Optical Measurement of Peak Air Shock Pressures Following Explosions

High speed video and streak camera imaging are used to measure peak pressures for explosions of spherical charges of the high explosive C‐4 (92 % trimethylenetrinitramine, C₃H₆N₆O₆). The technique measures the velocity of the air shock produced by the detonation of the explosive charges, converts this velocity to a Mach number, and uses the Mach number to determine a peak shock pressure. Peak pressure measurements are reported from a few millimeters to approximately one meter from the charge surface. Optical peak pressure measurements are compared to peak pressures measured using piezoelectric pressure transducers, and to peak pressure measurements estimated using the blast computer code CONWEP. A discussion of accuracy of peak pressures determined optically is provided.     

Studies of Free Field and Confined Explosions of Aluminium Enriched RDX Compositions

Research on the effect of aluminium contents and its particle size on free field and confined explosions characteristics of RDX‐based compositions containing 15–60% aluminium was carried out. Parameters of blast waves produced by charges of the investigated explosives detonating in an open space were measured by the use of piezoelectric gauges. Simultaneously, photodiode set‐ups were used to measure light output of the detonating charges. Quasi‐static pressure measurements were conducted in steel chambers of 0.15 and 7 m³ volume filled with air. Moreover, the heat of detonation was measured with a calorimetric set in a 5.6 dm³ bomb filled with argon. The results of QSP and detonation heat measurements were compared with those obtained from thermochemical calculations.     

一种具有高CO吸附容量和高CO/N2及CO/CO2分离选择性的CuCl@β吸附剂

研制了一种新型的CuCl@β分子筛吸附剂材料,它不仅对CO有着高吸附容量,而且对CO/N₂和CO/CO₂的二元混合气有着高吸附选择性。利用自发单层分散的原理制备了一系列的CuCl@β分子筛材料,分别应用氮气吸附以及XRD进行表征。CO在CuCl@β分子筛上吸附等温线和动态透过曲线分别通过静态吸附和固定床实验获得。依据IAST理论模型计算了CuCl@β分子筛对CO/N₂二元混合物和CO/CO₂二元混合物的吸附选择性。研究结果表明:(1)氯化亚铜的负载增强了一氧化碳在CuCl@β分子筛上的吸附容量,其最佳负载量为0.4 g·g^-1。(2)CuCl@β分子筛吸附剂在增强CO的吸附量的同时,还降低了对二氧化碳和氮气的吸附。由于Cu⁺-CO π位络合键的存在,提高了CuCl@β分子筛对二元混合物CO/N₂和CO/CO₂的吸附选择性。(3)在低压下(0～10 kPa)下0.4CuCl@β分子筛对CO/N₂和CO/CO₂的吸附选择性分别高达1600～5200和120～370,远大于原始的β分子筛。CuCl@β分子筛对CO有着超高吸附容量以及吸附选择性,将会是一种很有潜力的CO分离提纯材料。     

Structure and composition of CO2/H2 and CO2/H2/C3H8 hydrate in relation to simultaneous CO2 capture and H2 production

Gas hydrates from a (40/60 mol %) CO₂/H₂ mixture, and from a (38.2/59.2/2.6 mol %) CO₂/H₂/C₃H₈ mixture, were synthesized using ice powder. The gas uptake curves were determined from pressure drop measurements and samples were analyzed using spectroscopic techniques to identify the structure and determine the cage occupancies. Powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis at ?110°C was used to determine the crystal structure. From the PXRD measurement it was found that the CO₂/H₂ hydrate is structure I and shows a self‐preservation behavior similar to that of CO₂ hydrate. The ternary gas mixture was found to form pure structure II hydrate at 3.8 MPa. We have applied attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopic analysis to measure the CO₂ distribution over the large and small cavities. ¹H MAS NMR and Raman were used to follow H₂ enclathration in the small cages of structure I, as well as structure II hydrate. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009     

不同硫化氢流率与浓度对硫化氢固体氧化物燃料电池性能影响

A solid state H2S/air electrochemical cell having the configuration of H2S, (MoS2 NiS Ag)/YSZ/Pt,air has been examined with different H2S flow rates and concentrations at atmospheric pressure and 750-850 ℃.Performance of the fuel cell was dependent on anode compartment H2S flow rate and concentration. The cell open-circuit voltage increased with increasing H2S flow rate. It was found that increasing both H2S flow rate and H2S concentration improved current-voltage and power density performance. This is resulted from improved gas diffusion in anode and increased concentration of anodic electroactive species. Operation at elevated H2S concentration improved the cell performance at a given gas flow rate. However, as low as 5% H2S in gas mixture can also be utilized as fuel feed to cells. Highest current and power densities, 1750mA.cm-2 and 200mW.cm-2,are obtained with pure H2S flow rate of 50ml.min-1 and air flow rate of 100ml.min-1 at 850℃.     

Solubility of H2S and CO2 in sulfolane

The solubility of H, S and CO₂ in sulfolane (tetrahydrothiophene-1, 1—dioxide) has been measured at 40°C and 100°C at pressures up to 2350 kPa and 5900 kPa respectively. The Henry's constants obtained from the data are in agreement with those of Rivas and Prausnitz.     

Synthesis of Methyl Mercaptan and Thiophene from CO/H2/H2S Using α-Al2O3

Methyl mercaptan and by-product thiophene can be obtained from the reaction of CO/H₂/H₂S mixtures over α-Al₂O₃ at 340 °C, and selectivities of methyl mercaptan of ≥98% can be readily obtained in a sustained reaction. γ-Al₂O₃ and Cr₂O₃ were also found to be active catalysts and gave high selectivities to methyl mercaptan, although these catalysts gave (CH₃)₂S as by-product rather than thiophene. In the absence of H₂S, all the catalysts displayed virtually no catalytic activity.     

耐高温抗H2S/CO2缓蚀剂的合成及评价

采用天然大分子壳寡糖、缩水甘油三甲基氯化铵、苯甲醛为原料,合成了绿色壳寡糖衍生物缓蚀剂(BHC)。通过红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱对缓蚀剂BHC结构进行了表征。采用失重法、电化学法、扫描电镜、原子力显微镜、接触角等对缓蚀剂BHC进行缓蚀性能评价和机理分析。得到的优化缓蚀剂BHC合成条件为m(HTCOS)∶m(苯甲醛)=1.0∶2.4,反应温度80℃,反应时间24 h。在总压为15 MPa(H2S、CO2、N2分压分别为1、5和9 MPa)条件下,缓蚀剂BHC质量浓度为100 mg/L时,P110钢片在140℃、含H2S/CO2腐蚀介质中的缓蚀率为85.62%,与市售缓蚀剂相比,BHC缓蚀率提高16.90%,可有效减缓高温高含H2S/CO2腐蚀环境下钢材的腐蚀速率。缓蚀剂BHC是一种偏阴极保护的混合型缓蚀剂,在金属表面的吸附行为符合Langmuir吸附等温式,与钢表面形成稳定共价键,能很好保护钢管。     

Experimental measurement of gas permeability through bitumen: results for H2, N2 and O2

This study reports experimental results concerning the transport of permanent gases (H₂, O₂, N₂) through bitumen between 15 and 25 °C. A pressure differential technique, already used in membrane science in order to determine the permeability of gases through dense polymeric films, has been attempted with bitumen samples. It is shown that reproducible permeability data can be obtained thanks to this strategy, providing that bitumen mechanical resistance is improved by a support paper and a low leak module is used. Experimental results are analyzed in terms of permeability value and temperature dependency (activation energy) in comparison with other dense and permeable organic solids (polymers). The limitations of the technique as well as its potential extension to diffusion coefficient determination are discussed.     

高H2S含量和大CO2／H2S比酸性废气脱硫技术

本文以实际脱硫装置的运行数据为基础,利用渗透模型建立ＭＤＥＡ脱硫过程的流程模拟系统。将现有的用ＭＤＥＡ从天然气／炼厂气选择性脱除Ｈ２Ｓ的设备去处理Ｈ２Ｓ含量高、ＣＯ２／Ｈ２Ｓ比大并含其他杂质的酸性废气。通过模拟计算,找出了现有装置用于处理酸性废气净化率不达标的原因,确定了限制装置生产能力的瓶颈,同时对现有装置的操作给出了优化方案     

CO_2/H_2S对油气管材的腐蚀规律

综述了CO2 、H2 S对油气管材的腐蚀机理及影响因素 ,提出了开发经济型油管的设想。     

Equilibria of H2S and CO2 in triethanolamine solutions

The equilibrium solubility of H₂S and CO₂ has been measured in 2.0, 3.5 and 5.0 mol/L triethanolamine solutions. Data were obtained at temperatures of 25°, 50°, 75°, 100° and 125°C at partial pressures of the acid gases ranging from 0.01 to 6360 kPa. Enthalpies of solution were calculated from the solubility data.     

Membranes for CO2 /CH4 and CO2/N2 Gas Separation

Membrane technology has emerged as a leading tool worldwide for effective CO₂ separation because of its well-known advantages, including high surface area, compact design, ease of maintenance, environmentally friendly nature, and cost-effectiveness. Polymeric and inorganic membranes are generally utilized for the separation of gas mixtures. The mixed-matrix membrane (MMM) utilizes the advantages of both polymeric and inorganic membranes to surpass the trade-off limits. The high permeability and selectivity of MMMs by incorporating different types of fillers exhibit the best performance for CO₂ separation from natural gas and other flue gases. The recent progress made in the field of MMMs having different types of fillers is emphasized. Specifically, CO₂/CH₄ and CO₂/N₂ separation from various types of MMMs are comprehensively reviewed that are closely relevant to natural gas purification and compositional flue gas treatment