under axial static compressive load levels. The specimens were investigated from 65% to 85% of UCS(uniaxial compressive strength) at an interval of 10% of UCS for the groups of specimens with a single modelled open flaw with a dip angle to the loading direction of 30°(first group), at an interval of 5% of UCS increment for the groups of specimens with single(second group), and double sequential open flaws with a dip angle to the loading direction of 60°(third group). This study shows that crack propagation in specimens with a single flaw follows the same sequences. At first, wing cracks appear, and then shear crack develops from the existing wing cracks. Shear cracking is responsible for specimen failure in all three groups. A slip is expected in specimens from the third group which connects two individual modelled open flaws. The moment of the slip is noticed as a characteristic rise in the axial deformation at a constant load level. It is also observed that axial deformation versus time follows the same pattern, irrespective of local geometry. Specimens from the first group exhibit higher axial deformation under different load levels in comparison with the specimens from the second and third groups.     

含预制裂隙大理岩SHPB动态力学破坏特性试验研究

为了研究端部裂隙形态对岩石动态力学特性以及裂纹扩展的影响,利用50 mm×50 mm圆柱形大理岩加工含不同裂隙倾角的试样,在50 mm杆径分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)试验平台上进行冲击加载试验,并使用高速摄影仪实时记录裂纹扩展以及动态破坏全过程。研究表明,大理岩的动态抗压强度、峰值应变、动态弹性模量等力学参数随预制裂隙倾角增大整体呈先减小后增大的趋势;裂纹大多是从裂隙尖端或附近起裂,起裂裂纹为II型剪切裂纹或I–II型复合裂纹(拉剪复合裂纹),起裂角和起裂应力随着预制裂隙角度的增大分别呈M和W型变化,完整和90°裂隙试样最终呈劈裂拉伸破坏,45°裂隙试样呈拉剪复合型破坏,30°和60°裂隙试样呈剪切破坏,存在一个临界角度,临界角两侧裂纹扩展特性表现出较好的对称性;随着预制裂隙角度的增大,岩石的能量吸收率先增大后减小,当端部裂隙与端面成适当角度,会使能量吸收率最大,可以有效提高破岩效率。     

单轴压缩分级松弛作用下煤样变形与强度特征分析

 利用RMT–150B岩石力学系统对煤样进行单轴压缩分级松弛试验,分析煤样常规单轴压缩与单轴分级松弛条件下煤样的变形、强度和破坏的时效特征。结果表明：2种加载方式下煤样峰值前的应力–应变曲线宏观没有明显区别,仍然表现出压密、弹性、屈服和破坏阶段;单轴压缩分级松弛试验的应力–应变曲线,在松弛期间出现局部应力跌落特征;常规单轴压缩得到的力学参数明显高于分级松弛试验值,表现出煤样的力学参数具有时效特征;当松弛应力比低于70%时,应力松弛特征不明显,当松弛应力比高于70%时,煤样内部强度较高材料积蓄的能量能够使低强度材料逐步损伤破坏,高强度材料将承载更高应力也逐渐趋于破坏,松弛应力比越高,持续破坏时间越短,反之则持续破坏时间越长;常规单轴压缩破坏具有明显张剪性破裂面,分级松弛试验时煤样破坏裂纹沿加载方向扩展后碎裂成许多相对较薄片状和片状碎屑,表现出明显的侧向膨胀特征。     

不同加载路径下砂岩破坏模式试验研究

 鉴于以往对岩石不同加载路径下破坏模式综合研究的成果较少,采用MTS815刚性伺服试验机,对砂岩岩样分别进行单轴压缩、常规三轴压缩和三轴峰前、峰后卸围压4种不同加载路径下的试验,研究砂岩岩样在不同加载路径下的破坏模式,并对砂岩岩样破坏前、后各能量指标进行计算,采用能量耗散分析的方法探讨不同加载路径下砂岩岩样存在多种破坏模式的原因。研究结果表明,在单轴压缩试验中,砂岩岩样的破坏模式以劈裂破坏为主,单剪破坏为辅。常规三轴压缩和峰后卸围压试验,围压较低时砂岩岩样多发生单一剪切或劈裂破坏;围压较高时,砂岩岩样多发生二者组合破坏。三轴峰前卸围压,围压相对较低时,砂岩岩样多发生剪切与横向剪切组合破坏;围压相对较高时,砂岩岩样多发生劈裂与剪切组合破坏。随着围压的增加,常规三轴压缩试验中,砂岩岩样更易发生剪切破坏;而对于三轴峰前、峰后卸围压试验,砂岩岩样发生剪切破坏呈先增加后降低的趋势。不同加载路径下岩样破坏模式与岩样破坏前、后能量指标数值存在一定的对应关系,各能量指标数值较小时,岩样多发生单一破坏模式,且破坏后形成的块体相对较完整;各能量指标数值较大时,岩样多发生组合破坏模式,且破坏后形成的块体相对较破碎。     

含三维预置单裂纹缺陷岩石破坏试验研究

 开展含三维裂纹缺陷岩石破坏行为的研究,是当今固体力学特别是岩石力学研究的重要课题之一,具有重要的学术和工程意义。基于作者提出的三维预置裂纹缺陷岩石三维破坏研究的试验方法,开展含单个不同角度三维预置裂纹玄武岩试样的破坏研究,试验结果显示：(1) 三维裂纹的方向和裂纹缺陷的大小,对岩石损伤破坏面的形成,对岩块破坏强度有直接影响;(2) 含三维裂隙岩石的屈服值与峰值的比值为0.75～0.82,平均为0.78;残余值与峰值的比值为0.58～0.67,平均为0.63,相对完整岩石屈服值和残余值与峰值的比值,其变化并不明显。     

单轴静–动相继压缩下单裂隙岩样力学响应及能量耗散机制颗粒流模拟

 针对采矿岩柱体等的静–动相继单轴压缩受力特征,采用颗粒流数值模拟试验,探讨初始单轴静态压缩的细观损伤程度对单轴动态压缩下单裂隙岩样力学性质的影响规律,并阐述其能量耗散机制。静载初始损伤程度对后续动态压缩岩样应力–应变曲线形态的影响不大,损伤岩样具有较明显的峰前损伤和峰后裂隙贯通的渐进性突跃特征。相对于全程动态压缩而言,随着初始损伤的增强,岩样强度减小明显。但后续动态压缩对岩体强度的增加起主要贡献。随初始损伤的增强,裂隙尖端法向和切向破裂应力均略有减小。随着裂隙倾角的增大,裂隙尖端法向破裂应力明显减小而切向却明显增加。初始损伤程度并不改变后续动态应变率加载岩体的最终宏观破裂模式,但初始损伤变量越大,微裂纹数量越多且局部化程度越强。能量耗散与岩体细观损伤演化具有较好的相关性。初始损伤越强,吸收相对较小的能量即可达到峰值破坏但峰后耗散能越多。随着裂隙倾角的增大,峰值强度处耗散能和储存弹性应变能更多,峰后破碎程度越高。