在役T构桥梁的有限元模型修正

有限元模型修正是建立精确的基准有限元模型的基础。以在役T构桥梁——324国道乌龙江大桥为工程背景,利用ANSYS软件建立了全桥结构的三维有限元模型,进行了结构静、动力数值模拟分析,并与实测结果进行了比较;结果表明,未修正的有限元模型计算结果与实测结果存在较大误差。通过参数灵敏度分析,确定了对桥梁结构静、动力特性影响均较大的参数;采用零阶和一阶算法,基于自振频率与静力挠度组合的目标函数,对乌龙江大桥有限元模型进行了修正。修正后的有限元模型能较真实地反映结构的实际状态,可作为该桥梁长期健康监测与状态评估的基准有限元模型。     

基于优化方法的桅杆结构有限元模型修正

为了给桅杆结构的健康监测研究提供一个较为准确的有限元基准模型,采用规划优化算法作为桅杆结构模型修正的基本工具,同时将优化算法与大型有限元分析软件相结合,首先,利用ANSYS软件仿真得到桅杆结构的一组动力响应数据,并将它作为模拟的实测数据,用以作为有限元模型修正的基准。其次,以桅杆结构结构的杆端联结刚度可调的杆件有限元模型为对象,以杆端的节点连接刚度为修正参数,以结构模型的节点位移作为修正目标,建立了目标函数从而修正了结构的有限元理论模型。     

框架结构损伤识别的改进非线性直接解析法

考虑到直接解析法求解速度快和非线性直接解析法求解精度高的特点,提出一种用于结构损伤识别的混合迭代算法,该算法用二阶非线性的解析解作为算法的第一次迭代值,用一阶灵敏度方程的求解值对该算法的第一次迭代值进行关于泰勒级数截尾误差的修正。通过对一个空间框架结构进行数值模拟分析验证了该方法的可行性。结果表明,提出的混合迭代算法由于采用了精确度较高的二阶非线性解析解作为迭代修正的初值,因此,迭代修正精度更高,收敛性更好,而且大幅地减少了运算时间,尤其对于多损伤或者大损伤,本算法优势更加明显。     

预应力连续箱梁桥的动力有限元模型修正

以张家港河大桥为对象,建立主桥的初始有限元模型,基于频率指标和振型相关系数指标,定义了相比传统更合理的目标函数,利用实数编码加速遗传算法,基于环境激励模态试验的前7阶模态参数,对其初始有限元模型进行修正,并利用后3阶模态参数,对修正后有限元模型的预测能力进行评估。由修正结果和预测能力可知,采用上述指标定义的目标函数和实数编码加速遗传算法,对预应力混凝土连续梁桥的有限元模型进行修正,获得准确反映其实际动力行为的有限元模型。     

基于Kriging代理模型的异形钢桁架桥有限元模型修正

文章通过实例介绍了运用Kriging代理模型修正有限元模型参数的方法。选取宣城市滨湖路钢桁架桥作为研究对象,建立其有限元计算模型,通过环境激励试验,测量出桥梁结构的振动响应与基本频率,建立了关于桥梁结构参数与结构响应之间的Kriging代理模型。利用所建立的Kriging代理模型修正原有限元模型,并验算修正后的有限元模型的精度。研究结果表明,基于Kriging代理模型的有限元模型修正方法,可以利用桥梁的荷载试验结果对桥梁进行有限元模型的参数修正,Kriging代理模型的预测结果与实测结果吻合较好。     

基于试验数据的吊拉组合模型桥梁有限元模型修正

为获得吊拉组合模型桥梁的基准状态,结合子结构与响应面有限元模型修正方法,建立一种新的桥梁结构有限元模型修正方法。依据构造及力学特点,划分子结构并选择待修正参数;基于方差分析,利用参数显著性检验确定待修正参数;用均匀设计方法生成待修正参数样本集,由有限元分析获得对应的响应信息后,建立每一待修正参数与目标值的响应面模型;建立自振频率和位移适应度函数线性组合的联合目标函数,利用模型桥梁的静动力试验数据,由遗传算法获得参数的修正量,实现测试结果与有限元计算结果间误差的最小化。试验结果表明:所提方法能在确保设计参数合理且具有明确物理意义的前提下,对桥梁结构有限元模型实现有效的修正。     

基于健康监测的连续刚构桥有限元模型确认(Ⅰ)——基于响应面法的有限元模型修正

有限元模型修正不能考虑不确定性和进行响应预测,而模型确认是模型修正的发展,该系列论文建立了桥梁有限元模型确认的基本方法。主要讨论模型确认的关键步骤之一——基于响应面的桥梁有限元模型修正方法,包括试验设计、参数筛选、响应面模型选择以及模型检验等;基于下白石大桥的实时健康监测,利用响应面方法成功地对下白石大桥的有限元模型进行修正。结果表明:有限元模型修正后的计算结果与实测结果比较吻合,最大相对误差不超过6%,修正后的有限元模型可以进一步应用于模型确认,对桥梁健康监测和安全评估有益。     

桥梁损伤识别的实用模型修正方法研究

对面向损伤识别的桥梁结构模型修正实用方法进行了研究。提出了基于振动特性测量的三步模型修正策略和综合利用通用有限元程序ANSYS的优化功能进行模型修正的方法。为了缩减待修正的参数,根据计算目标函数对每个单元参数的敏感性,进行子结构划分,通过对子结构参数的修正进行结构损伤的大致定位,然后对确定为损伤的子结构的每个单元进行参数修正,进行结构的损伤定量识别和状态评估。修正算法的优化方法采用ANSYS一阶优化方法和随机搜索方法,敏感性分析和模型修正完全基于ANSYS软件进行,较适合于实际工程的应用。为了说明方法的可行性,以某一实际三跨预应力钢筋混凝土连续箱梁桥为仿真算例,以结构模型的单元刚度衰减来模拟损伤,进行损伤识别,达到了较好的效果。     

基于响应面的桥梁有限元模型修正

采用试验设计和回归分析方法,以显式的响应面模型逼近特征量与设计参数间复杂的隐式函数关系,得到简化的结构模型(Meta-model),给出有限元模型修正过程。针对复杂的土木工程结构,讨论样本选择、修正参数选取以及如何从众多因素中较合理地建立结构的响应面模型。用数值模拟算例和六跨连续梁桥环境振动试验结果,实现基于响应面模型的土木工程结构有限元模型修正,并与传统的基于灵敏度方法直接对结构有限元模型修正结果进行比较。结果表明,基于响应面方法的有限元模型修正和验证,能显著提高修正的效率,修正过程计算简洁、迭代收敛快,避开每次迭代都需要进行有限元计算,易于工程实际应用。     

悬索桥结构基于敏感性分析的动力有限元模型修正

提出一种悬索桥结构基于特征值敏感性分析的有限元模型修正方法.由结构特征值关于模型参数的灵敏度矩阵建立理论/试验频率差与模型参数摄动之间的关系式.根据待修正参数的不确定性,将参数摄动限制于预设的范围,并将参数修正转化为不等式约束优化问题迭代求解.通过一1/150比例的悬索桥模型的试验分析,验证了这一模型修正方法的可行性.     

Probabilistic Baseline of Finite Element Model of Bridges under Environmental Temperature Changes

The material properties and structural stiffness of actual bridges fluctuate with variations in environmental temperature; therefore, it is not appropriate to use a determined finite element model (FEM) as the baseline model for localizing the structural damage of bridges. To address this issue, we proposed the concept of the probabilistic baseline of FEM of bridges under variable environmental temperature, that is, we established reasonable probability distributions of the physical parameters of bridges that are suitable for damage localization with varying environmental temperature. First, a method is presented to obtain the probabilistic baseline of FEM of bridges, which imports cluster analysis into stochastic FEM updating. Unlike the conventional methods, the measured natural frequencies first are classified into different clusters using the Gaussian mixture method (GMM), with each cluster consisting of measured data that satisfy the same Gaussian distribution. Then, the conventional methods of stochastic FEM updating can be conveniently implemented to obtain the probabilistic baseline of FEM for each cluster. Second, for each cluster, the mean values and covariance of the updating parameters are updated in two sequential steps, and a new approach is proposed for determining the initial covariance of the updating parameters. The results of an actual example show that predetermining a reasonable initial covariance for the updating parameters can accurately and efficiently obtain the updated results. Finally, the effectiveness of the presented method is verified through the monitoring data of an actual bridge.     

基于灵敏度分析和优化方法的异形钢结构烟囱模型修正

为了给异形钢结构烟囱的抗风、抗震计算及健康监测提供可靠的有限元计算模型,采用钢结构烟囱风洞试验模型的模态参数作为基准,将灵敏度分析和优化方法与大型有限元分析软件相结合修正烟囱结构模型的有限元模型。首先对烟囱结构参数化建模,然后通过灵敏度分析选择合适的优化变量,最后应用一阶优化方法修正烟囱结构的有限元模型。结构构件间连接的过分简化常会带来较大误差,因此烟囱结构的部分连接节点采用半刚性计算模型。结果表明,经过修正后的有限元模型动力计算结果与试验结果非常接近。     

Flutter reliability analysis of suspension bridges

A reliability analysis method is proposed in this paper through a combination of the advantages of the response surface method (RSM), finite element method (FEM), first-order reliability method (FORM) and the importance sampling updating method. The method is especially applicable for the reliability evaluation of complex structures of which the limit state surfaces are not known explicitly. After the accuracy and efficiency of the method are demonstrated through numerical examples, the method is used to estimate the flutter reliability of a suspension bridge. The uncertainties such as material properties, geometric parameters, structural damping ratio, flutter derivatives and extreme wind velocity at the bridge site are considered. The example suspension bridge is the Jiang Yin Bridge with a main span length of 1385 m built in China. The results show that the proposed method based on an empirical formula in which the limit state function is explicitly represented as a function of variables overestimates the flutter reliability of suspension bridges. The actual flutter reliability should be more accurately analyzed using the proposed method based on the deterministic finite element method in which the limit state function is implicitly represented as a function of variables. Finally, the most influential random variables on flutter reliability of suspension bridges are identified by using a sensitivity analysis.     

A hybrid experimental-numerical approach for load rating of reinforced concrete bridges with insufficient structural properties

This article presents a non-destructive approach for load rating of reinforced concrete bridges without structural plans. The approach is found on a hybrid method, which employs vibration and live load testing coupled with numerical simulation and model updating techniques, to converge on estimate of unknown structural parameters. The material properties of bridge and the amount of reinforcing steel for calculating the bending capacity of a bridge are determined through model updating results and nondestructive approaches. The updated model is then employed to determine load effects for calculating load rating factors, and these results are combined with live load test result to arrive at the bridge capacity, and ultimately the load rating. The method is validated by testing a skewed reinforced concrete slab bridge for load rating purposes. The bridge was instrumented with accelerometers and strain gages, and the responses of the bridge under vibration and quasi-static tests were measured. Results demonstrated that the proposed method is capable of determining the bridge capacity and load rating factor with good accuracy, and not only can be used for load rating of concrete bridges without structural information, but also can be useful in condition assessment of existing concrete bridge with available as-built information.     

基于复形法的大跨屋盖结构有限元模型修正研究

根据环境振动测试的模态数据,首次采用复形法对广州国际体育演艺中心屋盖结构进行有限元模型修正研究,并与ANSYS一阶算法、改进BP神经网络算法和粒子群算法修正有限元模型进行对比分析。研究结果表明:修正后的有限元模型的模态频率与实测的模态数据比较吻合,复形法可以作为大跨屋盖结构有限元模型修正的一种有效方法。     

Improved bridge evaluation through finite element model updating using static and dynamic measurements

The potential of combining finite element (FE) analysis with on-site measurement through finite element model updating is indisputable. However, simplified initial models and too few measurements can lead to updated model parameters which conceal inaccurate modelling assumptions rather than improve estimates of the actual structural parameters. Therefore, the methodology proposed aims primarily to eliminate inaccurate modelling simplification by means of manual model refinements before parameters are estimated by non-linear optimization. In addition, multi-response objective functions are introduced, which allow combing different types of measurements to obtain a solid basis for parameter estimation. The proposed methodology was applied to one of the world’s largest single-arch bridges, the new Svinesund Bridge, and disclosed a need to use a non-linear model in order to estimate the structural parameters more accurately. The resultant model could reproduce the measurements with significantly improved accuracy without assigning unrealistic values to model parameters.     

基于时-频域信息的结构系统识别方法研究

结构响应的时域、频域信息均可用来对结构模型进行修正。该文提出频域信息与时域信息相结合的方法,对结构参数以及荷载进行评估。首先,从结构测量加速度信息中提取结构的频域特性,对结构模型进行较为粗略的修正,优化结构模型的振型、频率,使其与测量信息一致。其次,利用时域信息,在状态空间对结构运动微分方程进行零阶离散化,采用正则化方法对模型进行荷载识别,同时基于约束优化方法对结构模型参数进行进一步修正。应用模型缩聚方法,保证计算精度的情况下减少结构模型参数修正和荷载识别的计算量。在数值仿真计算中,基于框架结构的不完备地震时程响应记录,对结构损伤状况进行评估。结果证明,即使在有噪声的情况下,该文提出的结构状态方法依然能够很好地识别结构损伤程度、位置。最后,通过14层加层隔震剪力墙结构的振动台试验进一步验证该文提出的结构参数与荷载识别方法。     

Methods of reliability model updating through additional events

Reliability theory is now applied in various areas. A first-order or second-order reliability method gives good approximations to both component and system reliability computations. With these available techniques, reliability models conditioned on additional events can be updated. Existing approaches to this important aspect of the reliability analysis are found numerically involved. New analytical methods, which are both theoretically reasonable and numerically efficient, are thus developed for computing the updated reliability as well as the updated distributions of the basic variables affecting the reliability. Especially, it is found that the distribution of an independent normal or lognormal variable, or the joint distribution of a group of normal or lognormal variables, is invariant through updating. Only its characteristic values need updating. Numerical examples for proof-loading and non-destructive inspection are also illustrated.